Biology:Stress granule

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Short description: Cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates of proteins and RNA occurring in cells under stress
Stress granule dynamics

In cellular biology, stress granules are biomolecular condensates in the cytosol composed of proteins and RNAs that assemble into 0.1–2 μm membraneless organelles when the cell is under stress.[1][2][3] The mRNA molecules found in stress granules are stalled translation pre-initiation complexes associated with 40S ribosomal subunits, translation initiation factors, poly(A)+ mRNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). While they are membraneless organelles, stress granules have been proposed to be associated with the endoplasmatic reticulum.[4] There are also nuclear stress granules. This article is about the cytosolic variety.

Proposed functions

The function of stress granules remains largely unknown. Stress granules have long been proposed to have a function to protect RNAs from harmful conditions, thus their appearance under stress.[5] The accumulation of RNAs into dense globules could keep them from reacting with harmful chemicals and safeguard the information coded in their RNA sequence.

Stress granules might also function as a decision point for untranslated mRNAs. Molecules can go down one of three paths: further storage, degradation, or re-initiation of translation.[6] Conversely, it has also been argued that stress granules are not important sites for mRNA storage nor do they serve as an intermediate location for mRNAs in transit between a state of storage and a state of degradation.[7]

Efforts to identify all RNAs within stress granules (the stress granule transcriptome) in an unbiased way by sequencing RNA from biochemically purified stress granule "cores" have shown that RNAs are not recruited to stress granules in a sequence-specific manner, but rather generically, with longer and/or less-optimally translated transcripts being enriched.[8] These data imply that the stress granule transcriptome is influenced by the valency of RNA (for proteins or other RNAs) and by the rates of RNA run-off from polysomes. The latter is further supported by recent single molecule imaging studies.[9] Furthermore, it was estimated that only about 15% of the total mRNA in the cell is localized to stress granules,[8] suggesting that stress granules only influence a minority of mRNAs in the cell and may not be as important for mRNA processing as previously thought.[8][10] That said, these studies represent only a snapshot in time, and it is likely that a larger fraction of mRNAs are at one point stored in stress granules due to those RNAs transiting in and out.

The stress proteins that are the main component of stress granules in plant cells are molecular chaperones that sequester, protect, and possibly repair proteins that unfold during heat and other types of stress.[11][12] Therefore, any association of mRNAs with stress granules may simply be a side effect of the association of partially unfolded RNA-binding proteins with stress granules,[13] similar to the association of mRNAs with proteasomes.[14]

Formation

Environmental stressors trigger cellular signaling, eventually leading to the formation of stress granules. In vitro, these stressors can include heat, cold, oxidative stress (sodium arsenite), endoplasmic reticulum stress (thapsigargin), proteasome inhibition (MG132), hyperosmotic stress, ultraviolet radiation, inhibition of eIF4A (pateamine A, hippuristanol, or RocA), nitric oxide accumulation after treatment with 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1),[15] perturbation of pre-mRNA splicing,[16] and other stressors, like puromycin, which result in disassembled polysomes.[17] Many of these stressors result in the activation of particular stress-associated kinases (HRI, PERK, PKR, and GCN2), translational inhibition and stress granule formation.[17] Stress granules will also form upon Gαq activation in a mechanism that involves the release of stress granule associated proteins from the cytosolic population of the Gαq effector phospholipase Cβ.[18]

Stress granule formation is often downstream of the stress-activated phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2α; this does not hold true for all types of stressors that induce stress granules,[17] for instance, eIF4A inhibition. Further downstream, prion-like aggregation of the protein TIA-1 promotes the formation of stress granules. The term prion-like is used because aggregation of TIA-1 is concentration dependent, inhibited by chaperones, and because the aggregates are resistant to proteases.[19] It has also been proposed that microtubules play a role in the formation of stress granules, perhaps by transporting granule components. This hypothesis is based on the fact that disruption of microtubules with the chemical nocodazole blocks the appearance of the granules.[20] Furthermore, many signaling molecules have been shown to regulate the formation or dynamics of stress granules; these include the "master energy sensor" AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK),[21] the O-GlcNAc transferase enzyme (OGT),[22] and the pro-apoptotic kinase ROCK1.[23]

Potential roles of RNA-RNA interactions

RNA phase transitions driven in part by intermolecular RNA-RNA interactions may play a role in stress granule formation. Similar to intrinsically disordered proteins, total RNA extracts are capable of undergoing phase separation in physiological conditions in vitro.[24] RNA-seq analyses demonstrate that these assemblies share a largely overlapping transcriptome with stress granules,[24][8] with RNA enrichment in both being predominately based on the length of the RNA. Further, stress granules contain many RNA helicases,[25] including the DEAD/H-box helicases Ded1p/DDX3, eIF4A1, and RHAU.[26] In yeast, catalytic ded1 mutant alleles give rise to constitutive stress granules[27] ATPase-deficient DDX3X (the mammalian homolog of Ded1) mutant alleles are found in pediatric medulloblastoma,[28] and these coincide with constitutive granular assemblies in patient cells.[29] These mutant DDX3 proteins promote stress granule assembly in HeLa cells.[29] In mammalian cells, RHAU mutants lead to reduced stress granule dynamics.[26] Thus, some hypothesize that RNA aggregation facilitated by intermolecular RNA-RNA interactions plays a role in stress granule formation, and that this role may be regulated by RNA helicases.[30] There is also evidence that RNA within stress granules is more compacted, compared to RNA in the cytoplasm, and that the RNA is preferentially post-translationally modified by N6-methyladenosine (m6A) on its 5' ends.[31][32] Recent work has shown that the highly abundant translation initiation factor and DEAD-box protein eIF4A limits stress granule formation. It does so through its ability to bind ATP and RNA, acting analogously to protein chaperones like Hsp70.[33]

Connection with processing bodies

Stress granules and P-bodies (processing bodies) share RNA and protein components, both appear under stress, and can physically associate with one another. As of 2018, of the ~660 proteins identified as localizing to stress granules, ~11% also have been identified as processing body-localized proteins (see below). The protein G3BP1 is necessary for the proper docking of processing bodies and stress granules to each other, which may be important for the preservation of polyadenylated mRNAs.[34]

Although some protein components are shared between stress granules and processing bodies, the majority of proteins in either structure are uniquely localized to either structure.[35] While both stress granules and P-bodies are associated with mRNAs, processing bodies have been long proposed to be sites of mRNA degradation because they contain enzymes like DCP1/2 and XRN1 that are known to degrade mRNAs.[36] However, others have demonstrated that mRNAs associated with processing bodies are largely translationally repressed but not degraded.[35] It has also been proposed that mRNAs selected for degradation are passed from stress granules to processing bodies,[36] though there is also data suggesting that processing bodies precede and promote stress granule formation.[37]

Protein composition of stress granules

The complete proteome of stress granules is still unknown, but efforts have been made to catalog all of the proteins that have been experimentally demonstrated to transit into stress granules.[38][39][40] Importantly, different stressors can result in stress granules with different protein components.[17] Many stress granule-associated proteins have been identified by transiently stressing cultured cells and utilizing microscopy to detect the localization of a protein of interest either by expressing that protein fused to a fluorescent protein (i.e. green fluorescent protein (GFP)) and/or by fixing cells and using antibodies to detect the protein of interest along with known protein markers of stress granules (immunocytochemistry).[41]

In 2016, stress granule "cores" were experimentally identified and then biochemically purified for the first time. Proteins in the cores were identified in an unbiased manner using mass spectrometry. This technical advance lead to the identification of hundreds of new stress granule-localized proteins.[42][25][43]

The proteome of stress granules has also been experimentally determined by using two slightly different proximity labeling approaches. One of these proximity labeling approaches is the ascorbate peroxidase (APEX) method, in which cells are engineered to express a known stress granule protein, such as G3BP1, fused to a modified ascorbate peroxidase enzyme called APEX.[38][44] Upon incubating the cells in biotin and treating the cells with hydrogen peroxide, the APEX enzyme will be briefly activated to biotinylate all proteins in close proximity to the protein of interest, in this case G3BP1 within stress granules. Proteins that are biotinylated can then be isolated via streptavidin and identified using mass spectrometry. The APEX technique was used to identify ~260 stress granule-associated proteins in several cell types, including neurons, and with various stressors. Of the 260 proteins identified in this study, ~143 had not previously been demonstrated to be stress granule-associated.[44]

Another proximity labeling method used to determine the proteome of stress granules is BioID.[45] BioID is similar to the APEX approach, in that a biotinylating protein (BirA* instead of APEX) was expressed in cells as a fusion protein with several known stress granule-associated proteins. Proteins in close proximity to BirA* will be biotinylated and are then identified by mass spectrometry. Youn et al. used this method to identify/predict 138 proteins as stress granule-associated and 42 as processing body-associated.[45]

A curated database of stress granule-associated proteins can be found here [1].[40]

The following is a list of proteins that have been demonstrated to localize to stress granules (compiled from [38][39][25][44][45][46]):

