Biology:Neopterygii

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Short description: Subclass of fishes

Neopterygii
Temporal range: 251–0 Ma (Artinskian)[1]-Induan-present
Siganus corallinus Brest.jpg
Siganus corallinus (a teleost)
Lepisosteus oculatus Knochenhecht.JPG
Lepisosteus oculatus (a holostean)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
(unranked): Actinopteri
Subclass: Neopterygii
Regan, 1923[2]
Infraclasses

Holostei
Teleosteomorpha
See text for orders.

Neopterygii (from Greek νέος neos 'new' and πτέρυξ pteryx 'fin') is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant fishes, and over half of all living vertebrate species.[3] While living holosteans include only freshwater taxa, teleosts are diverse in both freshwater and marine environments. Many new species of teleosts are scientifically described each year.[3]

Fossil evidence for crown group neopterygians goes back at least 251 million years to the Induan stage of the Early Triassic epoch,[4][5][6] however, one study incorporating morphological data from fossils and molecular data from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, places this divergence date at least 284 mya (million years ago), during the Artinskian stage of the Early Permian.[1] Another study suggests an even earlier split (360 myr ago, near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary).[7]

Vertebrates

Jawless fishes Flussneunauge.jpg (118 living species: hagfish, lampreys)

Jawed vertebrates

Cartilaginous fishes White shark (Duane Raver).png (>1,100 living species: sharks, rays, chimaeras)

Bony fishes
Lobe-fins
Rhipidistia

Tetrapoda Salamandra salamandra (white background).jpg (>30,000 living species: amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds)

Dipnoi Chinle fish Arganodus cropped cropped.png (6 living species: lungfish)

Actinistia Coelacanth flipped.png (2 living species: coelacanths)

Ray-fins

Cladistia Cuvier-105-Polyptère.jpg (14 living species: bichirs, reedfish)

Actinopteri

Chondrostei Atlantic sturgeon flipped.jpg (27 living species: sturgeons, paddlefish)

Neopterygii Common carp (white background).jpg (>32,000 living species)

Evolution and diversity

Living neopterygians are subdivided into two main groups (infraclasses): teleosts and holosteans.[8] Holosteans comprise two clades, the Ginglymodi and the Halecomorphi.[9][3][10][11] All of these groups have a long and extensive fossil record.[12] The evolutionary relationships between the different groups of Neopterygii is summarized in the cladogram below (divergence time for each clade in mya are based on[7]).

Neopterygii 360 mya
Holostei 275 mya

Ginglymodi Alligator gar fish (white background).jpg (7 living species: gars and alligator gars)

Halecomorphi Amia calva (white background).jpg (1 living species: bowfin)

310 mya

Teleostei Common carp (white background).jpg (>32,000 living species)

Neopterygians are a very speciose group. They make up over 50% of the total vertebrate diversity today, and their diversity grew since the Mesozoic era.[12][13] However, the diversity of the various groups of neopterygians (or of fishes in general) is unevenly distributed, with teleosts making up the vast majority (96%) of living species.[3]

Early Triassic parasemionotiform Watsonulus is an early neopterygian

Early in their evolution, neopterygians were a very successful group of fish, because they could move more rapidly than their ancestors. Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution, and their jaws became more powerful and efficient.[3] While electroreception and the ampullae of Lorenzini are present in all other groups of fish, with the exception of hagfish (although hagfish are not actinopterygians, they are agnathans), neopterygians have lost this sense, even if it has later been re-evolved within Gymnotiformes and catfishes, which possess non-homologous teleost ampullae.[14]

Only a few changes occurred during the evolution of neopterygians from the earlier actinopterygians. However, a very important step in the evolution of neopterygians is the acquisition of a better control of the movements of both dorsal and anal fins, resulting in an improvement in their swimming capabilities. They additionally acquired several modifications in the skull, which allowed the evolution of different feeding mechanisms and consequently the colonization of new ecological niches. All of these characters represented major improvements, resulting in Neopterygii becoming the dominant group of fishes (and, thus, taxonomically of vertebrates in general) today.[12]

The great diversity of extant teleosts has been linked to a whole genome duplication event during their evolution.[15]

Classification


References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Hurley, Imogen A.; Mueller, Rachael Lockridge; Dunn, Katherine A. (21 November 2006). "A new time-scale for ray-finned fish evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1609): 489–498. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3749. PMID 17476768. 
  2. Regan, C. Tate (1923). "The Skeleton of Lepidosteus, with remarks on the origin and evolution of the lower Neopterygian Fishes". Journal of Zoology 93 (2): 445–461. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1923.tb02191.x. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/72001. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. 
  4. Olsen, P.E. (1984). "The skull and pectoral girdle of the parasemionotid fish Watsonulus eugnathoides from the Early Triassic Sakamena Group of Madagascar, with comments on the relationships of the holostean fishes". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4 (3): 481–499. doi:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012024. Bibcode1984JVPal...4..481O. 
  5. Gardiner, B. G. (1993). "Osteichtythyes: basal actinopterygians". Fossil Record II. 
  6. Grande, Lance; Bemis, William E. (1998). "A Comprehensive Phylogenetic Study of Amiid Fishes (Amiidae) Based on Comparative Skeletal Anatomy. an Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (Supplementary 1): 1–696. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011114. Bibcode1998JVPal..18S...1G. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011114. 
  7. 7.0 7.1 Thomas J. Near (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS 109 (34): 13698–13703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMID 22869754. Bibcode2012PNAS..10913698N. 
  8. López-Arbarello, A (2012). "Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii)". PLOS ONE 7 (7): e39370. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039370. PMID 22808031. Bibcode2012PLoSO...739370L. 
  9. Betancur-R (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". https://sites.google.com/site/guilleorti/classification-v-4. 
  10. "Actinopterygii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161061. 
  11. R. Froese and D. Pauly, ed (February 2006). "FishBase". http://www.fishbase.org. 
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Friedman, Matt; Sallan, Lauren Cole (June 2012). "Five hundred million years of extinczion and recovery: A Phanerozoic survey of large-scale diversity patterns in fishes". Palaeontology 55 (4): 707–742. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01165.x. Bibcode2012Palgy..55..707F. 
  13. Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID 25431138. 
  14. Electroreception By Theodore Holmes Bullock
  15. Pasquier, Jeremy; Braasch, Ingo; Batzel, Peter; Cabau, Cedric; Montfort, Jérome; Nguyen, Thaovi; Jouanno, Elodie; Berthelot, Camille et al. (2017). "Evolution of gene expression after whole-genome duplication: new insights from the spotted gar genome". J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 328 (7): 709–721. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22770. PMID 28944589. Bibcode2017JEZB..328..709P. 
  16. Xu, Guang-Hui (2021-01-09). "A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan, China, with a reassessment of the relationships of early neopterygian clades" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191 (2): 375–394. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa053. ISSN 0024-4082. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/191/2/375/5859858. 
  17. In ITIS, Gobiesociformes is placed as the suborder Gobiesocoidei of the order Perciformes.
  18. In ITIS, Syngnathiformes is placed as the suborder Syngnathoidei of the order Gasterosteiformes.

Wikidata ☰ Q740005 entry