Biography:Anthemius of Tralles
Anthemius of Tralles (Ancient Greek: Ἀνθέμιος ὁ Τραλλιανός, Medieval Greek: el, Anthémios o Trallianós;
CA|other uses of "Cca"|CCA (disambiguation)|CCA|other uses of "Circa"|Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') – frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. – signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.
When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.
Examples
- 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
- c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
- 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
- c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.
See also
- Floruit
References
- ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.
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– 533 x 558)[1] was a Byzantine Greek from Tralles[2] who worked as a geometer and architect in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. With Isidore of Miletus, he designed the Hagia Sophia for Justinian I.
Life
Anthemius was one of the five sons of Stephanus of Tralles, a physician. His brothers were Dioscorus, Alexander, Olympius, and Metrodorus. Dioscorus followed his father's profession in Tralles; Alexander did so in Rome and became one of the most celebrated medical men of his time; Olympius became a noted lawyer; and Metrodorus worked as a grammarian in Constantinople.[3]
Anthemius was said to have annoyed his neighbor Zeno in two ways: first, by engineering a miniature earthquake by sending steam through leather tubes he had fixed among the joists and flooring of Zeno's parlor while he was entertaining friends[4] and, second, by simulating thunder and lightning and flashing intolerable light into Zeno's eyes from a slightly hollowed mirror.[3] In addition to his familiarity with steam, some dubious authorities credited Anthemius with a knowledge of gunpowder or other explosive compound.[3]
Mathematics
Anthemius was a capable mathematician. In the course of his treatise On Burning Mirrors, he intended to facilitate the construction of surfaces to reflect light to a single point, he described the string construction of the ellipse[1] and assumed a property of ellipses not found in Apollonius of Perga's Conics: the equality of the angles subtended at a focus by two tangents drawn from a point. His work also includes the first practical use of the directrix: having given the focus and a double ordinate, he used the focus and directrix to obtain any number of points on a parabola.[3] This work was later known to Arab mathematicians such as Alhazen.
Eutocius of Ascalon's commentary on Apollonius's Conics was dedicated to Anthemius.[1]
Architecture
As an architect, Anthemius is best known for his work designing the Hagia Sophia.[3] He was commissioned with Isidore of Miletus by Justinian I shortly after the earlier church on the site burned down in 532 but died early on in the project. He is also said to have repaired the flood defenses at Daras.[5]
Editions of On Burning-Glasses
- Dupuy, L. (1777) (in el), Περί παραδόξων μηχανημάτων [Perí Paradóxōn Mēkhanēmátōn; Concerning Wondrous Machines]
- (in fr) Histoire de l'Academie des Instrumentistes, XLII
- Westermann, A. (1839) (in el), Παραδοξογράφοι [Paradoxográphoi; Marvel-Writers]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Boyer, Carl Benjamin (1991), A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, p. 193, ISBN 0-471-54397-7.
- ↑ Heath 1911, p. 98: "ANTHEMIUS, Greek mathematician and architect, who produced, under the patronage of Justinian (A.D. 532), the original and daring plans for the church of St Sophia in Constantinople, ... He was one of five brothers—the sons of Stephanus, a physician of Tralles—who were all more or less eminent in their respective departments. ..."
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Heath 1911, p. 98.
- ↑ Agathias (2 May 2011). "Section 5.7.2-5" (in en). The Histories. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-082694-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp92bUzuMoQC&dq=%22Zeno+and+his+friends+were+terrified%2C+and+ran+panic-stricken+into+the+street%22&pg=PA142.
- ↑ O'Connor & Robertson 1999.
References
- Huxley, G. L. (1959), Anthemius of Tralles: A Study in Later Greek Geometry, Cambridge, MA, pp. 8–9, https://archive.org/details/anthemiusoftrall0000huxl/page/8/
- {{citation |last=Huxley |first=G. L. |year=1970 |contribution=Anthemius of Tralles |title=Dictionary of Scientific Biography
- Knorr, Wilbur (1983). "The Geometry of Burning-Mirrors in Antiquity". Isis 74 (1): 53–73. doi:10.1086/353176.
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Anthemius of Tralles", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anthemius.html.
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