Gene ID Protein Name Description References Also found in processing bodies?
ABCF1 ABCF1 ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily F Member 1 [44]
ABRACL ABRACL ABRA C-Terminal Like [44]
ACAP1 ACAP1 ArfGAP With Coiled-Coil, Ankyrin Repeat And PH Domains 1 [44]
ACBD5 ACBD5 Acyl-CoA Binding Domain Containing 5 [44]
ACTBL2 ACTBL2 Beta-actin-like protein 2 [25] yes[35]
ACTR1A ACTR1A Alpha-centractin [25]
ACTR1B ACTR1B Beta-centractin [25]
ADAR ADAR1 Adenosine Deaminase, RNA Specific [47][25]
ADD1 Adducin 1 Adducin 1 [44]
AGO1 Argonaute 1/EIF2C1 Argonaute 1, RISC Catalytic Component [44][48] yes[35]
AGO2 Argonaute 2 Argonaute 2, RISC Catalytic Component [44][49][48][50][25][51][46] yes[35]
AKAP8 AKAP8 A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 8 [46]
AKAP9 AKAP350 A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 9 [52]
AKAP13 AKAP13/LBC A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 13 [44][46]
ALDH18A1 ALDH18A1 Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase [25]
ALG13 ALG13 ALG13, UDP-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Subunit [45]
ALPK2 ALPK2/HAK Alpha Kinase 2 [46]
AMOTL2 AMOTL2/LCCP Angiomotin Like 2 [46]
ANKHD1 ANKHD1 Ankyrin Repeat and KH Domain Containing 1 [45] yes[45]
ANKRD17 ANKRD17/MASK2/GTAR Ankyrin Repeat Domain 17 [44][45] yes[45]
ANG Angiogenin Angiogenin [53]
ANP32E ANP32E Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member E [25]
ANXA1 ANXA1 Annexin A1 [25]
ANXA11 ANXA11 Annexin 11 [44]
ANXA6 ANXA6 Annexin 6 [25]
ANXA7 ANXA7 Annexin 7 [25][44]
APEX1 APEX1 DNA-(apurinic or apyrimidinic site) lyase [25]
APOBEC3C APOBEC3C Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme Catalytic Subunit 3C [44][46]
APOBEC3G APOBEC3G Apolipoprotein B mRNA Editing Enzyme Catalytic Subunit 3G [48]
ARID2 ARID2/BAF200 AT-Rich Interaction Domain 2 [46]
ARPC1B ARPC1B Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B [25]
AHSA1 AHA1 Activator Of HSP90 ATPase Activity 1 [54]
AQR AQR/IBP160 Aquarius Intron-Binding Spliceosomal Factor [44]
ARMC6 ARMC6 Armadillo Repeat Containing 6 [44]
ASCC1 ASCC1 Activating Signal Cointegrator 1 Complex Subunit 1 [44][45]
ASCC3 ASCC3 Activating Signal Cointegrator 1 Complex Subunit 3 [45]
ATAD2 ATAD2 ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 2 [25]
ATAD3A ATAD3A ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 3A [25] yes[35]
ATG3 ATG3 Autophagy Related 3 [44]
ATP5A1 ATP5A1 ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial [25]
ATP6V1G1 ATP6V1G1/ATP6G ATPase H+ Transporting V1 Subunit G1 [44]
ATXN2 Ataxin 2 Ataxin 2
ATXN2L Ataxin-2 like Ataxin 2 Like [25][44][45][46][55][56]
BAG3 BAG3 BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 3 [25]
BANF1 BANF1 Barrier-to-autointegration factor [25]
BAZ1B BAZ1B Bromodomain Adjacent To Zinc Finger Domain 1B [46]
BAZ2A BAZ2A Bromodomain Adjacent To Zinc Finger Domain 2A [46]
BCCIP BCCIP BRCA2 And CDKN1A Interacting Protein [44]
BCLAF1 BCLAF1 BCL2 Associated Transcription Factor 1 [44]
BICC1 BICC1 BicC Family RNA Binding Protein 1 [45]
BIRC2 BIRC2/CIAP1 Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 2 [46]
BLM BLM BLM RecQ Like Helicase [46]
BOD1L1 BOD1L1/FAM44A Biorientation Of Chromosomes In Cell Division 1 Like 1 [46]
BOLL BOULE Boule Homolog, RNA Binding Protein [57]
BRAT1 BRAT1 BRCA1-associated ATM activator 1 [25]
BRF1 BRF1 BRF1, RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation Factor Subunit [36]
BTG3 BTG3 BTG Anti-Proliferation Factor 3 [45] yes[45]
C9orf72 C9orf72 Uncharacterized protein C9orf72 [58][59]
C15orf52 C15orf52 Uncharacterized protein C15orf52 [25]
C20orf27 C20orf72 Chromosome 20 Open Reading Frame 27 [44]
C2CD3 C2CD3 C2 Calcium Dependent Domain Containing 3 [44]
CALML5 CALML5 Calmodulin-like protein 5 [25]
CALR Calreticulin/CRT Calreticulin [60]
CAMSAP1 CAMSAP1 Calmodulin Regulated Spectrin Associated Protein 1 [46]
CAP1 CAP1 Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 [25]
CAPRIN1 Caprin-1 Cell Cycle Associated Protein 1 [44][45][61][52][62][25][63][34][64][56][46]
CAPZA2 CAPZA2 F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-2 [25]
CAPZB CAPZB Capping Actin Protein Of Muscle Z-Line Subunit Beta [46]
CARHSP1 CARHSP1 Calcium-regulated heat stable protein 1 [25]
CASC3 MLN51/BTZ Cancer Susceptibility 3 [44][45][46][65][66]
CBFB CBFB Core-binding factor subunit beta [25]
CBS CBS Cystathionine Beta-Synthase [46]
CBX1 CBX1 Chromobox protein homolog 1 [25][56]
CBX3 CBX3 Chromobox protein homolog 3 [46]
CCAR1 CARP-1 Cell Division Cycle and Apoptosis Regulator 1 [52][46]
CCDC9 CCDC9 Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 9 [46]
CCDC9B CCDC9B Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 9B [46]
CCDC124 CCDC124 Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 124 [44]
CCDC85C CCDC85C Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 85C [44]
CCT3 CCT3 T-complex protein 1 subunit gamma [25]
CCT6A CCT6A T-complex protein 1 subunit zeta [25]
CDC20 CDC20 Cell Division Cycle 20 [46]
CDC37 CDC37 Cell Division Cycle 37 [54]
CDC5L CDC5L Cell division cycle 5-like protein [25]
CDC73 CDC73 Parafibromin [25]
CDK1 CDK1 Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 [25]
CDK2 CDK2 Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2 [67]
CDV3 CDV3 CDV3 Homolog [44]
CELF1 CUGBP1 CUGBP Elav-Like Family Member 1 [25][44][45][46][68]
CELF2 CUGBP2/BRUNOL3 CUGBP Elav-Like Family Member 2 [44]
CELF3 CUGBP3/BRUNOL1 CUGBP Elav-Like Family Member 3 [44]
CENPB CENPB Major centromere autoantigen B [25]
CENPF CENPF Centromere Protein F [46]
CEP78 CEP78/CRDHL Centrosomal Protein 78 [44]
CEP85 CEP85/CCDC21 Centrosomal Protein 78 [45]
CERKL Ceramide-Kinase Like Ceramide Kinase Like [69]
CFL1 Cofilin-1 Cofilin-1 [25]
CHCHD3 CHCHD3 Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain-containing protein 3, mitochondrial [25]
CHORDC1 CHORDC1/CHP1 Cysteine and histidine-rich domain-containing protein 1 [25]
CIRBP CIRP Cold Inducible RNA Binding Protein [44][46][70]
CIT CIT Citron Rho-interacting kinase [25]
CLIC4 CLIC4 Chloride intracellular channel protein 4 [25]
CLNS1A CLNS1A Chloride Nucleotide-Sensitive Channel 1A [44]
CLPP CLPP Caseinolytic Mitochondrial Matrix Peptidase Proteolytic Subunit [44]
CNBP ZNF9 CCHC-Type Zinc Finger Nucleic Acid Binding Protein [46][71]
CNN3 CNN3 Calponin-3 [25]
CNOT1 CNOT1/CCR4 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 1 [25][45] yes[45][72]
CNOT10 CNOT10 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 10 [45] yes[45]
CNOT11 CNOT11 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 11 [45] yes[45]
CNOT2 CNOT2 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 2 [45] yes[45]
CNOT3 CNOT3 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 3 [45] yes[45]
CNOT4 CNOT4 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 4 [45] yes[45]
CNOT6 CNOT6 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 6 [45] yes[45]
CNOT6L CNOT6L CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 6L [45] yes[45]
CNOT7 CNOT7 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 7 [45] yes[45]
CNOT8 CNOT8 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 8 [45] yes[45]
CNOT9 CNOT9 CCR4-Not Transcription Complex Subunit 9 [45]
CORO1B CORO1B Coronin-1B [25]
CPB2 Carboxypeptidase B2 Carboxypeptidase B2 [73]
CPEB1 CPEB Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein 1
CPEB4 CPEB4 Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element Binding Protein 4 [44][45][46] yes[45]
CPSF3 CPSF3 Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 3 [25]
CPSF6 CPSF6 Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6 [25]
CPSF7 CPSF7 Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 7 [25]
CPVL CPVL Carboxypeptidase, Vitellogenic Like [45] yes[45]
CRKL CRKL CRK Like Proto-Oncogene, Adaptor Protein [44]
CROCC CROCC Ciliary Rootlet Coiled-Coil, Rootletin [44]
CRYAB CRYAB Alpha-crystallin B chain [25]
CRYBG1 CRYBG1 Crystallin Beta-Gamma Domain Containing 1 [46]
CSDE1 CSDE1 Cold shock domain-containing protein E1 [25][44][45][46][56]
CSE1L CSE1L/XPO2/Exportin-2 Exportin-2 [25]
CSNK2A1 Casein Kinase 2 alpha Casein Kinase 2 Alpha 1 [74]
CSTB Cystatin B Cystatin B [44]
CSTF1 CSTF1 Cleavage stimulation factor subunit 1 [25]
CTNNA2 CTNNA2 Catenin alpha-2 [25]
CTNND1 CTNND1 Catenin delta-1 [25]
CTTNBP2NL CTTNBP2NL CTTNBP2 N-terminal-like protein [25]
CWC22 CWC22 Pre-mRNA-splicing factor CWC22 homolog [25]
DAZAP1 DAZAP1 DAZ-associated protein 1 [25][44][45][46]
DAZAP2 PRTB DAZ Associated Protein 2 [75]
DAZL DAZL1 Deleted In Azoospermia Like [76]
DCD DCD Dermcidin [25]
DCP1A DCP1a Decapping mRNA 1a [25][44][77] yes[35]
DCP1B DCP1b Decapping mRNA 1b [44][46] yes[35]
DCP2 DCP2 Decapping mRNA 2 [45]
DCTN1 DCTN1 Dynactin subunit 1 [25]
DDX1 DEAD box protein 1 DEAD-Box Helicase 1 [25][44][45][46][78]
DDX11 DEAD box protein 11 DEAD-Box Helicase 11 [46]
