Biology:Palaeonisciformes

From HandWiki
Short description: Extinct order of fishes

Palaeonisciformes
Temporal range: Late Silurian–Cretaceous
Palaeoniscus macropomus.jpg
†Palaeoniscum restoration
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: †Palaeonisciformes
Hay 1902
Suborders
  • †Palaeoniscoidei Berg 1937
  • †Platysomoidei Berg 1937
Synonyms

Palaeoniscida Moy-Thomas & Miles 1971

The Palaeonisciformes, commonly known as "palaeoniscoids" (also spelled "paleoniscoid", or alternatively "paleoniscids") are an extinct grouping of primitive ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii), spanning from the Silurian/Devonian to the Cretaceous. They are generally considered paraphyletic, but their exact relationships to living ray-finned fish are uncertain.[1] While some and perhaps most palaeoniscoids likely belong to the stem-group of Actinopteryii,[2] it has been suggested that some may belong to the crown group,[3] with some of these possibly related to Cladistia (containing bichirs) and/or Chondrostei (which contains sturgeons and paddlefish).[4] Many palaeoniscoids share a conservative body shape and a similar arrangement of skull bones.[5]

Historic background

Acropholis stensioei (fossil at the Geological Museum in Copenhagen) is a taxon referred to Palaeonisciformes based on superficial resemblance with Palaeoniscum

The systematics of fossil and extant fishes has puzzled ichthyologists since the time of Louis Agassiz, who first grouped all Palaeozoic ray-finned fishes together with Chondrostei (sturgeons, paddlefishes), gars, lungfishes, and acanthodians in his Ganoidei. Carl Hermann Müller later proposed to divide actinopterygians into three groups: Chondrostei, Holostei, and Teleostei. Later, Edward Drinker Cope included these three groups within Actinopteri.[6] The same classification is also used today,[7] though the definitions of these groups have changed significantly over the years. The sister group to Actinopteri are the Cladistia, which include Polypterus (bichirs), Erpetoichthys and their fossil relatives. All together are grouped as Actinopterygii.

A few additional classification schemes were proposed over the years. Lev Berg erected the superorder Palaeonisci, in which he included early actinopterygians that belonged to neither Chondrostei nor Polypteri (Cladistia). Mostly following Berg, Jean-Pierre Lehman grouped the Actinopterygii into 26 orders, among others the Palaeonisciformes with the two suborders Palaeoniscoidei and Platysomoidei.[6]

Numerous genera of early actinopterygians have been referred to either Palaeonisciformes or to one of its suborders based on superficial resemblance with either Palaeoniscum (Palaeoniscoidei) or Platysomus (Platysomoidei), especially during the early and middle parts of the 20th century. Palaeonisciformes, Palaeoniscoidei, and Platysomoidei have therefore become wastebasket taxa. They are not natural groups, but instead paraphyletic assemblages of the early members of several ray-finned fish lineages. Palaeoniscoidei have traditionally encompassed most Paleozoic actinopterygians, except those that exhibit atypical body forms (such as the deep-bodied Platysomoidei, or those assigned securely to any of the living groups of ray-finned fishes.[8] The same can also be said about the family Palaeoniscidae sensu lato, to which several genera not closely related to Palaeoniscum have been referred in the past.

The grouping of "palaeonisciforms" was based largely on shared plesiomorphic features, such as the forward position of the eye, the large gape or the presence of rhombic scales. However, such symplesiomorphies are not informative with regard to phylogeny, but rather an indication of common ancestry. In modern biology, taxonomists group taxa based on shared apomorphies (synapomorphies) in order to detect monophyletic groups (natural groups). They use computer software (e.g., PAUP) to determine the most likely evolutionary relationships between taxa, thereby putting previous hypotheses of such relationships to the test. As a consequence, many genera have been subsequently removed from Palaeonisciformes and referred to distinct orders (e.g., Saurichthyiformes).

