Biology:Atlantogenata

From HandWiki

Atlantogenata ("born around the Atlantic Ocean")[1] is a magnorder of placental mammals containing the cohorts or superorders Xenarthra and Afrotheria.[2] These groups originated and radiated in the South American and African continents, respectively, presumably in the Cretaceous. Together with Boreoeutheria, they make up Placentalia. The monophyly of this grouping is supported by some genetic evidence.[3][4]

Alternative hypotheses are that Boreoeutheria and Afrotheria combine to form Epitheria (as generally supported by anatomical and other physiological evidence) or that Boreoeutheria and Xenarthra combine to form Exafroplacentalia or Notolegia.[5]

According to some studies, updated analysis of transposable element insertions around the time of divergence strongly supports the fourth hypothesis of a near-concomitant origin (trifurcation) of the three superorders of placental mammals: Afrotheria, Boreoeutheria, and Xenarthra.[6][7] However, a 2016 analysis concluded such conflicting phylogenies were a consequence of poorly fitting evolutionary models, and that the Atlantogenata hypothesis is the best supported. Based on a molecular clock analysis, crown-group Atlantogenata was estimated to have diverged 84–97 million years ago.[8]

Placentalia
Atlantogenata
 

Xenarthra

 
 

Afrotheria

 
 
Boreoeutheria
 

Laurasiatheria

 
 

Euarchontoglires

 
 
 

Below shows the phylogeny of the extant atlantogenate families.

Atlantogenata
Xenarthra
Cingulata
 

Dasypodidae

 
 

Chlamyphoridae

 
 
Pilosa
Vermilingua
 

Cyclopedidae

 
 

Myrmecophagidae

 
 
Folivora
 

Bradypodidae

 
 

Choloepodidae

 
 
 
 
Afrotheria
Paenungulata
Hyracoidea

Procaviidae

 
Tethytheria
Sirenia
 

Trichechidae

 
 

Dugongidae

 
 
Proboscidea

Elephantidae

 
 
 
Afroinsectiphilia
Tubulidentata

Orycteropodidae

 
Afroinsectivora
Macroscelidea

Macroscelididae

 
Afrosoricida
 

Chrysochloridae

 
Tenrecomorpha
 

Potamogalidae

 
 

Tenrecidae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. ↑ Ian R. Tizard (2023). Comparative Mammalian Immunology: The Evolution and Diversity of the Immune Systems of Mammals. Academic Press. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-32395-220-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=v4GEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA411. Retrieved 16 December 2024. 
  2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Waddell1999c
  3. ↑ Waddell, Peter J.; Okada, Norohiro; Hasegawa, Masami (1999). "Towards Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals". Systematic Biology 48 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1093/sysbio/48.1.1. PMID 12078634. 
  4. ↑ Murphy, W.J.; Pringle, T.H.; Crider, T.A.; Springer, M.S.; Miller, W. (2007). "Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny". Genome Research 17 (4): 413–421. doi:10.1101/gr.5918807. PMID 17322288. 
  5. ↑ Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006). "Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (9): 3203–3208. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511344103. PMID 16492730. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103.3203W. 
  6. ↑ Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009). "Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (13): 5235–40. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809297106. PMID 19286970. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..106.5235N. 
  7. ↑ Churakov, G.; Kriegs, J. O.; Baertsch, R.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J. R.; Schmitz, J. R. (2009). "Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals". Genome Research 19 (5): 868–875. doi:10.1101/gr.090647.108. PMID 19261842. 
  8. ↑ Tarver, James E.; dos Reis, Mario; Mirarab, Siavash; Moran, Raymond J.; Parker, Sean; O’Reilly, Joseph E.; King, Benjamin L.; O’Connell, Mary J. et al. (8 January 2016). "The Interrelationships of Placental Mammals and the Limits of Phylogenetic Inference" (in en). Genome Biology and Evolution 8 (2): 330–344. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv261. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 26733575. PMC 4779606. https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/gbe/evv261. 

Further reading

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