Biology:Parasemionotiformes

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Short description: Extinct order of ray-finned fishes

Parasemionotiformes
Temporal range: Induan-Anisian
Albertonia cupidinia.jpg
Albertonia cupidinia fossil
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Holostei
Order: Parasemionotiformes
Lehman, 1966
Families

Parasemionotiformes is an extinct order of neopterygian ray-finned fish that existed globally during the Triassic period. It comprises the families Parasemionotidae and Promecosominidae. Many of the included genera are monotypic and most species lived during the Early Triassic epoch.[1][2]

Parasemionotiforms were normally small to medium-sized fishes. They were predominantly marine.[3]

Evolutionary relationships

Parasemionotiformes are neopterygians, which is the clade that encompasses the vast majority of living ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and about half of all living species of vertebrates.[4] Neopterygii are divided into Teleostei and Holostei. The latter represents a depauperate group today but used to be a diverse clade especially during the Mesozoic Era. The only surviving members of the Holostei are the gars (Ginglymodi) and the bowfin (Halecomorphi).[4]

Parasemionotiformes belong to Holostei and are one of the earliest clades of the Halecomorphi (bowfin and its extinct relatives).[5] Parasemionotiformes are the sister group to all other halecomorphs according to cladistic analyses.[6]

The following tree summarizes the evolutionary relationships of the Parasemionotiformes. Names accompanied by a dagger (†) represent extinct groups.

Neopterygii

Teleostei Cyprinus carpio3.jpg

Holostei

Ginglymodi (gars and their extinct relatives) Alligator gar fish (white background).jpg

Halecomorphi

Parasemionotiformes

Panxianichthyiformes Eoeugnathus megalepis.JPG

Ionoscopiformes Ionoscopus analibrevis.jpg

Amiiformes (bowfin and its fossil relatives) Amia calva (white background).jpg

Classification

Parasemionotus labordei was the first described parasemionotiform
Albertonia cupidinia from the Early Triassic of Canada had large pectoral fins
Jacobulus novus was a small parasemionotiform
Watsonulus eugnathoides from the Early Triassic of Madagascar is one of the best known parasemionotiforms
Candelarialepis argentus from the Early Triassic of Nevada was a medium-sized parasemionotiform

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Romano, Carlo; Ware, David; Brühwiler, Thomas; Bucher, Hugo; Brinkmann, Winand (2016). "Marine Early Triassic Osteichthyes from Spiti, Indian Himalayas". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 135 (2): 275–294. doi:10.1007/s13358-015-0098-6. Bibcode2016SwJP..135..275R. 
  2. Romano, Carlo; López-Arbarello, Adriana; Ware, David; Jenks, James F.; Brinkmann, Winand (April 2019). "Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from the Candelaria Hills (Esmeralda County, Nevada, USA).". Journal of Paleontology 93 (5): 971–1000. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.18. Bibcode2019JPal...93..971R. 
  3. Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID 25431138. 
  4. 4.0 4.1 Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. 
  5. Olsen, P.E. (1984). "The skull and pectoral girdle of the parasemionotid fish Watsonulus eugnathoides from the Early Triassic Sakamena Group of Madagascar, with comments on the relationships of the holostean fishes". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4 (3): 481–499. doi:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012024. Bibcode1984JVPal...4..481O. 
  6. Sun, Zuoyu; Tintori, Andrea; Xu, Yaozhong; Lombardo, Cristina; Ni, Peigang; Jiang, Dayoung (April 2017). "A new non-parasemionotiform order of the Halecomorphi (Neopterygii, Actinopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of Tethys.". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15 (3): 223–240. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1181679. Bibcode2017JSPal..15..223Z. 

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