DDX19A DDX19A ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX19A [25][56]
DDX21 DDX21 Nucleolar RNA helicase 2 [25] yes[35]
DDX3 DEAD box protein 3 DEAD-Box Helicase 3 [25][79][80]
DDX3X DDX3X DEAD-Box Helicase 3, X-Linked [44][45][46][81][82][56]
DDX3Y DDX3Y DEAD-Box Helicase 3, Y-Linked [44]
DDX31 DDX31 DEAD-Box Helicase 31 [46]
DDX47 DDX47 Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX47 [25]
DDX50 DDX50 ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX50 [25] yes[35]
DDX58 RIG-I DExD/H-Box Helicase 58 [83]
DDX6 DEAD box protein 6 DEAD-Box Helicase 6 [25][44][45][84][85][77][48][86][46] yes[35][45]
DERA DERA Deoxyribose-Phosphate Aldolase [87]
DGCR8 DGCR8 DGCR8 Microprocessor Complex Subunit [46]
DHX30 DHX30 Putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX30 [25][44] yes[35]
DHX33 DHX33 DEAH-Box Helicase 33 [44]
DHX36 RHAU DEAH-Box Helicase 36 [44][45][26][46]
DHX57 DHX57 DExH-Box Helicase 57 [45][46]
DHX58 LGP2 DExH-Box Helicase 58 [83]
DIDO1 DIDO1 Death Inducer-Obliterator 1 [46]
DIS3L2 DIS3L2/FAM3A DIS3 Like 3'-5' Exoribonuclease 2 [44]
DISC1 Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 Disrupted In Schizophrenia 1
DKC1 DKC1 dyskerin; H/ACA ribonucleoprotein complex subunit 4
DNAI1 Axonemal Dynein Intermediate Chain 1 Dynein Axonemal Intermediate Chain 1 [88]
DNAJA1 DNAJA1 DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 1 [25]
DNAJC8 DNAJC8 DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 8 [25]
DOCK4 DOCK4 Dedicator Of Cytokinesis 4 [46]
DPYSL2 DPYSL2 Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 [25]
DPYSL3 DPYSL3 Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 3 [25]
DROSHA DROSHA Drosha Ribonuclease III [44]
DSP DSP Desmoplakin [25][44]
DST DST Dystonin [25]
DSTN DSTN Destrin [25]
DTL DTL Denticleless E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Homolog [46]
DTX3L DTX3L E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DTX3L [25]
DUSP12 DUSP12/YVH1 Dual Specificity Phosphatase 12 [89]
DYNC1H1 Cytoplasmic Dynein Heavy Chain 1 Dynein Cytoplasmic 1 Heavy Chain 1 [88]
DYNLL1 Cytoplasmic Dynein Light Polypeptide Dynein Light Chain LC8-Type 1 [44][90]
DYNLL2 DYNLL2 Dynein light chain 2, cytoplasmic [25]
DYRK3 DYRK3 Dual Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 3 [91]
DZIP1 DZIP1 DAZ Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 1 [92]
DZIP3 DZIP3 DAZ Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 3 [45]
EDC3 EDC3 Enhancer of mRNA Decapping 3 [44][45][46] yes[45]
EDC4 EDC4 Enhancer of mRNA-Decapping protein 4 [25][44][46] yes[35]
EIF1 EIF1 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 1 [44]
EIF2A EIF2A Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2A [36][25][52][93]
EIF2AK2 Protein Kinase R/PKR Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Alpha Kinase 2 [64][83][94]
EIF2B1-5 EIF2B Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2B [93]
EIF2S1 EIF2A subunit 1 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit Alpha [25]
EIF2S2 EIF2A subunit 2 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Subunit Beta [25]
EIF3A EIF3A Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit A [25][44][49][34][95][46]
EIF3B EIF3B Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit B [36][25][75][96][97]
EIF3C EIF3C Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 3 Subunit C [44]
EIF3D EIF3D Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit D [25][44][56]
EIF3E EIF3E Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit E [25][44][56]
EIF3F EIF3F Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit F [25]
EIF3G EIF3G Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit G [25][44][56][46]
EIF3H EIF3H Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit H [25][44][46]
EIF3I EIF3I Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit I [25][46]
EIF3J EIF3J Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit J [25][44]
EIF3K EIF3K Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit K [25]
EIF3L EIF3L Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L [25][44][56]
EIF3M EIF3M Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit M [25]
EIF4A1 EIF4A1 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4A1 [25][44][98][46]
EIF4A2 EIF4A2 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4A2 [44][99][46]
EIF4A3 EIF4A3 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4A3 [44]
EIF4B EIF4B Eukaryotic translation Initiation factor 4B [25][44][46]
EIF4E EIF4E Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E [95][93][4][100][66][101][102][36] yes[36]
EIF4E2 EIF4E2 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Family Member 2 [45][102] yes[45]
EIF4E3 EIF4E3 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Family Member 3 [102]
EIF4ENIF1 EIF4ENIF1 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E Nuclear Import Factor 1 [44][45] yes[45]
EIF4G1 EIF4G1 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4G1 [25][44][95][93][4][100][103][104][75][105][34][46]
EIF4G2 EIF4G2 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4G2 [25][45]
EIF4G3 EIF4G3 Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4G3 [44]
EIF4H EIF4H Eukaryotic translation Initiation factor 4H [25][44][46]
EIF5A EIF5A Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5A [96]
ELAVL1 HuR ELAV Like RNA Binding Protein 1 [25][34][44][106][95][107][100][101][75][90][108][109][46] yes[35]
ELAVL2 ELAVL2 ELAV-like protein 2 [25][44] yes[35]
ELAVL3 ELAVL3/HuC ELAV Like RNA Binding Protein 3 [44]
ELAVL4 HuD ELAV Like RNA Binding Protein 4 [44][110]
ENC1 ENC1 Ectodermal-Neural Cortex 1 [46]
ENDOV EndoV Endonuclease V [111]
ENTPD1 ENTPD1 Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 1 [44]
EP400 EP400 E1A Binding Protein P400 [46]
EPPK1 EPPK1 Epiplakin [25]
ETF1 ETF1 Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor subunit 1 [25]
EWSR1 EWSR1 EWS RNA Binding Protein 1 [112][113][46]
FABP5 FABP5 Fatty Acid Binding Protein 5 [44]
FAM120A FAM120A/OSSA Constitutive coactivator of PPAR-gamma-like protein 1 [25][44][45] yes[35]
FAM120C FAM120C Family With Sequence Similarity 120C [44][45]
FAM168A FAM168A Family With Sequence Similarity 168 Member A [46]
FAM168B FAM168B/MANI Family With Sequence Similarity 168 Member B [44]
FAM83H FAM83H Family With Sequence Similarity 83 Member H [46]
FAM98A FAM98A Family With Sequence Similarity 98 Member A [25][44][114][46]
FAM98C FAM98C Family With Sequence Similarity 98 Member C [46]
FASTK FAST Fas Activated Serine/Threonine Kinase [36] yes[36]
FBL FBL rRNA 2-O-methyltransferase fibrillarin [25]
FBRSL1 Fibrosin Like 1 Fibrosin Like 1 [45]
FHL1 FHL1 Four and a half LIM domains protein 1 [25]
FKBP1A FKBP1A FKBP Prolyl Isomerase 1A [46]
FLNB FLNB Filamin-B [25]
FMR1 FMRP Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 [23][25][44][45][65][66][100][115][116][89][56][46]
FNDC3B FNDC3B Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 3B [25][45][46]
FSCN1 FSCN1 Fascin [25]
FTSJ3 FTSJ3 pre-rRNA processing protein FTSJ3 [25]
FUBP1 FUBP1 Far Upstream Element Binding Protein 1 [44][46]
FUBP3 FUBP3 Far upstream element-binding protein 3 [25][44][45][46]
FUS FUS FUS RNA Binding Protein
FXR1 FXR1 FMR1 Autosomal Homolog 1 [25][44][45][115][100][101][117][46]
FXR2 FXR2 FMR1 Autosomal Homolog 2 [25][44][45][115][100][46]
G3BP1 G3BP1 G3BP Stress Granule Assembly Factor 1
G3BP2 G3BP2 G3BP Stress Granule Assembly Factor 2 [25][44][45][118][119][56][46]
GABARAPL2 GABARAPL2/GEF2/ATG8 GABA Type A Receptor Associated Protein Like 2 [44]
GAK GAK Cyclin G Associated Kinase [46]
GAR1 GAR1 H/ACA Ribonucleoprotein Complex Subunit 1 [120]
GCA Grancalcin Grancalcin [44]
GEMIN5 Gemin-5 Gem Nuclear Organelle Associated Protein 5 [103]
GFPT1 GFPT1 Glutamine—fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing] 1 [25]
GIGYF1 GIGYF1/PERQ1 GRB10 Interacting GYF Protein 1 [44]
GIGYF2 GIGYF2/TNRC15/PARK11/PERQ2 GRB10 Interacting GYF Protein 2 [44][45] yes[45]
GLE1 GLE1 GLE1, RNA Export Mediator [45][121][122]
GLO1 Glyoxalase Glyoxalase [44]
GLRX3 GLRX3/Glutaredoxin 3/TNLX2 Glutaredoxin 3 [44]
GLUD1 GLUD1 Glutamate Dehydrogenase 1 [46]
GNB2 GNB2 Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 [25]
GOLGA2 Golgin A2 Golgin A2 [44]
GPAT3 GPAT3 Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase 3 [46]
GRB2 GRB2/ASH Growth Factor Receptor Bound Protein 2 [44]
GRB7 GRB7 Growth Factor Receptor Bound Protein 7 [123][124]
GRSF1 GRSF1 G-Rich RNA Sequence Binding Factor 1 [44][45]
GSPT1 eRF3 G1 To S Phase Transition 1 [44][125]
GTF2I GTF2I General Transcription Factor IIi [46]
GTF3C1 GTF3C1 General Transcription Factor IIIC Subunit 1 [46]
GTF3C4 GTF3C4 General Transcription Factor IIIC Subunit 4 [46]
H1F0 H1F0 Histone H1.0 [25]
H1FX H1FX Histone H1x [25]
H2AFV H2AFV Histone H2A.V [25]
HABP4 Ki-1/57 Hyaluronan Binding Protein 4 [126]
HDAC6 HDAC6 Histone Deacetylase 6 [82][127][56]