The term Palaeonisciformes has mostly disappeared from the modern literature or is nowadays only used to refer to the "primitive" morphology of a taxon (e.g., "palaeonisciform skull shape" or "palaeoniscoid body shape"). In order to make the Paleonisciformes, Palaeoniscoidei or Palaeoniscidae monophyletic, these terms should only be used in a strict sense, i.e., when referring to the clade of actinopterygians that includes Palaeoniscum and the taxa closely related to it.

A monophyletic clade including several taxa classically referred to the Palaeonisciformes (e.g., Aesopichthys, Birgeria, Boreosomus, Canobius, Pteronisculus, Rhadinichthys) was recovered in the cladistic analysis by Lund et al.[9] This clade, coined Palaeoniscimorpha, is also used in subsequent publications.[6] Recent cladistic analyses also recovered clades containing several genera that have historically been grouped within Palaeonisciformes, while excluding others.[10][11][12] Due to the delicate nature of fossils of ray-finned fishes and the incomplete knowledge of several taxa (especially with regard to the internal cranial anatomy),[12] there is still no consensus about the evolutionary relationships of several early actinopterygians previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes.

Classification

The following list includes species that have been referred to Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscidae, respectively), usually because of superficial resemblance with Palaeoniscum freieslebeni. Many of these species are poorly known and have never been included in any cladistic analysis. Their inclusion in Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscidae) is in most cases doubtful and requires confirmation by cladistic studies. Which taxa should be included in Palaeonisciformes sensu stricto (or Palaeoniscidae sensu stricto) and which ones moved to other orders or families, respecitively, is a matter of ongoing research.

