Biology:Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family of proteins that in humans is encoded by the HBEGF gene.

HB-EGF-like growth factor is synthesized as a membrane-anchored mitogenic and chemotactic glycoprotein. An epidermal growth factor produced by monocytes and macrophages, due to an affinity for heparin is termed HB-EGF. It has been shown to play a role in wound healing, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart development and function.[1] First identified in the conditioned media of human macrophage-like cells, HB-EGF is an 87-amino acid glycoprotein that displays highly regulated gene expression.[2] Ectodomain shedding results in the soluble mature form of HB-EGF, which influences the mitogenicity and chemotactic factors for smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The transmembrane form of HB-EGF is the unique receptor for diphtheria toxin and functions in juxtacrine signaling in cells. Both forms of HB-EGF participate in normal physiological processes and in pathological processes including tumor progression and metastasis, organ hyperplasia, and atherosclerotic disease.[3] HB-EGF can bind two locations on cell surfaces: heparan sulfate proteoglycans and EGF-receptor effecting cell to cell interactions.[4]

Interactions

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor has been shown to interact with NRD1,[5] Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16[6][7] and BAG1.[8]

HB-EGF biological activities with these genes influence cell cycle progression, molecular chaperone regulation, cell survival, cellular functions, adhesion, and mediation of cell migration. The NRD1 gene codes for the protein nardilysin, an HB-EGF modulator.[9] Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 and BAG family molecular chaperone regulator function as co-chaperone proteins in processes involving HB-EGF.

Role in cancer

Recent studies indicate significant HB-EGF gene expression elevation in a number of human cancers as well as cancer-derived cell lines. Evidence indicates that HB-EGF plays a significant role in the development of malignant phenotypes contributing to the metastatic and invasive behaviors of tumors.[10] The proliferative and chemotactic effects of HB-EGF results from the target influence on particular cells including fibroblasts, smooth muscles cells, and keratinocytes. For numerous cell types such as breast and ovarian tumor cells, human epithelial cells and keratinocytes HB-EGF is a potent mitogen resulting in evidenced upregulation of HB-EGF in such specimens.[11] Both in vivo and in vitro studies of tumor formation in cancer derived cell lines indicate that expression of HB-EGF is essential for tumor development. As a result, studies implementing the use of specific HB-EGF inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies against HB-EGF show the potential for the development of novel therapies for treating cancers by targeting HB-EGF expression.[12]

Role in cardiac development and vasculature

HB-EGF binding and activation of EGF receptors plays a critical role during cardiac valve tissue development and the maintenance of normal heart function in adults. During valve tissue development the interaction of HB-EGF with EGF receptors and heparan sulfate proteoglycans is essential for the prevention of malformation of valves due to enlargement.[13] In the vascular system areas of disturbed flow show upregulation of HB-EGF with promotion of vascular lesions, atherogenesis, and hyperplasia of intimal tissue in vessels. The flow disturbance remodeling of the vascular tissues due to HB-EGF expression contributes to aortic valve disease, peripheral vascular disease, and conduit stenosis.[14]

Role in wound healing

HB-EGF is the predominant growth factor in the epithelialization required for cutaneous wound healing. The mitogenic and migratory effects of HB-EGF on keratinocytes and fibroblasts promotes dermal repair and angiogenesis necessary for wound healing and is a major component of wound fluids.[15] HB-EGF displays target cell specificity during the early stages of wound healing being released by macrophages, monocytes, and keratinocytes. HB-EGF cell surface binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans enhances mitogen promoting capabilities increasing the rate of skin wound healing, decreasing human skin graft healing times, and promotes rapid healing of ulcers, burns, and epidermal split thickness wounds.[16]

Role in other physiological processes

HB-EGF is recognized as an important component for the modulation of cell activity in various biological interactions. Found widely distributed in cerebral neurons and neuroglia, HB-EGF induced by brain hypoxia and or ischemia subsequently stimulates neurogenesis.[2] Interactions between uterine HB-EGF and epidermal growth factor receptors of blastocysts influence embryo-uterine interactions and implantation.[17] Studies show HB-EGF protects intestinal stem cells and intestinal epithelial cells in necrotizing enterocolitis, a disease affecting premature newborns. Associated with a breakdown in gut barrier function, necrotizing enterocolitis may be mediated by HB-EGF effects on intestinal mucosa.[18] HB-EGF expressed during skeletal muscle contraction facilitates peripheral glucose removal, glucose tolerance and uptake. The upregulation of HB-EGF with exercise may explain the molecular basis for the decrease in metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes with regular exercise.[19]