HDLBP HDL-Binding Protein/VGL/Vigilin High Density Lipoprotein Binding Protein [44]
HELZ HELZ Probable helicase with zinc finger domain [25][44][45] yes[45]
HELZ2 HELZ2 Helicase with zinc finger domain 2 [25]
HMGA1 HMGA1 High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y [25]
HMGB3 HMGB3 High mobility group protein B3 [25]
HMGN1 HMGN1 Non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-14 [25]
HNRNPA1 HnRNPA1 Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A1 [25][44][49][128][129][130][131]
HNRNPA2B1 HnRNPA2/B1 Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 [25][44][132][56]
HNRNPA3 HNRNPA3 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 [25][44]
HNRNPAB HNRNPAB Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B [25][44][45]
HNRNPD HNRNPD Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D [44]
HNRNPDL HNRNPDL Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D-like [44]
HNRNPF HNRNPF Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F [44]
HNRNPH1 HNRNPH1 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1 [44]
HNRNPH2 HNRNPH2 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H2 [25]
HNRNPH3 HNRNPH3 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3 [44]
HNRNPK HNRNPK Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K [25][109][133]
HNRNPUL1 HNRNPUL1 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U-like protein 2 [25]
HSBP1 HSBP1 Heat Shock Factor Binding Protein 1 [44]
HSP90AA1 HSP90 Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha [25]
HSPA4 HSP70 RY Heat shock 70 kDa protein 4 [25]
HSPA9 HSP70 9B Stress-70 protein, mitochondrial [25]
HSPB1 HSP27 Heat Shock Protein Family B (Small) Member 1 yes[35]
HSPB8 HSPB8 Heat Shock Protein Family B (Small) Member 8 [134]
HSPBP1 HSPBP1 HSPA (Hsp70) Binding Protein 1 [135]
HSPD1 HSPD1 60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial [25][44]
HTT Huntingtin Huntingtin [62]
IBTK IBTK Inhibitor Of Bruton Tyrosine Kinase [45]
IFIH1 MDA5 Interferon Induced With Helicase C Domain 1 [83]
IGF2BP1 IGF2BP1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 [25][44][45] yes[35]
IGF2BP2 IGF2BP2 Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 [25][44][45] yes[35]
IGF2BP3 IGF2BP3 Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA Binding Protein 3 [25][44][45][118] yes[35]
IK IK Protein Red [25]
ILF3 NF90 Interleukin Enhancer Binding Factor 3 [136] yes[35]
IPO7 IPO7 Importin-7 [25]
IPPK IP5K Inositol-Pentakisphosphate 2-Kinase [137]
ITGB1 ITGB1 Integrin beta-1 [25]
JMJD6 JMJD6 Arginine Demethylase and Lysine Hydroxylase [138]
KANK2 KANK2 KN motif and ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 [25]
KEAP1 KEAP1/KLHL19 Kelch Like ECH Associated Protein 1 [44]
KHDRBS1 Sam68 KH RNA Binding Domain Containing, Signal Transduction Associated 1 [25][139][140][141]
KHDRBS3 KHDRBS3 KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 3 [25]
KHSRP KSRP/FBP2 KH-Type Splicing Regulatory Protein [25][44][142]
KIAA0232 KIAA0232 KIAA0232 [45] yes[45]
KIAA1524 CIP2A Protein CIP2A [25]
KIF1B KIF1B Kinesin Family Member 1B [45]
KIF13B KIF13B/GAKIN Kinesin Family Member 13B [44]
KIF23 KIF23 Kinesin-like protein KIF23 [25] yes[35]
KIF2A Kinesin Heavy Chain Member 2 Kinesin Family Member 2A [88]
KLC1 Kinesin Light Chain 1 Kinesin Light Chain 1 [88]
KPNA1 Importin-ɑ5 Karyopherin Subunit Alpha 1 [25][44][143]
KPNA2 Importin-ɑ1 Karyopherin Subunit Alpha 2 [25][143][144][122]
KPNA3 Importin-ɑ4 Karyopherin Subunit Alpha 3 [44][143]
KPNA6 Importin-ɑ7 Importin subunit alpha [25]
KPNB1 Importin-β1 Karyopherin Subunit Beta 1 [25][143][122][56]
L1RE1 LINE1 ORF1p LINE1 ORF1 protein [25][49]
LANCL1 LanC Like 1 LanC Like 1 [44]
LARP1 LARP1 La-related protein 1 [25]
LARP1B LARP1B La-related protein 1b [45]
LARP4 La-Related protein 4 La Ribonucleoprotein Domain Family Member 4 [25][44][45][145]
LARP4B LARP4B La Ribonucleoprotein Domain Family Member 4B [44][45]
LASP1 LIM And SH3 Protein 1/MLN50 LIM And SH3 Protein 1 [44]
LBR LBR Lamin-B receptor [25]
LEMD3 LEMD3 Inner nuclear membrane protein Man1 [25]
LIG3 DNA Ligase 3 DNA Ligase 3 [44]
LIN28A LIN28A Lin-28 Homolog A [44][146]
LIN28B LIN28B Lin-28 Homolog B [44][146]
LMNA LMNA Prelamin-A/C [25]
LPP LPP Lipoma-preferred partner [25]
LSM1 LSM1 LSM1 Homolog, mRNA Degradation Associated [44] yes[147]
LSM12 LSM12 LSM12 Homolog [44][45]
LSM14A RAP55 LSM14A, mRNA Processing Body Assembly Factor [25][44][45][148][149] yes[35][45]
LSM14B LSM14B Protein LSM14 homolog B [25][44][45] yes[35]
LSM3 LSM3 U6 snRNA-associated Sm-like protein LSm3 [25] yes[147]
LUC7L LUC7L Putative RNA-binding protein Luc7-like 1 [25]
LUZP1 LUZP1 Leucine zipper protein 1 [25][45]
MACF1 MACF1 Microtubule-actin cross-linking factor 1, isoforms 1/2/3/5 [25][56]
MAEL MAEL Maelstrom Spermatogenic Transposon Silencer [150]
MAGEA4 MAGEA4 Melanoma-associated antigen 4 [25]
MAGED1 MAGED1 Melanoma-associated antigen D1 [25][44][45]
MAGED2 MAGED2 Melanoma-associated antigen D2 [25]
MAGOHB MAGOHB Protein mago nashi homolog 2 [25]
MAP1LC3A LC3-I Microtubule Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 Alpha
MAP4 MAP4 Microtubule-associated protein 4 [25]
MAPK1IP1L MAPK1IP1L Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Interacting Protein 1 Like [44]
MAP4K4 MAP4K4 Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 4 [25]
MAPK8 JNK1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 [151]
MAPRE1 MAPRE1 Microtubule-associated protein RP/EB family member 1 [25]
MAPRE2 MAPRE2 Microtubule Associated Protein RP/EB Family Member 2 [44]
MARF1 MARF1 Meiosis Regulator And mRNA Stability Factor 1 [45] yes[45]
MARS MARS Methionine—tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic [25]
MBNL1 MBNL1 Muscleblind Like Splicing Regulator 1 [78]
MBNL2 MBNL2 Muscleblind Like Splicing Regulator 2 [45]
MCM4 MCM4 DNA replication licensing factor MCM4 [25]
MCM5 MCM5 DNA replication licensing factor MCM5 [25]
MCM7 MCM7 DNA replication licensing factor MCM7 [25] yes[35]
METAP1 METAP1 Methionine aminopeptidase [25]
METAP2 METAP2 Methionyl Aminopeptidase 2 [44]
MCRIP1 FAM195B/GRAN2 Granulin-2 [44][45][86]
MCRIP2 FAM195A/GRAN1 Granulin-1 [45][86]
MEX3A MEX3A RNA-binding protein MEX3A [25] yes[35]
MEX3B MEX3B Mex-3 RNA Binding Family Member B [44][152]
MEX3C MEX3C Mex-3 RNA Binding Family Member C [44][153]
MEX3D MEX3D Mex-3 RNA Binding Family Member D [45]
MFAP1 MFAP1 Microfibrillar-associated protein 1 [25]
MKI67 MKI67 Antigen KI-67 [25]
MKRN2 MKRN2 Makorin Ring Finger Protein 2 [44][45]
MOV10 MOV-10 Mov10 RISC Complex RNA Helicase [25][45][48] yes[35][45]
MSH6 MSH6 DNA mismatch repair protein Msh6 [25]
MSI1 Musashi-1 Musashi RNA Binding Protein 1 [44][149][154] yes[35]
MSI2 MSI2 RNA-binding protein Musashi homolog 2 [25][44]
MTHFD1 MTHFD1 C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, cytoplasmic [25]
MTHFSD MTHFSD Methenyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase Domain Containing [155]
MTOR MTOR Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin [91][156]
MYO6 MYO6 Unconventional myosin-VI [25]
NCOA3 SRC-3 Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 [157]
NDEL1 NUDEL/MITAP1/EOPA NudE Neurodevelopment Protein 1 Like 1 [44]
NELFE NELF-E/RD Negative Elongation Factor Complex Member E [44]
NEXN NEXN Nexilin [25]
NXF1 NXF1/MEX67/TAP Nuclear RNA Export Factor 1 [45][56]
NKRF NRF NFK-B Repressing Factor [44]
NOLC1 Nucleolar And Coiled-Body Phosphoprotein 1/NOPP140 Nucleolar And Coiled-Body Phosphoprotein 1 [44]
NONO NonO Non-POU Domain Containing Octamer Binding [25][158]
NOP58 NOP58 Nucleolar protein 58 [25] yes[35]
NOSIP NOSIP Nitric oxide synthase-interacting protein [25]
NOVA2 NOVA2 NOVA Alternative Splicing Regulator 2 [44]
NRG2 Neuregulin-2 Neuregulin-2 [97]
NSUN2 NSUN2 tRNA (cytosine(34)-C(5))-methyltransferase [25]
NTMT1 NTMT1 N-terminal Xaa-Pro-Lys N-methyltransferase 1 [25]
NUDC NUDC Nuclear migration protein nudC [25]
NUFIP1 NUFIP NUFIP1, FMR1 Interacting Protein 1 [100]
NUFIP2 NUFIP2 Nuclear fragile X mental retardation-interacting protein 2 [25][44][45][86][56]
NUPL2 NUPL2 Nucleoporin Like 2 [122]
NUP153 NUP153 Nucleoporin 153 [44]
NUP205 NUP205 Nuclear pore complex protein Nup205 [25][122]
NUP210 NUP210/GP210 Nucleoporin 210 [122]
NUP214 NUP214 Nucleoporin 214 [122]
NUP50 NUP50 Nucleoporin 50 [122]
NUP58 NUP58/NUPL1 Nucleoporin 58 [122]
NUP85 NUP85 Nucleoporin 85 [122]
NUP88 NUP88 Nucleoporin 88 [122]
NUP98 NUP98/NUP96 Nuclear pore complex protein Nup98-Nup96 [25][122][56]
OASL OASL/OASL1 2'-5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase Like [159]
OAS1 OAS 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase [83]
OAS2 OAS2 2'-5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase 2 [94]
OGFOD1 TPA1 2-Oxoglutarate And Iron Dependent Oxygenase Domain Containing 1 [160]
OGG1 OGG1 8-Oxoguanine DNA Glycosylase [161]