  • Order †Palaeonisciformes Hay, 1902 sensu stricto [Palaeoniscida Moy-Thomas & Miles, 1971][13][7][14]
    • Family †Palaeoniscidae Vogt, 1852
      • Genus ?†Agecephalichthys Wade, 1935
        • Species †Agecephalichthys granulatus Wade, 1935
      • Genus ?†Atherstonia Woodward, 18989 [Broometta Chabakov, 1927]
        • Species †Atherstonia scutata Woodward, 1889 [Atherstonia cairncrossi Broom, 1913; Amblypterus capensis Broom, 1913; Broometta cairncrossi Chabakov, 1927]
        • Species †Atherstonia minor Woodward, 1893
      • Genus ?†Cryphaeiolepis Traquair, 1881
        • Species †Cryphaeiolepis scutata Traquair, 1881
      • Genus ?†Cteniolepidotrichia Poplin & Su, 1992
        • Species †Cteniolepidotrichia turfanensis Poplin & Su, 1992
      • Genus †Dicellopyge Brough, 1931
        • Species †Dicellopyge macrodentata Brough, 1931
        • Species †Dicellopyge lissocephalus Brough, 1931
      • Genus ?†Duwaichthys Liu et al., 1990
        • Species †Duwaichthys mirabilis Liu et al., 1990
      • Genus ?†Ferganiscus Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999
        • Species †Ferganiscus osteolepis Sytchevskaya & Yakolev, 1999
      • Genus †Gyrolepis Agassiz, 1833 non Kade, 1858
        • Species †G. albertii Agassiz, 1833
        • Species †G. gigantea Agassiz, 1833
        • Species †G. maxima Agassiz, 1833
        • Species †G. quenstedti Dames, 1888
        • Species †G. tenuistriata Agassiz, 1833
      • Genus †Gyrolepidoides Cabrera, 1944
        • Species †G. creyanus Schaeffer, 1955
        • Species †G. cuyanus Cabrera, 1944
        • Species †G. multistriatus Rusconi, 1948
      • Genus ?†Palaeoniscinotus Rohon, 1890
        • Species †P. czekanowskii Rohon, 1890
      • Genus †Palaeoniscum de Blainville, 1818 [Palaeoniscus Agassiz, 1833 non Von Meyer, 1858; Palaeoniscas Rzchak, 1881; Eupalaeoniscus Rzchak, 1881; Palaeomyzon Weigelt, 1930; Geomichthys Sauvage, 1888]
        • Species †P. angustum (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas angustus Rzehak, 1881]
        • Species †P. antipodeum (Egerton, 1864) [Palaeoniscus antipodeus Egerton, 1864]
        • Species †P. antiquum Williams, 1886
        • Species †P. arenaceum Berger, 1832
        • Species †P. capense (Bloom, 1913) [Palaeoniscus capensis Bloom, 1913]
        • Species †P. comtum (Agassiz, 1833) [Palaeoniscus comtus Agassiz, 1833]
        • Species †P. daedalium Yankevich & Minich, 1998
        • Species †P. devonicum Clarke, 1885
        • Species †P. elegans (Sedgwick, 1829) [Palaeoniscus elegans Sedgwick, 1829]
        • Species †P. freieslebeni de Blainville, 1818 [Eupalaeoniscus freieslebeni (de Brainville, 1818); Palaeoniscus freieslebeni (de Brainville, 1818)]
        • Species †P. hassiae (Jaekel, 1898) [Galeocerdo contortus hassiae Jaekel, 1898; Palaeomyzon hassiae (Jaekel, 1898)]
        • Species †P. kasanense Geinitz & Vetter, 1880
        • Species †P. katholitzkianum (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas katholitzkianus Rzehak, 1881]
        • Species †P. landrioti (le Sauvage, 1890) [Palaeoniscus landrioti le Sauvage, 1890]
        • Species †P. longissimum (Agassiz, 1833) [Palaeoniscus longissimus Agassiz, 1833]
        • Species †P. macrophthalmum (McCoy, 1855) [Palaeoniscus macrophthalmus McCoy, 1855]
        • Species †P. magnum (Woodward, 1937) [Palaeoniscus magnus Woodward, 1937]
        • Species †P. moravicum (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas moravicus Rzehak, 1881]
        • Species †P. promtu (Rzehak, 1881) [Palaeoniscas promtus Rzehak, 1881]
        • Species †P. reticulatum Williams, 1886
        • Species †P. scutigerum Newberry, 1868
        • Species †P. vratislavensis (Agassiz, 1833) [Palaeoniscus vratislavensis Agassiz, 1833]
      • Genus †Palaeothrissum de Blainville, 1818
        • Species †P. elegans Sedgwick, 1829
        • Species †P. macrocephalum de Blainville, 1818
        • Species †P. magnum de Blainville, 1818
      • Genus ?†Shuniscus Su, 1983
        • Species †Shuniscus longianalis Su, 1983
      • Genus ?†Suchonichthys Minich, 2001
        • Species †Suchonichthys molini Minich, 2001
      • Genus ?†Trachelacanthus Fischer De Waldheim, 1850
        • Species †Trachelacanthus stschurovskii Fischer De Waldheim, 1850
      • Genus ?†Triassodus Su, 1984
        • Species †Triassodus yanchangensis Su, 1984
      • Genus ?†Turfania Liu & Martínez, 1973
        • Species †T. taoshuyuanensis Liu & Martínez, 1973
        • Species †T. varta Wang, 1979
      • Genus ?†Turgoniscus Jakovlev, 1968
        • Species †Turgoniscus reissi Jakovlev, 1968
      • Genus ?†Weixiniscus Su & Dezao, 1994
        • Species †Weixiniscus microlepis Su & Dezao, 1994
      • Genus ?†Xingshikous Liu, 1988
        • Species †Xingshikous xishanensis Liu, 1988
      • Genus ?†Yaomoshania Poplin et al., 1991
        • Species †Yaomoshania minutosquama Poplin et al., 1991

Other families attributed to Palaeonisciformes

This list includes families that at one time or another were placed in the order Palaeonisciformes. The species included in these families are often poorly known, and a close relationship with the family Palaeoniscidae is therefore doubtful unless confirmed by cladistic analyses. These families are therefore better treated as Actinopterygii incertae sedis for the time being. The evolutionary relationships of early actinopterygians is a matter of ongoing studies.

