Biology:Psychobiotic
Psychobiotics is a term used in preliminary research to refer to live bacteria that, when ingested in appropriate amounts, might confer a mental health benefit by affecting microbiota of the host organism.[1] Whether bacteria might play a role in the gut-brain axis is under research. A 2020 literature review suggests that the consumption of psychobiotics could be considered as a viable option to restore mental health [2] although lacking randomized controlled trials on clear mental health outcomes in humans.[3][4]
Types
In experimental probiotic psychobiotics, the bacteria most commonly used are gram-positive bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus families, as these do not contain lipopolysaccharide chains, reducing the likelihood of an immunological response.[1] Prebiotics are substances, such as fructans and oligosaccharides, that induce the growth or activity of beneficial microorganisms, such as bacteria on being fermented in the gut.[1][5] Multiple bacterial species contained in a single probiotic broth is known as a polybiotic.[6]
Research
A 2021 review showed that treating anxiety in young people with psychobiotics had no significant effect.[7] There is a need for more diverse human studies, mainly because those that exist have contradictory outcomes.[3][4][7]
Species
_Lactobacillus_acidophilus_(D%C3%B6derlein_bacillus).jpg)
Several species of bacteria have been used in probiotic psychobiotic research:[6][8]
- Lactobacillus helveticus
- Bifidobacterium longum
- Lactobacillus casei
- Lactobacillus plantarum
- Lactobacillus acidophilus
- Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
- Bifidobacterium breve
- Bifidobacterium infantis
- Streptococcus salivarius
- Lactobacillus rhamnosus
- Lactobacillus gasseri
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Psychobiotics and the Manipulation of Bacteria-Gut-Brain Signals". Trends in Neurosciences 39 (11): 763–81. November 2016. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.002. PMID 27793434.
- ↑ Del Toro-Barbosa, M.; Hurtado-Romero, A.; Garcia-Amezquita, L. E.; García-Cayuela, T. (2020). "Psychobiotics: Mechanisms of Action, Evaluation Methods and Effectiveness in Applications with Food Products". Nutrients 12 (12): 3896. doi:10.3390/nu12123896. PMID 33352789.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Systematic review of evidence to support the theory of psychobiotics". Nutrition Reviews 73 (10): 675–93. October 2015. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv025. PMID 26370263.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Efficacy of probiotics on anxiety-A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Depression and Anxiety 35 (10): 935–45. July 2018. doi:10.1002/da.22811. PMID 29995348.
- ↑ "Prebiotics: why definitions matter". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 37: 1–7. February 2016. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001. PMID 26431716.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Finding the needle in the haystack: systematic identification of psychobiotics". British Journal of Pharmacology 175 (24): 4430–38. December 2018. doi:10.1111/bph.14127. PMID 29243233.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cohen Kadosh, Kathrin; Basso, Melissa; Knytl, Paul; Johnstone, Nicola; Lau, Jennifer Y. F.; Gibson, Glenn R. (2021-06-16). "Psychobiotic interventions for anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, with youth consultation" (in en). Translational Psychiatry 11 (1): 352. doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01422-7. ISSN 2158-3188. PMID 34131108.
- ↑ "Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic". Biological Psychiatry 74 (10): 720–26. November 2013. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001. PMID 23759244.
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