OSBPL9 Oxysterol Binding Protein Like 9 Oxysterol Binding Protein Like 9 [44]
OTUD4 OTUD4/HIN1 OTU Deubiquitinase 4 [44][45][162]
P4HB Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase Subunit Beta Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase Subunit Beta [44]
PABPC1 PABP1 Poly(A) Binding Protein Cytoplasmic 1 [25][44][45][163][107][164][115][66][100][118]
PABPC4 PABPC4 Polyadenylate-binding protein 4 [25][44][45]
PAK4 PAK4 Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 4 [25][44]
PALLD Palladin Palladin [25]
PARG PARG/PARG99/PARG102 Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase [165]
PARK7 PARK7/DJ-1 Parkinsonism Associated Deglycase [166] yes[166]
PARN PARN/DAN Poly(A)-Specific Ribonuclease [44]
PARP12 PARP-12/ARTD12 Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Family Member 12 [45][165][167]
PARP14 PARP-14 Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Family Member 14 [165]
PARP15 PARP-15 Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Family Member 15 [165]
PATL1 PATL1 PAT1 Homolog 1, Processing Body mRNA Decay Factor [44][45] yes[45]
PAWR PAWR PRKC apoptosis WT1 regulator protein [25]
PCBP1 PCBP1/HNRNPE1 Poly(RC) Binding Protein 1 [44][45]
PCBP2 PCBP2/HNRNPE2 Poly(RC) Binding Protein 2 [25][44][45][73]
PCNA PCNA Proliferating cell nuclear antigen [25]
PDAP1 PDAP1 PDGFA Associated Protein 1 [44]
PDCD4 PDCD4 Programmed Cell Death 4 [168]
PDCD6IP PDCD6IP Programmed cell death 6-interacting protein [25]
PDIA3 PDIA3 Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family A Member 3 [44]
PDLIM1 PDLIM1 PDZ and LIM domain protein 1 [25]
PDLIM4 PDLIM4 PDZ and LIM domain protein 4 [25]
PDLIM5 PDLIM5 PDZ and LIM domain protein 5 [25]
PDS5B PDS5B Sister chromatid cohesion protein PDS5 homolog B [25]
PEF1 PEF1 Penta-EF-Hand Domain Containing 1 [44]
PEG10 PEG10 Paternally Expressed 10 [45]
PELO PELO Protein pelota homolog [25]
PEPD Peptidase D Peptidase D [44]
PEX11B PEX11B Peroxisomal Biogenesis Factor 11 Beta [44]
PFDN4 PFDN4 Prefoldin subunit 4 [25]
PFN1 Profilin 1 Profilin 1 [25][169]
PFN2 Profilin 2 Profilin 2 [25][169]
PGAM5 PGAM5 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PGAM5, mitochondrial [25]
PGP PGP/G3PP Phosphoglycolate Phosphatase [44]
PHB2 Prohibitin 2 Prohibitin 2 [22]
PHLDB2 PHLDB2 Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 2 [25]
PKP1 Plakophilin 1 Plakophilin 1 [117]
PKP2 Plakophilin 2 Plakophilin 2 [25]
PKP3 Plakophilin 3 Plakophilin 3 [117]
PNPT1 PNPase I Polyribonucleotide Nucleotidyltransferase 1 [44]
POLR2B POLR2B DNA-directed RNA polymerase [25][56]
POM121 POM121 POM121 Transmembrane Nucleoporin [122]
POP7 RPP20 POP7 Homolog, Ribonuclease P/MRP Subunit [170]
PPME1 PPME1 Protein phosphatase methylesterase 1 [25]
PPP1R8 PPP1R8 Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit 8 [44]
PPP1R10 PPP1R10 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 10 [25][56]
PPP1R18 PPP1R18 Phostensin [25]
PPP2R1A PPP2R1A Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform [25][56]
PPP2R1B PPP2R1B Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform [44]
PQBP1 PQBP-1 Polyglutamine Binding Protein 1
PRDX1 PRDX1 Peroxiredoxin-1 [25][44]
PRDX6 PRDX6 Peroxiredoxin-6 [25]
PRKAA2 AMPK-a2 Protein Kinase AMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Alpha 2 [21]
PRKCA PKC-ɑ Protein Kinase C Alpha [118]
PRKRA PACT Protein Activator Of Interferon Induced Protein Kinase EIF2AK2 [25][54]
PRMT1 PRMT1 Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1 [25]
PRMT5 PRMT5 Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 [25]
PRRC2A PRRC2A Proline Rich Coiled-Coil 2A [25][44][45]
PRRC2B PRRC2B Proline Rich Coiled-Coil 2B [44][45]
PRRC2C PRRC2C Proline Rich Coiled-Coil 2C [25][44][45][56]
PSMD2 PSMD2 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2 [25][171]
PSPC1 PSP1 Paraspeckle Component 1 [44]
PTBP1 PTBP1 Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 [44]
PTBP3 PTBP3 Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 3 [25][44][45]
PTGES3 PTGES3 Prostaglandin E synthase 3 [25]
PTK2 FAK Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 [123]
PUM1 Pumilio-1 Pumilio homolog 1 [25][44][45] yes[35]
PUM2 Pumilio-2 Pumilio RNA Binding Family Member 2 [44][45][66]
PURA PURA Transcriptional activator protein Pur-alpha [25][44][172][173]
PURB PURB Transcriptional activator protein Pur-beta [25][44]
PWP1 PWP1 PWP1 Homolog, Endonuclein [44]
PXDNL PMR1 Peroxidasin Like [174]
PYCR1 PYCR1 Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase [25]
QKI QKI/HQK QKI, KH Domain Containing RNA Binding [44]
R3HDM1 R3HDM1 R3H Domain Containing 1 [44][45]
R3HDM2 R3HDM2 R3H Domain Containing 2 [45]
RAB1A RAB1A Ras-related protein Rab-1A [25][56]
RACGAP1 RACGAP1 Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 [25]
RACK1 RACK1 Receptor For Activated C Kinase 1 [22][105][175]
RAD21 RAD21 Double-strand-break repair protein rad21 homolog [25]
RAE1 RAE1 Ribonucleic Acid Export 1 [122]
RAN RAN RAN, Member RAS Oncogene Family [144][122]
RANBP1 RANBP1 Ran-specific GTPase-activating protein [25]
RANBP2 RANBP2/NUP358 RAN Binding Protein 2 [122]
RBBP4 RBBP4 Histone-binding protein RBBP4 [25]
RBFOX1 RBFOX1 RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog [25][176][177] yes[177]
RBFOX2 RBFOX2 RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 2 [176]
RBFOX3 RBFOX3 RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 [176]
RBM12B RBM12B RNA-binding protein 12B [25]
RBM15 RBM15 RNA-binding protein 15 [44]
RBM17 RBM17 RNA-binding protein 17 [44]
RBM25 RBM25 RNA-binding protein 25 [44]
RBM26 RBM26 RNA-binding protein 26 [25]
RBM3 RBM3 RNA-binding protein 3 [44]
RBM38 RBM38 RNA-binding protein 38 [44]
RBM4 RBM4 RNA Binding Motif Protein 4 [44][178]
RBM4B RBM4B RNA Binding Motif Protein 4B [44]
RBM42 RBM42 RNA Binding Motif Protein 42 [133]
RBM45 RBM45 RNA Binding Motif Protein 45
RBM47 RBM47 RNA Binding Motif Protein 47 [45]
RBMS1 RBMS1 RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 1 [25][44][45]
RBMS2 RBMS2 RNA-binding motif, single-stranded-interacting protein 2 [25][44][45]
RBMX RBMX RNA Binding Motif Protein, X-Linked [45]
RBPMS RBPMS RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing [179]
RC3H1 Roquin-1 Ring Finger And CCCH-Type Domains 1 [44][45][180]
RC3H2 MNAB Ring Finger And CCCH-Type Domains 2 [45][180]
RCC1 RCC1 Regulator of chromosome condensation [25]
RCC2 RCC2 Protein RCC2 [25]
RECQL RECQL1 RecQ Like Helicase [44]
RFC3 RFC3 Replication factor C subunit 3 [25]
RFC4 RFC4 Replication factor C subunit 4 [25]
RGPD3 RGPD3 RanBP2-like and GRIP domain-containing protein 3 [25]
RHOA RhoA Ras Homolog Family Member A [23]
RNASEL RNAse L Ribonuclease L [83][64]
RNF214 RNF214 RING finger protein 214 [25][44]
RNF219 RNF219 RING finger protein 219 [45] yes[45]
RNF25 RNF25 Ring Finger Protein 25 [44]
RNH1 RNH1 Ribonuclease inhibitor [25][53]
ROCK1 ROCK1 Rho Associated Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase 1 [23]
RPS19 Ribosomal Protein S19 Ribosomal Protein S19 [95]
RPS3 40S Ribosomal Protein S3 40S Ribosomal Protein S3 [93][95] yes[35]
RPS6 Ribosomal Protein S6 Ribosomal Protein S6 [63][93][4][100][156]
RPS11 Ribosomal Protein S11 Ribosomal Protein S11 [44]
RPS24 Ribosomal Protein S24 Ribosomal Protein S24 [44]
RPS6KA3 RSK2 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase A3 [181]
RPS6KB1 S6K1 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase B1 [156]
RPS6KB2 S6K2 Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase B2 [156]
RPTOR RAPTOR Regulatory Associated Protein of mTOR Complex 1 [85][91][156]
RSL1D1 RSL1D1 Ribosomal L1 domain-containing protein 1 [25]
RTCB RTCB tRNA-splicing ligase RtcB homolog, formerly C22orf28 [25][44]
RTRAF RTRAF (formerly C14orf166) RNA Transcription, Translation And Transport Factor [44]
S100A7A S100A7A Protein S100-A7A [25]
S100A9 S100A9 Protein S100-A9 [25] yes[35]
SAFB2 SAFB2 Scaffold attachment factor B2 [25][44] yes[35]
SAMD4A SMAUG1 Sterile Alpha Motif Domain Containing 4A [182]
SAMD4B SMAUG2 Sterile Alpha Motif Domain Containing 4B [44]
SCAPER SCAPER S-Phase Cyclin A Associated Protein In The ER [45]
SEC24C SEC24C Protein transport protein Sec24C [25][44]
SECISBP2 SECIS Binding Protein 2 SECIS Binding Protein 2 [44][45]
SERBP1 PAI-RBP1/SERBP1 SERPINE1 mRNA Binding Protein 1 [49][183][80]
SERPINE1 PAI-1/Serpin E1 Serpine Family E Member 1 [184]
SF1 SF1 Splicing Factor 1 [44]
SFN SFN 14-3-3 protein sigma [25]
SFPQ PSF Splicing Factor Proline And Glutamine Rich [25][158]
SFRS3 SFRS3 Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 [25]
SIPA1L1 SIPA1L1 Signal-induced proliferation-associated 1-like protein 1 [25]
SIRT6 Sirtuin 6 Sirtuin 6 [185]
SLBP Stem-Loop Binding Protein Stem-Loop Binding Protein [44]
SMAP2 SMAP2 Small ArfGAP2 [45]
SMARCA1 SMARCA1/SNF2L1 Probable global transcription activator SNF2L1 [25]
SMC4 SMC4 Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein [25]