  • †Acropholidae Kazantseva-Selezneva, 1977
  • †Atherstoniidae Gardiner, 1969
  • †Brazilichthyidae Cox & Hutchinson, 1991
  • †Centrolepididae Gardier, 1960
  • †Coccolepididae Berg, 1940 corrig.
  • †Commentryidae Gardiner, 1963
  • †Cryphiolepididae MoyThomas, 1939 corrig.
  • †Dwykiidae Gardiner, 1969
  • †Holuridae Moy-Thomas, 1939
  • †Igornichthyidae Heyler, 1977
  • †Irajapintoseidae Beltan, 1978
  • †Monesedeiphidae Beltan, 1989
  • †Moythomasiidae Kazantseva, 1971
  • †Rhabdolepididae Gardiner, 1963
  • †Stegotrachelidae Gardiner, 1963
  • †Thrissonotidae Berg, 1955
  • †Tienshaniscidae Lu & Chen, 2010
  • †Turseodontidae Bock, 1959 corrig.
  • †Uighuroniscidae Jin, 1996
  • †Urosthenidae Woodward, 1931

Timeline of genera

Andreolepis hedei, previously grouped within Palaeonisciformes, has proven so far to be the earliest-known actinopterygiian, living around 420 million years ago (Late Silurian in Russia , Sweden, Estonia, and Latvia. Actinopterygians underwent an extensive diversification during the Carboniferous, after the end-Devonian Hangenberg extinction.

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color:mississippian bar:NAM42  from:	-345.3	till:	-318.1	text:	Borichthys
color:mississippian bar:NAM43  from:	-318.1	till:	-323.63	text:	Wendyichths
color:mississippian bar:NAM44  from:	-318.1	till:	-323.63	text:	Cyranorhis
color:mississippian bar:NAM45  from:	-318.1	till:	-318.1	text:	Paramblypterus
color:mississippian bar:NAM46  from:	-318.1	till:	-270.6	text:	Coccocephalichthys
color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM47  from:	-308.23	till:	-306.5	text:	Nozamichthys
color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM48  from:	-308.23	till:	-306.5	text:	Illiniichthys
color:pennsylvanian bar:NAM49  from:	-308.23	till:	-306.5	text:	Haplolepis
color:earlypermian bar:NAM50  from:	-299	till:	-294.6	text:	Charleuxia
color:earlypermian bar:NAM51  from:	-299	till:	-270.6	text:	Uydenia
color:earlypermian bar:NAM52  from:	-299	till:	-270.6	text:	Palaeothrissum
color:earlypermian bar:NAM53  from:	-299	till:	-270.6	text:	Eigilia
color:earlypermian bar:NAM54  from:	-280	till:	-270.6	text:	Westollia
color:earlypermian bar:NAM55  from:	-280	till:	-270.6	text:	Igornella
color:earlypermian bar:NAM56  from:	-280	till:	-270.6	text:	Decazella
color:earlypermian bar:NAM57  from:	-280	till:	-270.6	text:	Burbonella
color:earlypermian bar:NAM58  from:	-280	till:	-270.6	text:	Aedulla
color:middlepermian bar:NAM59  from:	-270.6	till:	-251.9	text:	Palaeoniscum
color:middlepermian bar:NAM60  from:	-270.6	till:	-260.4	text:	Boreolepis
color:latepermian bar:NAM61  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Trachelacanthus
color:latepermian bar:NAM62  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Tienshaniscus
color:latepermian bar:NAM63  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Sinoniscus
color:latepermian bar:NAM64  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Rhabdolepis
color:latepermian bar:NAM65  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Paralogoniscus
color:latepermian bar:NAM66  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Neuburgella
color:latepermian bar:NAM67  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Korutichthys
color:latepermian bar:NAM68  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Inichthys
color:latepermian bar:NAM69  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Gardinerichthys
color:latepermian bar:NAM70  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Eurynotoides
color:latepermian bar:NAM71  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Chichia
color:latepermian bar:NAM72  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Amblypterus
color:latepermian bar:NAM73  from:	-260	till:	-251	text:	Amblypterina
color:latepermian bar:NAM74  from:	-260	till:	-228	text:	Urosthenes
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM75  from:	-251	till:	-245	text:	Stichopterus
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM76  from:	-251	till:	-245	text:	Sakamenichthys
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM77  from:	-251	till:	-245	text:	Pteronisculus
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM78  from:	-251	till:	-245	text:	Helichthys
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM79  from:	-251	till:	-245	text:	Evenkia
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM80  from:	-251	till:	-245	text:	Dictyopype
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM81  from:	-251	till:	-245	text:	Daedalichthys
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM82  from:	-251	till:	-245	text:	Broovalia
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM83  from:	-251	till:	-245	text:	Atopocephala
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM84  from:	-251	till:	-228	text:	Boreosomus
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM85  from:	-251	till:	-175.6	text:	Birgeria
color:earlytriassic bar:NAM86  from:	-249.7	till:	-199.6	text:	Gyrolepis
color:middletriassic bar:NAM87  from:	-245	till:	-237	text:	Dorsolepis
color:middletriassic bar:NAM88  from:	-245	till:	-237	text:	Caruichthys
color:middletriassic bar:NAM89  from:	-245	till:	-228	text:	Gyrolepidoides
color:middletriassic bar:NAM90  from:	-245	till:	-228	text:	Aegicephalichthys
color:latetriassic bar:NAM91  from:	-203.6	till:	-199.6	text:	Scanilepis
color:latetriassic bar:NAM92  from:	-203.6	till:	-199.6	text:	Fukangichthys
color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM93  from:	-199.6	till:	-196.5	text:	Browneichthys
color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM94  from:	-199.6	till:	-194.2	text:	Cosmolepis
color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM95  from:	-196.5	till:	-189.6	text:	Plesiococcolepis
color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM96  from:	-196.5	till:	-189.6	text:	Centrolepis
color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM97  from:	-196.5	till:	-175.6	text:	Chondrosteus
color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM98  from:	-196.5	till:	-140.2	text:	Coccolepis
color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM99  from:	-183	till:	-180.53	text:	Strongylosteus
color:earlyjurassic bar:NAM100  from:	-183	till:	-164.7	text:	Gyrosteus
color:middlejurassic bar:NAM101  from:	-167.7	till:	-161.2	text:	Hulettia
color:latejurassic bar:NAM102  from:	-150.8	till:	-149.03	text:	Songanella
color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM103  from: -145.5 till:	-130	text:	Psilichthys
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM104  from:	-83.5	till:	-70.6	text:	Asarotus

