Biology:Laurasiatheria

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Laurasiatheria (/lɔːrˌeɪʒəˈθɪəriə, -θɛriə/; "Laurasian beasts") is a superorder of placental mammals that groups together true insectivores (eulipotyphlans), bats (chiropterans), carnivorans, pangolins (pholidotes), even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls), and all their extinct relatives (pan-euungulates). From systematics and phylogenetic perspectives, it is subdivided into order Eulipotyphla and clade Scrotifera.[1][2][3] It is a sister group to Euarchontoglires with which it forms the magnorder Boreoeutheria. Laurasiatheria was discovered on the basis of the similar gene sequences shared by the mammals belonging to it; no anatomical features have yet been found that unite the group, although a few have been suggested such as a small coracoid process, a simplified hindgut (reversed in artiodactyls), high intelligence, lack of grasping hands (though mimicry of grasping is observed in felines) and allantoic vessels that are large to moderate in size.[4] The Laurasiatheria clade is based on DNA sequence analyses and retrotransposon presence/absence data. The superorder originated on the northern supercontinent of Laurasia, after it split from Gondwana when Pangaea broke up.[1] Its last common ancestor is supposed to have lived between ca. 76 to 90 million years ago.[5][6]

Etymology

The name of this superorder derives from the theory that this group of mammals originated on the supercontinent of Laurasia.[1] In contrast, extinct primitive mammals called Gondwanatheria existed in the supercontinent of Gondwana.

Classification and phylogeny

History of phylogeny

Phylogenetic position of living laurasiatherians (in green) among placentals in a genus-level molecular phylogeny of 116 extant mammals inferred from the gene tree information of 14,509 coding DNA sequences.[7] The other major clades are colored: marsupials (magenta), xenarthrans (orange), afrotherians (red), and Euarchontoglires (blue).

Uncertainty still exists regarding the phylogenetic tree for extant laurasiatherians, primarily due to disagreement about the placement of orders Chiroptera (bats) and Perissodactyla. Based on morphological grounds, bats had long been classified in the superorder Archonta (e.g. along with primates, treeshrews and the gliding colugos) until genetic research instead showed their kinship with the other laurasiatheres.[8] The studies conflicted in terms of the exact placement of Chiroptera, however, with it being linked most closely to groups such as order Eulipotyphla in the clade Insectiphillia. Two 2013 studies retrieve that bats, pangolins, carnivorans and euungulates form a clade Scrotifera, indicating that Eulipotyphla might be the sister group to all other Laurasiatheria taxa.[9][10]

Taxonomy

Former classification: Current classification:
  • Superorder: Laurasiatheria (Waddell, 1999) (laurasian placental mammals)
    • Grandorder: Ferungulata (Simpson, 1945)
      • Mirorder: Euungulata (Waddell, 2001) (true ungulates)
      • Mirorder: Ferae (Linnaeus, 1758)
    • Clade: Insectiphillia (Waddell, 2001)
      • Order: Chiroptera (Blumenbach, 1779) (bats)
      • Order: Eulipotyphla (Waddell, 1999) (true insectivores)
  • Superorder: Laurasiatheria (Waddell, 1999) (laurasian placental mammals)
    • Order: Eulipotyphla (Waddell, 1999) (true insectivores)
    • Clade: Scrotifera (Waddell, 1999)
      • Grandorder: Ferungulata (Simpson, 1945)
      • Clade: Apo-Chiroptera (Cirranello, Simmons & Gunnell, 2020) (bats)
      • Family: †Eosoricodontidae (Lopatin, 2005)
      • Genus: †Acmeodon (Matthew & Granger, 1921)
      • Genus: †Avunculus (Van Valen, 1966)
      • Genus: †Gelastops (Simpson, 1935)
      • Incertae sedis:
        • †"Wyonycteris" microtis (Secord, 2008)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of superorder Laurasiatheria are shown in the following cladogram, reconstructed from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and protein characters, as well as the fossil record.[11][6][4][12][13][14][15]

Placentalia
 
 
 
 

†Taeniodonta 60px

 
 

†Alveugena

 
 
 

†Procerberinae

 
 
 

†Ambilestes

 
 
 

†Palaeoryctida

 
 

Atlantogenata 50px

 
Boreoeutheria
 

Euarchontoglires 50px

 
?