SMG1 SMG-1 SMG1, Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay Associated PI3K Related Kinase [182][186]
SMG6 SMG6 SMG6, Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay Factor [45]
SMG7 SMG7 SMG7, Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay Factor [45] yes[45]
SMN1 Survival of Motor Neuron Survival Of Motor Neuron 1, Telomeric [170][187][188]
SMU1 SMU1 WD40 repeat-containing protein SMU1 [25]
SMYD5 SMYD5 SMYD Family Member 5 [44]
SND1 Tudor-SN Staphylococcal Nuclease And Tudor Domain Containing 1 [44][45][47][189]
SNRPF SNRPF Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein F [25]
SNTB2 SNTB2 Beta-2-syntrophin [25]
SOGA3 SOGA3 SOGA Family Member 3 [44]
SORBS1 SORBS1 Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1 [25]
SORBS3 Vinexin Sorbin And SH3 Domain Containing 3 [190]
SOX3 SOX3 SRY-Box 3 [44]
SPAG5 Astrin Sperm Associated Antigen 5 [85][156]
SPATS2 SPATS2/SPATA10/SCR59 Spermatogenesis Associated Serine Rich 2 [44]
SPATS2L SGNP Spermatogenesis Associated Serine Rich 2 Like [25][191]
SPECC1L SPECC1L Cytospin-A [25]
SQSTM1 SQSTM1/p62 Sequestosome 1 [59]
SRI SRI Sorcin [25][44]
SRP68 Signal Recognition Particle 68 Signal Recognition Particle 68 [44][48]
SRP9 SRP9 Signal Recognition Particle 9 [192]
SRRT SRRT Serrate RNA effector molecule homolog [25]
SRSF1 ASF/SF2 Serine And Arginine Rich Splicing Factor 1 [44][193]
SRSF3 SRp20 Serine And Arginine Rich Splicing Factor 3 [194][195][196][56]
SRSF4 SRSF4 Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 4 [25]
SRSF5 SRSF5/SRP40 Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 5 [44]
SRSF7 9G8 Serine And Arginine Rich Splicing Factor 7 [49]
SRSF9 SRSF9/SRP30C Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 9 [44]
SS18L1 SS18L1/CREST SS18L1, nBAF Chromatin Remodeling Complex Subunit [197]
ST7 ST7/FAM4A1/HELG/RAY1/TSG7 Suppression Of Tumorigenicity 7 [45] yes[45]
STAT1 STAT1 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-alpha/beta [25]
STAU1 Staufen 1 Staufen Double-Stranded RNA Binding Protein 1 [25][44][107][66][198]
STAU2 Staufen 2 Staufen Double-Stranded RNA Binding Protein 2 [25][44][45][107] yes[35]
STIP1 STIP1/HOP Stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1 [25][54]
STRAP STRAP Serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein [25][44]
SUGP2 SUGP2 SURP and G-patch domain-containing protein 2 [25]
SUGT1 SUGT1 SGT1 Homolog, MIS12 Kinetochore Complex Assembly Cochaperone [45]
SUN1 SUN1 SUN domain-containing protein 1 [25]
SYCP3 SYCP3 Synaptonemal complex protein 3 [25]
SYK SYK Spleen Associated Tyrosine Kinase [124]
SYNCRIP SYNCRIP Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Q [25][44][45][199] yes[35]
TAGLN3 Transgelin 3 Transgelin 3 [44]
TAF15 TAF15 TATA-Box Binding Protein Associated Factor 15 [25][44][112][113][200][56]
TARDBP TDP-43 TAR DNA Binding Protein [25][108][201][202][129][132][98][203][204][205]
TBRG1 TBRG1 Transforming Growth Factor Beta Regulator 1 [44]
TCEA1 TCEA1 Transcription elongation factor A protein 1 [25]
TCP1 TCP1 T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha [25]
TDRD3 Tudor Domain Containing 3 Tudor Domain Containing 3 [44][45][80][206][207][208]
TDRD7 Tudor Domain Containing 7 Tudor Domain Containing 7 [45]
TERT TERT Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase [209]
THOC2 THOC2 THO Complex 2 [122]
THRAP3 THRAP3 Thyroid Hormone Receptor Associated Protein 3 [44]
TIA1 TIA-1 TIA1 Cytotoxic Granule Associated RNA Binding Protein [4][25][44][49][84][34][66][75][90][116][127][128][163][187][204][210][56]
TIAL1 TIAR TIA1 Cytotoxic Granule Associated RNA Binding Protein Like 1 [25][44][45][66][100][107][108][163][211][187][197]
TMEM131 TMEM131 Transmembrane Protein 131 [45] yes[45]
TMOD3 TMOD3 Tropomodulin-3 [25]
TNKS PARP-5a Tankyrase [165]
TNKS1BP1 TNKS1BP1 182 kDa tankyrase-1-binding protein [25][45] yes[45]
TNPO1 Transportin-1 Transportin-1/Karyopherin (Importin) Beta 2 [25][44][122][212][213]
TNPO2 Transportin-2 Transportin-2 [25][45]
TNRC6A TNRC6A Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6A protein [44][45] yes[45]
TNRC6B TNRC6B Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6B protein [25][44][45] yes[45]
TNRC6C TNRC6C Trinucleotide repeat-containing gene 6C protein [44][45] yes[45]
TOMM34 TOMM34 Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM34 [25]
TOP3B Topoisomerase (DNA) III Beta Topoisomerase (DNA) III Beta [45][207][214]
TPM1 TPM1 Tropomyosin alpha-1 chain [25]
TPM2 TPM2 Tropomyosin beta chain [25]
TPR TPR Translocated Promoter Region, Nuclear Basket Protein [122]
TRA2B TRA2B Transformer 2 Beta Homolog [45]
TRAF2 TRAF2 TNF Receptor Associated Factor 2 [104]
TRDMT1 DNMT2 tRNA Aspartic Acid Methyltransferase 1 [215]
TRIM21 TRIM21 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM21 [25]
TRIM25 TRIM25 E3 ubiquitin/ISG15 ligase TRIM25 [25][44][56]
TRIM56 TRIM56 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM56 [25][45][56]
TRIM71 TRIM71 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM71 [44]
TRIP6 TRIP6 Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 6 [25][44]
TROVE2 RORNP TROVE Domain Family Member 2 [44]
TTC17 TTC17 Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 17 [45] yes[45]
TUBA1C TUBA1C Tubulin alpha-1C chain [25]
TUBA3C TUBA3C Tubulin alpha-3C/D chain [25]
TUBA4A TUBA4A Tubulin alpha-4A chain [25]
TUBB3 TUBB3 Tubulin beta-3 chain [25]
TUBB8 TUBB8 Tubulin beta-8 chain [25]
TUFM TUFM Elongation factor Tu, mitochondrial [25]
TXN TXN Thioredoxin [25]
TXNDC17 TXNDC17 Thioredoxin Domain Containing 17 [44]
U2AF1 U2AF1 Splicing factor U2AF 35 kDa subunit [25]
UBA1 UBA1 Ubiquitin-like modifier-activating enzyme 1 [25]
UBAP2 UBAP2 Ubiquitin-associated protein 2 [25][44][45][56]
UBAP2L UBAP2L Ubiquitin-associated protein 2-like [25][44][45][216][217][56]
UBB Ubiquitin Ubiquitin [109][127]
UBL5 Ubiquitin Like 5 Ubiquitin Like 5 [44]
UBQLN2 Ubiquilin 2 Ubiquilin 2 [218]
ULK1 ULK1 Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1 [219]
ULK2 ULK2 Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 2 [219]
UPF1 UPF1 UPF1, RNA Helicase and ATPase [25][44][45][186][56] yes[35]
UPF2 UPF2 UPF2, RNA Helicase and ATPase [186]
UPF3B UPF3B UPF3B, Regulator of Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay [44]
USP10 USP10 Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 10 [25][44][45][63][34][175][56]
USP11 USP11 Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 11 [44]
USP13 USP13 Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 13 [220]
USP5 USP5 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 5 [25][220]
USP9X USP9X Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 9, X-Linked [208]
UTP18 UTP18 UTP18, Small Subunit Processome Component [44]
VASP VASP Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein [25]
VBP1 VBP1 VHL Binding Protein 1 [44]
VCP VCP Valosin Containing Protein [25][221][171][219]
WBP2 WBP2 WW Domain Binding Protein 2 [44]
WDR47 WDR47 WD Repeat Domain 47 [44]
WDR62 WDR62 WD Repeat Domain 62 [151]
XPO1 XPO1/CRM1 Exportin 1 [122]
XRN1 XRN1 5'-3' Exoribonuclease 1 [36][44][45] yes[36][45]
XRN2 XRN2 5'-3' Exoribonuclease 2 [44]
YARS YARS Tyrosine—tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic [25]
YBX1 YB-1 Y-Box Binding Protein 1 [25][44][49][48][78][89][222]
YBX3 YBX3/ZONAB Y-box-binding protein 3 [25][44][45]
YES1 YES1 Tyrosine-protein kinase Yes [25]
YLPM1 YLPM1 YLP Motif Containing 1 [44]
YTHDF1 YTHDF1 YTH domain family protein 1 [25][44][45][223][224]
YTHDF2 YTHDF2 YTH domain family protein 2 [25][44][45][223][224] yes[223][224]
YTHDF3 YTHDF3 YTH domain family protein 3 [25][32][44][45][223][224]
YWHAB 14-3-3 Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/Tryptophan 5-Monooxygenase Activation Protein Beta [25][152]
YWHAH 14-3-3 14-3-3 protein eta [25]
YWHAQ 14-3-3 14-3-3 protein theta [25]
ZBP1 ZBP1 Z-DNA Binding Protein 1 [225][226]
ZCCHC11 ZCCHC11 Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 11 [45]
ZCCHC14 ZCCHC14 Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 14 [45]
ZC3H11A ZC3H11A Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 11a [44]
ZC3H14 ZC3H14 Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 14 [25]
ZCCHC2 ZCCHC2 Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 2 [45]
ZCCHC3 ZCCHC3 Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 3 [45]
ZC3H7A ZC3H7A Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 7A [25]
ZC3H7B ZC3H7B Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 7B [25][44]
ZC3HAV1 PARP-13.1/PARP-13.2/ARTD13 Zinc Finger CCCH-Type Containing, Antiviral 1 [25][45][165] yes[35]
ZFAND1 ZFAND1 Zinc Finger AN1-Type Containing 1 [171]
ZFP36 TTP/TIS11 ZFP36 Ring Finger Protein/Trisetrapolin [36][44][151][227][228][229] yes[36]
ZNF598 ZNF598 Zinc finger protein 598 [45]
ZNF638 ZNF638 Zinc finger protein 638 [25]