PlotData= 

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period
from: -542    till: -513   color:earlycambrian    text:Early
from: -513    till: -501   color:middlecambrian    text:M.
from: -501    till: -488.3   color:latecambrian    text:L.
from: -488.3    till: -471.8   color:earlyordovician    text:E.
from: -471.8    till: -460.9   color:middleordovician    text:M.
from: -460.9    till: -443.7   color:lateordovician    text:L.
from: -443.7    till: -428.2   color:llandovery    text:L.
from: -428.2    till: -422.9   color:wenlock    text:W.
from: -422.9    till: -418.7   color:ludlow    text:L.
from: -418.7    till: -416   color:pridoli    text:P
from: -416    till: -397.5   color:earlydevonian    text:E.
from: -397.5    till: -385.3   color:middledevonian    text:M.
from: -385.3    till: -359.2   color:latedevonian    text:L.
from: -359.2   till:  -318.1    color:mississippian  text:Miss.
from: -318.1   till:  -299    color:pennsylvanian  text:Penn.
from: -299   till:  -270.6    color:earlypermian  text:Early
from: -270.6   till:  -260.4    color:middlepermian  text:M.
from: -260.4   till:  -251    color:latepermian  text:L.
from: -251   till:  -245    color:earlytriassic  text:E.
from: -245   till:  -228    color:middletriassic  text:Mid.
from: -228   till:  -199.6    color:latetriassic  text:Late
from: -199.6    till: -175.6    color:earlyjurassic    text:E.
from: -175.6    till: -161.2    color:middlejurassic    text:M.
from: -161.2    till: -145.5    color:latejurassic    text:L.
from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -66    color:latecretaceous    text:Late

bar:era
from: -542    till:  -488.3   color:cambrian  text:Cambrian
from: -488.3    till: -443.7    color:ordovician    text:Ordovician
from: -443.7    till: -416    color:silurian    text:Silurian
from: -416    till: -359.2   color:devonian    text:Devonian
from: -359.2    till: -299   color:carboniferous    text:Carboniferous
from: -299    till: -251   color:permian    text:Permian
from: -251   till:  -199.6    color:triassic  text:Triassic
from: -199.6    till: -145.5    color:jurassic    text:Jurassic
from: -145.5    till: -66   color:cretaceous    text:Cretaceous