†Veratalpa

 
Laurasiatheria
 

Eulipotyphla 55px

 
Scrotifera
 
 

Apo-Chiroptera 55px

 
 

†"Wyonycteris" microtis

 
 

†Eosoricodontidae

 
 
 

Ferungulata 50px

 
 
 

†Acmeodon

 
 
 

†Avunculus

 
 

†Gelastops

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Waddell1999
  2. ↑ Nikaido, M.; Rooney, A. P.; Okada, N. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interpersed elements: Hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96 (18): 10261–10266. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.18.10261. PMID 10468596. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...9610261N. 
  3. ↑ Groves, Colin; Grubb, Peter (1 November 2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. JHU Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8. OCLC 708357723. https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uZtA1ZpTAC&pg=PA27. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann L.; Kraatz, Brian P. et al. (2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Science 339 (6120): 662–667. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. PMID 23393258. Bibcode: 2013Sci...339..662O. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1229237. 
  5. ↑ dos Reis, Mario; Inoue, Jun; Hasegawa, Masami; Asher, Robert J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Yang, Ziheng (7 September 2012). "Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny" (in en). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279 (1742): 3491–3500. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 22628470. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Zhou, Xuming; Xu, Shixia; Xu, Junxiao; Chen, Bingyao; Zhou, Kaiya; Yang, Guang (1 January 2012). "Phylogenomic Analysis Resolves the Interordinal Relationships and Rapid Diversification of the Laurasiatherian Mammals" (in en). Systematic Biology 61 (1): 150–64. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr089. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 21900649. 
  7. ↑ "OrthoMaM v10: Scaling-up orthologous coding sequence and exon alignments with more than one hundred mammalian genomes". Molecular Biology and Evolution 36 (4): 861–862. April 2019. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz015. PMID 30698751. 
  8. ↑ Pumo, Dorothy E.; Finamore, Peter S.; Franek, William R.; Phillips, Carleton J.; Tarzami, Sima; Balzarano, Darlene (1998). "Complete Mitochondrial Genome of a Neotropical Fruit Bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, and a New Hypothesis of the Relationships of Bats to Other Eutherian Mammals". Journal of Molecular Evolution 47 (6): 709–717. doi:10.1007/PL00006430. PMID 9847413. Bibcode: 1998JMolE..47..709P. 
  9. ↑ Tsagkogeorga, G; Parker, J; Stupka, E.; Cotton, J. A.; Rossiter, S. J. (2013). "Phylogenomic analyses elucidate the evolutionary relationships of bats". Current Biology 23 (22): 2262–2267. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.014. PMID 24184098. Bibcode: 2013CBio...23.2262T. 
  10. ↑ Morgan, C. C.; Foster, P. G.; Webb, A. E.; Pisani, D.; McInerney, J. O.; O'Connell, M. J. (2013). "Heterogeneous models place the root of the placental mammal phylogeny". Molecular Biology and Evolution 30 (9): 2145–2256. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst117. PMID 23813979. 
  11. ↑ Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa; Ota, Rissa (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Informatics 12: 141–154. PMID 11791233. http://www.jsbi.org/pdfs/journal1/GIW01/GIW01F15.html. Retrieved 2021-08-09. 
  12. ↑ Foley, Nicole M.; Springer, Mark S.; Teeling, Emma C. (2016-07-19). "Mammal madness: Is the mammal tree of life not yet resolved?". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371 (1699). doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0140. ISSN 0962-8436. PMID 27325836. 
  13. ↑ Esselstyn, Jacob A.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Swanson, Mark T.; Faircloth, Brant C. (2017-08-26). "Investigating Difficult Nodes in the Placental Mammal Tree with Expanded Taxon Sampling and Thousands of Ultraconserved Elements" (in en). Genome Biology and Evolution 9 (9): 2308–2321. doi:10.1093/gbe/evx168. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 28934378. 
  14. ↑ Frank Zachos (2020.) "Mammalian Phylogenetics: A Short Overview of Recent Advances", In book: "Mammals of Europe - Past, Present, and Future" (pp.31-48)
  15. ↑ Xue Lv, Jingyang Hu, Yiwen Hu, Yitian Li, Dongming Xu, Oliver A. Ryder, David M. Irwin, Li Yu (2021.) "Diverse phylogenomic datasets uncover a concordant scenario of laurasiatherian interordinal relationships", Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 157

Further reading

  • Data related to Laurasiatheria at Wikispecies

Template:Mammals Wikidata ☰ Q27379 entry



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