References

  1. ↑ "Tudor staphylococcal nuclease links formation of stress granules and processing bodies with mRNA catabolism in Arabidopsis". The Plant Cell 27 (3): 926–943. March 2015. doi:10.1105/tpc.114.134494. PMID 25736060. 
  2. ↑ Hirose, Tetsuro; Ninomiya, Kensuke; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Yamazaki, Tomohiro (2022-11-23). "A guide to membraneless organelles and their various roles in gene regulation" (in en). Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 24 (4): 288–304. doi:10.1038/s41580-022-00558-8. ISSN 1471-0080. PMID 36424481. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-022-00558-8. 
  3. ↑ Hirose, Tetsuro; Ninomiya, Kensuke; Nakagawa, Shinichi; Yamazaki, Tomohiro (April 2023). "A guide to membraneless organelles and their various roles in gene regulation" (in en). Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 24 (4): 288–304. doi:10.1038/s41580-022-00558-8. ISSN 1471-0080. PMID 36424481. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-022-00558-8. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "Prolonged translation arrest in reperfused hippocampal cornu Ammonis 1 is mediated by stress granules". Neuroscience 134 (4): 1223–1245. 2005. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.05.047. PMID 16055272. 
  5. ↑ "Cytoplasmic heat shock granules are formed from precursor particles and are associated with a specific set of mRNAs". Molecular and Cellular Biology 9 (3): 1298–1308. March 1989. doi:10.1128/mcb.9.3.1298. PMID 2725500. 
  6. ↑ Paul J. Anderson, Brigham and Women's Hospital
  7. ↑ "Translationally repressed mRNA transiently cycles through stress granules during stress". Molecular Biology of the Cell 19 (10): 4469–4479. October 2008. doi:10.1091/mbc.E08-05-0499. PMID 18632980. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "The Stress Granule Transcriptome Reveals Principles of mRNA Accumulation in Stress Granules". Molecular Cell 68 (4): 808–820.e5. November 2017. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.10.015. PMID 29129640. 
  9. ↑ "mRNP architecture in translating and stress conditions reveals an ordered pathway of mRNP compaction". The Journal of Cell Biology 217 (12): 4124–4140. December 2018. doi:10.1083/jcb.201806183. PMID 30322972. 
  10. ↑ "Isolation of mammalian stress granule cores for RNA-Seq analysis". Methods 137: 49–54. March 2018. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.11.012. PMID 29196162. 
  11. ↑ "Stable transformation of an Arabidopsis cell suspension culture with firefly luciferase providing a cellular system for analysis of chaperone activity in vivo". The Plant Cell 9 (12): 2171–2181. December 1997. doi:10.1105/tpc.9.12.2171. PMID 9437862. 
  12. ↑ "Cytosolic heat-stress proteins Hsp17.7 class I and Hsp17.3 class II of tomato act as molecular chaperones in vivo". Planta 211 (4): 575–582. September 2000. doi:10.1007/s004250000315. PMID 11030557. 
  13. ↑ "Messenger RNA-binding properties of nonpolysomal ribonucleoproteins from heat-stressed tomato cells". Plant Physiology 120 (1): 23–32. May 1999. doi:10.1104/pp.120.1.23. PMID 10318680. 
  14. ↑ "The prosome: an ubiquitous morphologically distinct RNP particle associated with repressed mRNPs and containing specific ScRNA and a characteristic set of proteins". The EMBO Journal 3 (1): 29–34. January 1984. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01757.x. PMID 6200323. 
  15. ↑ "Nitric oxide triggers the assembly of "type II" stress granules linked to decreased cell viability". Cell Death & Disease 9 (11): 1129. November 2018. doi:10.1038/s41419-018-1173-x. PMID 30425239. 
  16. ↑ "A Systems-Level Study Reveals Regulators of Membrane-less Organelles in Human Cells". Molecular Cell 72 (6): 1035–1049.e5. December 2018. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.036. PMID 30503769. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Stress-specific differences in assembly and composition of stress granules and related foci". Journal of Cell Science 130 (5): 927–937. March 2017. doi:10.1242/jcs.199240. PMID 28096475. 
  18. ↑ Qifti, Androniqi; Jackson, Lela; Singla, Ashima; Garwain, Osama; Scarlata, Suzanne (2021-10-19). "Stimulation of phospholipase Cβ1 by Gα q promotes the assembly of stress granule proteins" (in en). Science Signaling 14 (705). doi:10.1126/scisignal.aav1012. ISSN 1945-0877. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scisignal.aav1012. 
  19. ↑ "Stress granule assembly is mediated by prion-like aggregation of TIA-1". Molecular Biology of the Cell 15 (12): 5383–5398. December 2004. doi:10.1091/mbc.E04-08-0715. PMID 15371533. 
  20. ↑ "Disruption of microtubules inhibits cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein stress granule formation". Experimental Cell Research 290 (2): 227–233. November 2003. doi:10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00290-8. PMID 14567982. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "5'-AMP-activated protein kinase alpha regulates stress granule biogenesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1853 (7): 1725–1737. July 2015. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.015. PMID 25840010. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "A functional RNAi screen links O-GlcNAc modification of ribosomal proteins to stress granule and processing body assembly". Nature Cell Biology 10 (10): 1224–1231. October 2008. doi:10.1038/ncb1783. PMID 18794846. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "RhoA/ROCK1 signaling regulates stress granule formation and apoptosis". Cellular Signalling 22 (4): 668–675. April 2010. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.12.001. PMID 20004716. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "RNA self-assembly contributes to stress granule formation and defining the stress granule transcriptome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (11): 2734–2739. March 2018. doi:10.1073/pnas.1800038115. PMID 29483269. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..115.2734V. 
  25. ↑ 25.000 25.001 25.002 25.003 25.004 25.005 25.006 25.007 25.008 25.009 25.010 25.011 25.012 25.013 25.014 25.015 25.016 25.017 25.018 25.019 25.020 25.021 25.022 25.023 25.024 25.025 25.026 25.027 25.028 25.029 25.030 25.031 25.032 25.033 25.034 25.035 25.036 25.037 25.038 25.039 25.040 25.041 25.042 25.043 25.044 25.045 25.046 25.047 25.048 25.049 25.050 25.051 25.052 25.053 25.054 25.055 25.056 25.057 25.058 25.059 25.060 25.061 25.062 25.063 25.064 25.065 25.066 25.067 25.068 25.069 25.070 25.071 25.072 25.073 25.074 25.075 25.076 25.077 25.078 25.079 25.080 25.081 25.082 25.083 25.084 25.085 25.086 25.087 25.088 25.089 25.090 25.091 25.092 25.093 25.094 25.095 25.096 25.097 25.098 25.099 25.100 25.101 25.102 25.103 25.104 25.105 25.106 25.107 25.108 25.109 25.110 25.111 25.112 25.113 25.114 25.115 25.116 25.117 25.118 25.119 25.120 25.121 25.122 25.123 25.124 25.125 25.126 25.127 25.128 25.129 25.130 25.131 25.132 25.133 25.134 25.135 25.136 25.137 25.138 25.139 25.140 25.141 25.142 25.143 25.144 25.145 25.146 25.147 25.148 25.149 25.150 25.151 25.152 25.153 25.154 25.155 25.156 25.157 25.158 25.159 25.160 25.161 25.162 25.163 25.164 25.165 25.166 25.167 25.168 25.169 25.170 25.171 25.172 25.173 25.174 25.175 25.176 25.177 25.178 25.179 25.180 25.181 25.182 25.183 25.184 25.185 25.186 25.187 25.188 25.189 25.190 25.191 25.192 25.193 25.194 25.195 25.196 25.197 25.198 25.199 25.200 25.201 25.202 25.203 25.204 25.205 25.206 25.207 25.208 25.209 25.210 25.211 25.212 25.213 25.214 25.215 25.216 25.217 25.218 25.219 25.220 25.221 25.222 25.223 25.224 25.225 25.226 25.227 25.228 25.229 25.230 25.231 25.232 25.233 25.234 25.235 25.236 25.237 25.238 25.239 25.240 25.241 25.242 25.243 25.244 25.245 25.246 25.247 25.248 25.249 25.250 25.251 25.252 25.253 25.254 25.255 25.256 25.257 25.258 25.259 25.260 25.261 25.262 25.263 25.264 25.265 25.266 25.267 25.268 25.269 25.270 25.271 25.272 25.273 25.274 25.275 25.276 25.277 25.278 25.279 25.280 25.281 25.282 25.283 25.284 25.285 25.286 25.287 25.288 25.289 25.290 25.291 25.292 25.293 25.294 25.295 25.296 25.297 25.298 25.299 25.300 25.301 25.302 25.303 25.304 25.305 25.306 25.307 25.308 25.309 25.310 25.311 25.312 25.313 25.314 25.315 25.316 25.317 25.318 25.319 25.320 25.321 25.322 25.323 25.324 25.325 25.326 25.327 25.328 "ATPase-Modulated Stress Granules Contain a Diverse Proteome and Substructure". Cell 164 (3): 487–498. January 2016. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.038. PMID 26777405. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 "Recruitment of the RNA helicase RHAU to stress granules via a unique RNA-binding domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 283 (50): 35186–35198. December 2008. doi:10.1074/jbc.M804857200. PMID 18854321. 
  27. ↑ "The DEAD-box protein Ded1 modulates translation by the formation and resolution of an eIF4F-mRNA complex". Molecular Cell 43 (6): 962–972. September 2011. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08.008. PMID 21925384. 
