Biology:Epitheria
| Epitheria Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - Recent
| |
|---|---|
| |
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Clade: | Eutheria |
| Infraclass: | Placentalia |
| Clade: | Epitheria |
| Orders and Clades | |
| |
Epitherians comprise all the placental mammals except the Xenarthra. They are primarily characterized by having a stirrup-shaped stapes in the middle ear, which allows for passage of a blood vessel. This is in contrast to the column-shaped stapes found in marsupials, monotremes, and xenarthrans. They are also characterized by having a shorter fibula relative to the tibia.
Epitheria like Xenarthra and Afrotheria originated after the K-Pg boundary 66 million years ago, with the placental diversification occurring within the first hundred thousand years after the K-Pg event and the first modern placental orders began appearing 2–3 million years later.[1] Epitheres are one of the most successful groups of animals.
The monophyly of Epitheria has been challenged by molecular phylogenetic studies.[2] While preliminary analysis of a set of retroposons shared by both Afrotheria, and Boreoeutheria (presence/absence data) supported the Epitheria clade,[3] more extensive analysis of such transposable element insertions around the time of the divergence of Xenarthra, Afrotheria, and Boreoeutheria strongly support the hypothesis of a near-concomitant origin (trifurcation) of these three superorders of mammals.[4][5]
Another analysis suggests that the root of this clade lies between the Atlantogenata and Boreoeutheria.[6]
| Placentalia |
| ||||||||||||||||||
Alternative hypotheses
Alternative hypotheses place either Atlantogenata and Boreoeutheria, or Afrotheria and Exafroplacentalia (Notolegia) at the base of the tree:
| Placentalia |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Placentalia |
| ||||||||||||||||||
One Bayesian analysis places the root between Atlantogenata and Boreoeutheria.[7]
References
- ↑ O'Leary, M. A.; Bloch, J. I.; Flynn, J. J.; Gaudin, T. J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N. P.; Goldberg, S. L.; Kraatz, B. P. et al. (2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Science 339 (6120): 662–667. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 23393258. Bibcode: 2013Sci...339..662O.
- ↑ For example: Springer, M. (2004). "Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19 (8): 430–438. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.006. PMID 16701301.
- ↑ Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2006). "Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals". PLOS Biology 4 (4): e91. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091. PMID 16515367.
- ↑ Nishihara, Hidenori; Maruyama, Shigenori; Okada, Norihiro (2009). "Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (13): 5235–5240. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809297106. PMID 19286970. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..106.5235N.
- ↑ Churakov, Gennady; Kriegs, Jan Ole; Baertsch, Robert; Zemann, Anja; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2009). "Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals". Genome Research 19 (5): 868–875. doi:10.1101/gr.090647.108. PMID 19261842.
- ↑ Song, Sen; Liu, Liang; Edwards, Scott V.; Wu, Shaoyuan (2012). "Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (37): 14942–14947. doi:10.1073/pnas.1211733109. PMID 22930817. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..10914942S.
- ↑ Morgan, CC; Foster, PG; Webb, AE; Pisani, D; McInerney, JO; O'Connell, MJ (2013). "Heterogeneous models place the root of the placental mammal phylogeny". Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (9): 2145–256. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst117. PMID 23813979.
External links
- Gross, Liza (2006). "Resolving the Family Tree of Placental Mammals". PLOS Biology 4 (4): e111. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040111. PMID 20076552.
- Waddell, P. J.; Kishino, H.; Ota, R. (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Informatics 12: 141–154. PMID 11791233. http://www.jsbi.org/journal/GIW01/GIW01F15.html.
- Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003). "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (3): 1056–1061. doi:10.1073/pnas.0334222100. PMID 12552136. Bibcode: 2003PNAS..100.1056S.
- Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006). "Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (9): 3203–3208. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511344103. PMID 16492730. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103.3203W.
- Nikolaev, Sergey; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I.; Margulies, Elliott H.; Program, Nisc Comparative Sequencing; Rougemont, Jacques; Nyffeler, Bruno; Antonarakis, Stylianos E. (2007). "Early History of Mammals is Elucidated with the ENCODE Multiple Species Sequencing Data". PLOS Genetics 3 (1): e2. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002. PMID 17206863.
- Churakov, Gennady; Kriegs, Jan Ole; Baertsch, Robert; Zemann, Anja; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2009). "Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals". Genome Research 19 (5): 868–875. doi:10.1101/gr.090647.108. PMID 19261842.
Wikidata ☰ Q2475989 entry
 |
