Biology:Giantin

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example


Giantin or Golgin subfamily B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOLGB1 gene.[1][2][3] Giantin is located at the cis-medial rims of the Golgi apparatus and is part of the Golgi matrix that is responsible for membrane trafficking in secretory pathway of proteins. This function is key for proper localisation of proteins at the plasma membrane and outside the cell (extracellular region) which is important for cell function that is dependent on for example receptors and the extracellular matrix function. Recent animal model knockout studies of GOLGB1 in mice,[4] rat,[5] and zebrafish[6] have shown that phenotypes are different between species ranging from mild to severe craniofacial defects in the rodent models to just minor size defects in zebrafish. However, in adult zebrafish a tumoral calcinosis-like phenotype was observed, and in humans such phenotype has been linked to defective glycosyltransferase function (e.g. GALNT3 protein).[7]

Function and Interactions

Giantin is a disulfide-linked homodimer which contains several (around 37) coiled-coiled domains. GOLGB1 protein has been shown to interact with ACBD3 and with PLK3[8] and vesicle tethering small GTPases Rab1 and Rab6.[9] Giantin also interacts with P115 at the N-terminal coils facilitating binding to the other Golgi matrix protein GM130[10] that is thought to be important for Golgi secretory function. Loss-of function studies of giantin have also suggested a role in primary cilia[11][12] function and defective regulation of glycosyltransferase expression and calcineurin signalling in tissue culture cells.[13][14]

References

  1. ↑ "Giantin, a novel conserved Golgi membrane protein containing a cytoplasmic domain of at least 350 kDa". Mol Biol Cell 4 (7): 679–93. Nov 1993. doi:10.1091/mbc.4.7.679. PMID 7691276. 
  2. ↑ "The COG and COPI complexes interact to control the abundance of GEARs, a subset of Golgi integral membrane proteins". Mol Biol Cell 15 (5): 2423–35. Apr 2004. doi:10.1091/mbc.E03-09-0699. PMID 15004235. 
  3. ↑ "Entrez Gene: GOLGB1 golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily b, macrogolgin (with transmembrane signal), 1". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2804. 
  4. ↑ Lan, Yu; Zhang, Nian; Liu, Han; Xu, Jingyue; Jiang, Rulang (2016-07-01). "Golgb1 regulates protein glycosylation and is crucial for mammalian palate development" (in en). Development 143 (13): 2344–2355. doi:10.1242/dev.134577. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 27226319. 
  5. ↑ Katayama, Kentaro; Sasaki, Tetsu; Goto, Syo; Ogasawara, Kei; Maru, Hiromi; Suzuki, Katsushi; Suzuki, Hiroetsu (November 2011). "Insertional mutation in the Golgb1 gene is associated with osteochondrodysplasia and systemic edema in the OCD rat" (in en). Bone 49 (5): 1027–1036. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2011.08.001. PMID 21851869. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S8756328211011446. 
  6. ↑ Bergen, Dylan J. M.; Stevenson, Nicola L.; Skinner, Roderick E. H.; Stephens, David J.; Hammond, Christina L. (2017-08-15). "The Golgi matrix protein giantin is required for normal cilia function in zebrafish" (in en). Biology Open 6 (8): 1180–1189. doi:10.1242/bio.025502. ISSN 2046-6390. PMID 28546340. 
  7. ↑ Stevenson, Nicola L.; Bergen, Dylan J. M.; Skinner, Roderick E. H.; Kague, Erika; Martin-Silverstone, Elizabeth; Robson Brown, Kate A.; Hammond, Chrissy L.; Stephens, David J. (2017-12-15). "Giantin-knockout models reveal a feedback loop between Golgi function and glycosyltransferase expression" (in en). Journal of Cell Science 130 (24): 4132–4143. doi:10.1242/jcs.212308. ISSN 0021-9533. PMID 29093022. 
  8. ↑ Sohda, M; Misumi Y; Yamamoto A; Yano A; Nakamura N; Ikehara Y (Nov 2001). "Identification and characterization of a novel Golgi protein, GCP60, that interacts with the integral membrane protein giantin". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (48): 45298–306. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108961200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11590181. 
  9. ↑ Rosing, Mechthild; Ossendorf, Edith; Rak, Alexey; Barnekow, Angelika (July 2007). "Giantin interacts with both the small GTPase Rab6 and Rab1" (in en). Experimental Cell Research 313 (11): 2318–2325. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.03.031. PMID 17475246. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0014482707001486. 
  10. ↑ Brandon, Elizabeth; Gao, Yasheng; Garcia-Mata, Rafael; Alvarez, Cecilia; Sztul, Elizabeth (August 2003). "Membrane targeting of p115 phosphorylation mutants and their effects on Golgi integrity and secretory traffic" (in en). European Journal of Cell Biology 82 (8): 411–420. doi:10.1078/0171-9335-00327. PMID 14533739. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S017193350470312X. 
  11. ↑ Bergen, Dylan J. M.; Stevenson, Nicola L.; Skinner, Roderick E. H.; Stephens, David J.; Hammond, Christina L. (2017-08-15). "The Golgi matrix protein giantin is required for normal cilia function in zebrafish" (in en). Biology Open 6 (8): 1180–1189. doi:10.1242/bio.025502. ISSN 2046-6390. PMID 28546340. 
  12. ↑ Asante, D.; MacCarthy-Morrogh, L.; Townley, A. K.; Weiss, M. A.; Katayama, K.; Palmer, K. J.; Suzuki, H.; Westlake, C. J. et al. (2013-11-15). "A role for the Golgi matrix protein giantin in ciliogenesis through control of the localization of dynein-2" (in en). Journal of Cell Science 126 (22): 5189–5197. doi:10.1242/jcs.131664. ISSN 0021-9533. PMID 24046448. 
  13. ↑ Stevenson, Nicola L.; Bergen, Dylan J. M.; Skinner, Roderick E. H.; Kague, Erika; Martin-Silverstone, Elizabeth; Robson Brown, Kate A.; Hammond, Chrissy L.; Stephens, David J. (2017-12-15). "Giantin-knockout models reveal a feedback loop between Golgi function and glycosyltransferase expression" (in en). Journal of Cell Science 130 (24): 4132–4143. doi:10.1242/jcs.212308. ISSN 0021-9533. PMID 29093022. 
  14. ↑ Stevenson, Nicola L.; Bergen, Dylan J. M.; Xu, Amadeus; Wyatt, Emily; Henry, Freya; McCaughey, Janine; Vuolo, Laura; Hammond, Chrissy L. et al. (2018-05-01). "Regulator of calcineurin-2 is a centriolar protein with a role in cilia length control" (in en). Journal of Cell Science 131 (9): jcs212258. doi:10.1242/jcs.212258. ISSN 0021-9533. PMID 29643119. 

Further reading



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