</timeline>

References

  1. ↑ Stack, Jack; Gottfried, Michael D. (2021-09-17). "A new, exceptionally well-preserved Permian actinopterygian fish from the Minnekahta Limestone of South Dakota, USA" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (18): 1271–1302. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2036837. ISSN 1477-2019. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2022.2036837. 
  2. ↑ Giles, Sam; Xu, Guang-Hui; Near, Thomas J.; Friedman, Matt (2017-09-14). "Early members of 'living fossil' lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes" (in en). Nature 549 (7671): 265–268. doi:10.1038/nature23654. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 28854173. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23654. 
  3. ↑ Caron, Abigail; Venkataraman, Vishruth; Tietjen, Kristen; Coates, Michael (2023-08-01). "A fish for Phoebe: a new actinopterygian from the Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures of Saddleworth, Greater Manchester, UK, and a revision of Kansasiella eatoni" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 198 (4): 957–981. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad011. ISSN 0024-4082. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/198/4/957/7185612. 
  4. ↑ Friedman, Matt (March 2015). Smith, Andrew. ed. "The early evolution of ray-finned fishes" (in en). Palaeontology 58 (2): 213–228. doi:10.1111/pala.12150. 
  5. ↑ Mickle, Kathryn E.; Lund, Richard; Grogan, Eileen D. (September 2009). "Three new palaeoniscoid fishes from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Serpukhovian, Mississippian) of Montana (USA) and the relationships of lower actinopterygians" (in en). Geodiversitas 31 (3): 623–668. doi:10.5252/g2009n3a6. ISSN 1280-9659. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2009n3a6. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Schultze, Hans-Peter; Mickle, Kathryn E.; Poplin, Cécile; Hilton, Eric J.; Grande, Lance (2021). Actinopterygii I. Palaeoniscimorpha, Stem Neopterygii, Chondrostei.. Handbook of Paleoichthyology. 8A. München: Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. ISBN 978-3-89937-272-4. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336. 
  8. ↑ "Palaeonisciformes". Paleobiology Database. http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=34963&is_real_user=1. 
  9. ↑ Lund, Richard; Poplin, Cécile; McCarthy, Kelly (1995). "Preliminary analysis of the interrelationships of some Paleozoic Actinopterygii." (in en). Géobios 19: 215–220. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80117-0. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248616345. 
  10. ↑ Sam Giles; Guang-Hui Xu; Thomas J. Near; Matt Friedman (2017). "Early members of 'living fossil' lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes". Nature 549 (7671): 265–268. doi:10.1038/nature23654. PMID 28854173. http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/54676230/Main_Text_FINAL_UPLOADED.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Argyriou, Thodoris; Giles, Sam; Friedman, Matt; Romano, Carlo; Kogan, Ilja; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R. (December 2018). "Internal cranial anatomy of Early Triassic species of †Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: †Saurichthyiformes): implications for the phylogenetic placement of †saurichthyiforms" (in en). BMC Evolutionary Biology 18 (1): 161. doi:10.1186/s12862-018-1264-4. ISSN 1471-2148. PMID 30382811. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Argyriou, Thodoris; Giles, Sam; Friedman, Matt (May 2022). "A Permian fish reveals widespread distribution of neopterygian-like jaw suspension" (in en). eLife 18 (11): e58433. doi:10.7554/eLife.58433. PMID 35579418. 
  13. ↑ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Actinopterygii - Ray-finned Fishes". http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/actinopterygii_1.html. 
  14. ↑ van der Laan, Richard (2018). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". European Journal of Taxonomy 466: 1-167. doi:10.5852/ejt.2018.466. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328277664_Family-group_names_of_fossil_fishes. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q144538 entry



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