Biology:Haplogroup CT

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Short description: Human Y chromosome DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup CT
Y-DNA tree.svg
Possible time of originc. 70,000 years ago,[1] ca. 100,000 years ago,[2] or about 101,000 years ago[3]
Possible place of origin{{{origin-place}}}
Ancestor{{{ancestor}}}
Defining mutations{{{mutations}}}

</ref> possibly Northeast Africa[4]

| ancestor = Haplogroup BT | descendants = Haplogroup CF, Haplogroup DE | mutations = P9.1, M168, M294, V9, V41, V54, V189, and V226 }} Haplogroup CT is a human Y chromosome haplogroup, defining one of the major paternal lineages of humanity.

Men who carry the CT clade have Y chromosomes with the SNP mutation M168, along with P9.1 and M294. These mutations are present in all modern human male lineages except A and B-M60, which are both found almost exclusively in Africa.

The most recent common male line ancestor (TMRCA) of all CT men today probably predated the recent African origin of modern humans, a migration in which some of his descendants participated. He is therefore thought to have lived in Africa before this proposed migration.[1][5][6] In keeping with the concept of "Y-chromosomal Adam" given to the patrilineal ancestor of all living humans, CT-M168 has therefore also been referred to in popularized accounts as being the lineage of "Eurasian Adam" or "Out of Africa Adam"; because, along with many African Y-lineages, all non-African Y-lineages descend from it.[7][4][8]

No male in paragroup CT* has ever been discovered in modern populations. This means that all males carrying this haplogroup are also defined as being in one of the several major branch clades. All known surviving descendant lineages of CT are in one of two major subclades, CF and DE. In turn, DE is divided into a predominantly Asia-distributed haplogroup D-CTS3946 and a predominantly Africa-distributed haplogroup E-M96, while CF is divided into an East Asian, Native American, and Oceanian haplogroup C-M130 and haplogroup F-M89, which dominates most non-African populations.[8]

Subclades

Haplogroup CT (M168/PF1416)
  • CF (P143/PF2587, CTS3818/M3690/PF2668, CTS6376/M3711/PF2697) Shan people
    • C (M130/Page51/RPS4Y711, M216) Asia, Oceania, and North America
      • C1 F3393/Z1426
        • C1a CTS11043
          • C1a1 formerly C1 (M8, M105, M131) Japan
          • C1a2 Very low frequency in Western Eurasia (including Kostenki 38 000 years ago)
        • C1b
      • C2 formerly C3 (M217, P44) Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among Mongols, Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples, Paleosiberians, and Na-Dené-speaking peoples
    • F (M89, M213) Found throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas
      • F1 (P91, P104)
      • F2 (M427, M428)
      • F3 (P96)
      • F4 (M481)
    • GHIJK F1329/M3658/PF2622/YSC0001299, CTS2254/M3680/PF2657, FGC2045/Z12203 Throughout Eurasia; also The Americas; at low levels/among minorities in Africa and Oceania
      • G M201, P257 Primarily the Caucasus; also at low levels/among minorities in Europe, North Africa, South West Asia and Central Asia
      • HIJK Throughout Eurasia; also The Americas; at low levels/among minorities in Africa and Oceania
  • Haplogroup DE (M1/YAP, M145/P205, M203/Page36, P144, P153, P165, P167, P183) Asia, Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe; also at low levels in Oceania
    • Haplogroup D (M174) Primarily Japan , Tibet and Andaman Islanders; also at low level/among minorities in East Asia, Central Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia
      • Haplogroup D1 (CTS11577) Mainly Tibet; minorities in Central Asia, East Asia, and South East Asia
        • Haplogroup D1a Z27276 East and Central Asia
          • D1a1 (M15) (ex-D1) Qiang people; also at low levels throughout East and Central Asia
          • Haplogroup D1a2 P99 (ex-D3) Tibet and Central Asia
        • Haplogroup D1b (ex-D2) (M64.1/Page44.1, M55, M57, M179/Page31, M359.1/P41.1, P37.1, P190, 12f2.2) Mainly Japan; also at lowel levels/among minorities in Korea, China, Micronesia and Melanesia
      • Haplogroup D2 L1366 (ex-D1a) Philippines
    • Haplogroup E (M40, M96) Africa, Middle East, Southern and Eastern Europe
      • Haplogroup E1 (P147) At high levels throughout Africa; at lower levels in the Middle East and Europe
        • Haplogroup E1a (formerly E1) (M132) Primarily Africa
        • Haplogroup E1b (P177/PF1939)
          • Haplogroup E1b1 (formerly E3) (P2, DYS391p)
            • Haplogroup E1b1a (V38)
            • Haplogroup E1b1a1 (formerly E3a) (M2) West Africa, Central Africa, Southeast Africa and Southern Africa
            • Haplogroup E1b1b (formerly E3b) (M215) Horn of Africa (Ethiopians, Somalis, Eritrea), North Africa (Berbers, Arabs[9]), the Middle East, Europe (esp. areas near the Mediterranean Sea)
      • Haplogroup E2 (M75) East Africa

Sources

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA C subclades


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Karafet et al. (2008) give "70,000", citing "68,500±6000 years" from Hammer and Zegura (2002). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. 2008. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. PMC 2336805. http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1. . The split between CF and DE (which in the absence of a paragroup CT* is equivalent to the age of CT) has been dated to 70,000–75,000 years ago in Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature 505, 87–91 (02 January 2014)
  2. ↑ "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research 25 (4): 459–466. April 2015. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114. PMID 25770088. 
  3. ↑ "A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa". Genetics 212 (4): 1421–1428. June 2019. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302368. PMID 31196864. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes, by Norman A. Johnson, 2007, ISBN:0-19-530675-9, ISBN:978-0-19-530675-0
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named stone
  6. ↑ Underhill and Kivisild; Kivisild, T (2007). "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations". Annu. Rev. Genet. 41 (1): 539–64. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407. PMID 18076332. 
  7. ↑ Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution: A Synthesis, By Linda Stone, Paul F. Lurquin, 2007, ISBN:1-4051-5089-0, page 187
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Karafet (2008). "New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. PMC 2336805. http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1. 
  9. ↑ Pereira et al. (2010), Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel, European Journal of Human Genetics (2010) 18, 915–923; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21



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