References

  1. ↑ "Dual intracellular signaling by proteolytic cleavage of membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15 (1): 13–9. February 2004. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2003.10.002. PMID 14746810. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor: hypoxia-inducible expression in vitro and stimulation of neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo". J. Neurosci. 22 (13): 5365–73. July 2002. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05365.2002. PMID 12097488. 
  3. ↑ "Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1333 (3): F179–99. December 1997. doi:10.1016/S0304-419X(97)00024-3. PMID 9426203. 
  4. ↑ "Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor gene is induced in the mouse uterus temporally by the blastocyst solely at the site of its apposition: a possible ligand for interaction with blastocyst EGF-receptor in implantation". Development 120 (5): 1071–83. May 1994. doi:10.1242/dev.120.5.1071. PMID 8026321. 
  5. ↑ "N-arginine dibasic convertase is a specific receptor for heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor that mediates cell migration". EMBO J. 20 (13): 3342–50. July 2001. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.13.3342. PMID 11432822. 
  6. ↑ "Proteolytic release of the carboxy-terminal fragment of proHB-EGF causes nuclear export of PLZF". J. Cell Biol. 163 (3): 489–502. November 2003. doi:10.1083/jcb.200303017. PMID 14597771. 
  7. ↑ "Roles of charged amino acid residues in the cytoplasmic domain of proHB-EGF". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 320 (2): 376–82. July 2004. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.176. PMID 15219838. 
  8. ↑ "BAG-1 is a novel cytoplasmic binding partner of the membrane form of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor: a unique role for proHB-EGF in cell survival regulation". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (32): 30127–32. August 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M010237200. PMID 11340068. 
  9. ↑ "Nardilysin, a basic residues specific metallopeptidase that mediates cell migration and proliferation". Protein Pept. Lett. 11 (5): 501–8. October 2004. doi:10.2174/0929866043406508. PMID 15544571. 
  10. ↑ "Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor as a novel targeting molecule for cancer therapy". Cancer Sci. 97 (5): 341–7. May 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00188.x. PMID 16630129. 
  11. ↑ "Proliferative effects of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor on pterygium epithelial cells and fibroblasts". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45 (1): 110–3. January 2004. doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0046. PMID 14691161. 
  12. ↑ Miyazono K (January 2012). "Ectodomain shedding of HB-EGF: a potential target for cancer therapy". J. Biochem. 151 (1): 1–3. doi:10.1093/jb/mvr120. PMID 21976708. 
  13. ↑ "ErbB and HB-EGF signaling in heart development and function". Cell Struct. Funct. 31 (1): 1–14. 2006. doi:10.1247/csf.31.1. PMID 16508205. 
  14. ↑ "Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor signaling in flow-induced arterial remodeling". Circ. Res. 102 (10): 1275–85. May 2008. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.171728. PMID 18436796. 
  15. ↑ "Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor accelerates keratinocyte migration and skin wound healing". J. Cell Sci. 118 (Pt 11): 2363–70. June 2005. doi:10.1242/jcs.02346. PMID 15923649. 
  16. ↑ "Appearance of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in wound fluid as a response to injury". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 (9): 3889–93. May 1993. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.9.3889. PMID 8483908. Bibcode: 1993PNAS...90.3889M. 
  17. ↑ "Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor modulation by antiprogestin and CG in the baboon (Papio anubis)". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (9): 4520–8. September 2001. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.9.7835. PMID 11549702. 
  18. ↑ "Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor protects intestinal stem cells from injury in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis". Lab. Invest. 92 (3): 331–44. March 2012. doi:10.1038/labinvest.2011.167. PMID 22157721. 
  19. ↑ "Muscle-specific overexpression of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor increases peripheral glucose disposal and insulin sensitivity". Endocrinology 150 (6): 2683–91. June 2009. doi:10.1210/en.2008-1647. PMID 19264873. 

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