Biology:HBB

Short description: Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Generic protein structure example

In human, the HBB gene is located on chromosome 11 at position p15.5.

Beta globin (also referred to as HBB, β-globin, haemoglobin beta, hemoglobin beta, or preferably haemoglobin subunit beta) is a globin protein, which along with alpha globin (HBA), makes up the most common form of haemoglobin in adult humans, the HbA. It is 147 amino acids long and has a molecular weight of 15,867 Da. Normal adult human HbA is a heterotetramer consisting of two alpha chains and two beta chains.

HBB is encoded by the HBB gene on human chromosome 11. Mutations in the gene produce several variants of the proteins which are implicated with genetic disorders such as sickle-cell disease and beta thalassemia, as well as beneficial traits such as genetic resistance to malaria.

Gene locus

HBB protein is produced by the gene HBB which is located in the multigene locus of β-globin locus on chromosome 11, specifically on the short arm position 15.4. Expression of beta globin and the neighbouring globins in the β-globin locus is controlled by single locus control region (LCR), the most important regulatory element in the locus located upstream of the globin genes. The normal allelic variant is 1600 base pairs (bp) long and contains three exons. The order of the genes in the beta-globin cluster is 5' - epsilon – gamma-G – gamma-A – delta – beta - 3'.

Interactions

HBB interacts with Hemoglobin, alpha 1 (HBA1) to form haemoglobin A, the major haemoglobin in adult humans. The interaction is two-fold. First, one HBB and one HBA1 combine, non-covalently, to form a dimer. Secondly, two dimers combine to form the four-chain tetramer, and this becomes the functional haemolglobin.

Associated genetic disorders

Beta thalassemia

beta thalassemia is an inherited genetic mutation in one (Beta thalassemia minor) or both (Beta thalassemia major) of the Beta globin alleles on chromosome 11. The mutant alleles are subdivided into two groups: β0, in which no functional β-globin is made, and β+, in which a small amount of normal β-globin protein is produced. Beta thalassemia minor occurs when an individual inherits one normal Beta allele and one abnormal Beta allele (either β0, or β+). Beta thalassemia minor results in a mild microcytic anemia that is often asymptomatic or may cause fatigue and or pale skin. Beta thalassemia major occurs when a person inherits two abnormal alleles. This can be either two β+ alleles, two β0 alleles, or one of each. Beta thalassemia major is a severe medical condition. A severe anemia is seen starting at 6 months of age. Without medical treatment death often occurs before age 12. Beta thalassemia major can be treated by lifelong blood transfusions or bone marrow transplantation.

According to a recent study, the stop gain mutation Gln40stop in HBB gene is a common cause of autosomal recessive Beta- thalassemia in Sardinian people (almost exclusive in Sardinia). Carriers of this mutation show an enhanced red blood cell count. As a curiosity, the same mutation was also associated to a decrease in serum LDL levels in carriers, so the authors suggest that is due to the need of cholesterol to regenerate cell membranes.

Sickle cell disease

More than a thousand naturally occurring HBB variants have been discovered. The most common is HbS, which causes sickle cell disease. HbS is produced by a point mutation in HBB in which the codon GAG is replaced by GTG. This results in the replacement of hydrophilic amino acid glutamic acid with the hydrophobic amino acid valine at the sixth position (β6Glu→Val). This substitution creates a hydrophobic spot on the outside of the protein that sticks to the hydrophobic region of an adjacent haemoglobin molecule's beta chain. This further causes clumping of HbS molecules into rigid fibers, causing "sickling" of the entire red blood cells in the homozygous (HbS/HbS) condition. The homozygous allele has become one of the deadliest genetic factors, whereas people heterozygous for the mutant allele (HbS/HbA) are resistant to malaria and develop minimal effects of the anaemia.

Haemoglobin C

Sickle cell disease is closely related to another mutant haemoglobin called haemoglobin C (HbC), because they can be inherited together. HbC mutation is at the same position in HbS, but glutamic acid is replaced by lysine (β6Glu→Lys). The mutation is particularly prevalent in West African populations. HbC provides near full protection against Plasmodium falciparum in homozygous (CC) individuals and intermediate protection in heterozygous (AC) individuals. This indicates that HbC has stronger influence than HbS, and is predicted to replace HbS in malaria-endemic regions.

Haemoglobin E

Another point mutation in HBB, in which glutamic acid is replaced with lysine at position 26 (β26Glu→Lys), leads to the formation of haemoglobin E (HbE). HbE has a very unstable α- and β-globin association. Even though the unstable protein itself has mild effect, inherited with HbS and thalassemia traits, it turns into a life-threatening form of β-thalassemia. The mutation is of relatively recent origin suggesting that it resulted from selective pressure against severe falciparum malaria, as heterozygous allele prevents the development of malaria.

Human evolution

Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is a major selective factor in human evolution. It has influenced mutations in HBB in various degrees resulting in the existence of numerous HBB variants. Some of these mutations are not directly lethal and instead confer resistance to malaria, particularly in Africa where malaria is epidemic. People of African descent have evolved to have higher rates of the mutant HBB because the heterozygous individuals have a misshaped red blood cell that prevent attacks from malarial parasites. Thus, HBB mutants are the sources of positive selection in these regions and are important for their long-term survival. Such selection markers are important for tracing human ancestry and diversification from Africa.

See also

• Human β-globin locus

Further reading

• "A review of the molecular genetics of the human alpha-globin gene cluster.". Blood 73 (5): 1081–104. 1989. doi:10.1182/blood.V73.5.1081.1081. PMID 2649166. 
• "The multiple functions of hemoglobin.". Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 30 (3): 165–96. 1995. doi:10.3109/10409239509085142. PMID 7555018. 
• "Hb Vila Real [beta36(C2)Pro-->His] in Italy: characterization of the amino acid substitution and the DNA mutation.". Hemoglobin 26 (1): 21–31. 2002. doi:10.1081/HEM-120002937. PMID 11939509. 
• "A 65 bp duplication/insertion in exon II of the beta globin gene causing beta0-thalassemia.". Haematologica 92 (3): 423–4. 2007. doi:10.3324/haematol.10785. PMID 17339197. 

External links

• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P68871 (Human Hemoglobin subunit beta) at the PDBe-KB.
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P02088 (Mouse Hemoglobin subunit beta-1) at the PDBe-KB.