  28. ↑ "Cancer-associated mutants of RNA helicase DDX3X are defective in RNA-stimulated ATP hydrolysis". Journal of Molecular Biology 427 (9): 1779–1796. May 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.015. PMID 25724843. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Cancer-associated DDX3X mutations drive stress granule assembly and impair global translation". Scientific Reports 6 (1): 25996. May 2016. doi:10.1038/srep25996. PMID 27180681. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...625996V. 
  30. ↑ "Emerging Roles for Intermolecular RNA-RNA Interactions in RNP Assemblies". Cell 174 (4): 791–802. August 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.023. PMID 30096311. 
  31. ↑ "Spatial Organization of Single mRNPs at Different Stages of the Gene Expression Pathway". Molecular Cell 72 (4): 727–738.e5. November 2018. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.010. PMID 30415950. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Dynamic m6A methylation facilitates mRNA triaging to stress granules". Life Science Alliance 1 (4): e201800113. August 2018. doi:10.26508/lsa.201800113. PMID 30456371. 
  33. ↑ "Modulation of RNA Condensation by the DEAD-Box Protein eIF4A". Cell 180 (3): 411–426.e16. February 2020. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.031. PMID 31928844. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 "G3BP1 promotes stress-induced RNA granule interactions to preserve polyadenylated mRNA". The Journal of Cell Biology 209 (1): 73–84. April 2015. doi:10.1083/jcb.201408092. PMID 25847539. 
  35. ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 35.17 35.18 35.19 35.20 35.21 35.22 35.23 35.24 35.25 35.26 35.27 35.28 35.29 35.30 35.31 35.32 35.33 35.34 35.35 35.36 "P-Body Purification Reveals the Condensation of Repressed mRNA Regulons". Molecular Cell 68 (1): 144–157.e5. October 2017. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.09.003. PMID 28965817. 
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 "Stress granules and processing bodies are dynamically linked sites of mRNP remodeling". The Journal of Cell Biology 169 (6): 871–884. June 2005. doi:10.1083/jcb.200502088. PMID 15967811. 
  37. ↑ "P bodies promote stress granule assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". The Journal of Cell Biology 183 (3): 441–455. November 2008. doi:10.1083/jcb.200807043. PMID 18981231. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Figley MD (2015). Profilin 1, stress granules, and ALS pathogenesis (PhD). Stanford University.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Alterations in stress granule dynamics driven by TDP-43 and FUS: a link to pathological inclusions in ALS?". Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 9: 423. 2015. doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00423. PMID 26557057. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Properties of Stress Granule and P-Body Proteomes" (in English). Molecular Cell 76 (2): 286–294. October 2019. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.014. PMID 31626750. 
  41. ↑ "Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules". Journal of Visualized Experiments (123). May 2017. doi:10.3791/55656. PMID 28570526. 
  42. ↑ "Distinct stages in stress granule assembly and disassembly". eLife 5. September 2016. doi:10.7554/eLife.18413. PMID 27602576. 
  43. ↑ "Isolation of yeast and mammalian stress granule cores". Methods 126: 12–17. August 2017. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.04.020. PMID 28457979. 
  44. ↑ 44.000 44.001 44.002 44.003 44.004 44.005 44.006 44.007 44.008 44.009 44.010 44.011 44.012 44.013 44.014 44.015 44.016 44.017 44.018 44.019 44.020 44.021 44.022 44.023 44.024 44.025 44.026 44.027 44.028 44.029 44.030 44.031 44.032 44.033 44.034 44.035 44.036 44.037 44.038 44.039 44.040 44.041 44.042 44.043 44.044 44.045 44.046 44.047 44.048 44.049 44.050 44.051 44.052 44.053 44.054 44.055 44.056 44.057 44.058 44.059 44.060 44.061 44.062 44.063 44.064 44.065 44.066 44.067 44.068 44.069 44.070 44.071 44.072 44.073 44.074 44.075 44.076 44.077 44.078 44.079 44.080 44.081 44.082 44.083 44.084 44.085 44.086 44.087 44.088 44.089 44.090 44.091 44.092 44.093 44.094 44.095 44.096 44.097 44.098 44.099 44.100 44.101 44.102 44.103 44.104 44.105 44.106 44.107 44.108 44.109 44.110 44.111 44.112 44.113 44.114 44.115 44.116 44.117 44.118 44.119 44.120 44.121 44.122 44.123 44.124 44.125 44.126 44.127 44.128 44.129 44.130 44.131 44.132 44.133 44.134 44.135 44.136 44.137 44.138 44.139 44.140 44.141 44.142 44.143 44.144 44.145 44.146 44.147 44.148 44.149 44.150 44.151 44.152 44.153 44.154 44.155 44.156 44.157 44.158 44.159 44.160 44.161 44.162 44.163 44.164 44.165 44.166 44.167 44.168 44.169 44.170 44.171 44.172 44.173 44.174 44.175 44.176 44.177 44.178 44.179 44.180 44.181 44.182 44.183 44.184 44.185 44.186 44.187 44.188 44.189 44.190 44.191 44.192 44.193 44.194 44.195 44.196 44.197 44.198 44.199 44.200 44.201 44.202 44.203 44.204 44.205 44.206 44.207 44.208 44.209 44.210 44.211 44.212 44.213 44.214 44.215 44.216 44.217 44.218 44.219 44.220 44.221 44.222 44.223 44.224 44.225 44.226 44.227 44.228 44.229 44.230 44.231 44.232 44.233 44.234 44.235 44.236 44.237 44.238 44.239 44.240 44.241 44.242 44.243 44.244 44.245 44.246 44.247 44.248 44.249 44.250 44.251 44.252 44.253 44.254 44.255 44.256 44.257 "Context-Dependent and Disease-Specific Diversity in Protein Interactions within Stress Granules" (in English). Cell 172 (3): 590–604.e13. January 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.032. PMID 29373831. 
  45. ↑ 45.000 45.001 45.002 45.003 45.004 45.005 45.006 45.007 45.008 45.009 45.010 45.011 45.012 45.013 45.014 45.015 45.016 45.017 45.018 45.019 45.020 45.021 45.022 45.023 45.024 45.025 45.026 45.027 45.028 45.029 45.030 45.031 45.032 45.033 45.034 45.035 45.036 45.037 45.038 45.039 45.040 45.041 45.042 45.043 45.044 45.045 45.046 45.047 45.048 45.049 45.050 45.051 45.052 45.053 45.054 45.055 45.056 45.057 45.058 45.059 45.060 45.061 45.062 45.063 45.064 45.065 45.066 45.067 45.068 45.069 45.070 45.071 45.072 45.073 45.074 45.075 45.076 45.077 45.078 45.079 45.080 45.081 45.082 45.083 45.084 45.085 45.086 45.087 45.088 45.089 45.090 45.091 45.092 45.093 45.094 45.095 45.096 45.097 45.098 45.099 45.100 45.101 45.102 45.103 45.104 45.105 45.106 45.107 45.108 45.109 45.110 45.111 45.112 45.113 45.114 45.115 45.116 45.117 45.118 45.119 45.120 45.121 45.122 45.123 45.124 45.125 45.126 45.127 45.128 45.129 45.130 45.131 45.132 45.133 45.134 45.135 45.136 45.137 45.138 45.139 45.140 45.141 45.142 45.143 45.144 45.145 45.146 45.147 45.148 45.149 45.150 45.151 45.152 45.153 45.154 45.155 45.156 45.157 45.158 45.159 45.160 45.161 45.162 45.163 45.164 45.165 45.166 45.167 45.168 45.169 45.170 45.171 45.172 45.173 45.174 "High-Density Proximity Mapping Reveals the Subcellular Organization of mRNA-Associated Granules and Bodies" (in English). Molecular Cell 69 (3): 517–532.e11. February 2018. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2017.12.020. PMID 29395067. 
  46. ↑ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 46.12 46.13 46.14 46.15 46.16 46.17 46.18 46.19 46.20 46.21 46.22 46.23 46.24 46.25 46.26 46.27 46.28 46.29 46.30 46.31 46.32 46.33 46.34 46.35 46.36 46.37 46.38 46.39 46.40 46.41 46.42 46.43 46.44 46.45 46.46 46.47 46.48 46.49 46.50 46.51 46.52 46.53 46.54 46.55 46.56 46.57 46.58 46.59 46.60 46.61 46.62 46.63 46.64 46.65 46.66 46.67 46.68 46.69 46.70 46.71 46.72 46.73 46.74 46.75 46.76 "Spatiotemporal Proteomic Analysis of Stress Granule Disassembly Using APEX Reveals Regulation by SUMOylation and Links to ALS Pathogenesis" (in English). Molecular Cell 80 (5): 876–891.e6. December 2020. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.032. PMID 33217318. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "Tudor-SN and ADAR1 are components of cytoplasmic stress granules". RNA 18 (3): 462–471. March 2012. doi:10.1261/rna.027656.111. PMID 22240577. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 48.6 "Antiviral protein APOBEC3G localizes to ribonucleoprotein complexes found in P bodies and stress granules". Journal of Virology 81 (5): 2165–2178. March 2007. doi:10.1128/JVI.02287-06. PMID 17166910. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 "LINE-1 ORF1 protein localizes in stress granules with other RNA-binding proteins, including components of RNA interference RNA-induced silencing complex". Molecular and Cellular Biology 27 (18): 6469–6483. September 2007. doi:10.1128/MCB.00332-07. PMID 17562864. 
  50. ↑ "Cell stress is related to re-localization of Argonaute 2 and to decreased RNA interference in human cells". Nucleic Acids Research 39 (7): 2727–2741. April 2011. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1216. PMID 21148147. 
  51. ↑ "RNA interference may suppress stress granule formation by preventing argonaute 2 recruitment". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 316 (1): C81–C91. January 2019. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00251.2018. PMID 30404558. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 "Microtubule-dependent association of AKAP350A and CCAR1 with RNA stress granules". Experimental Cell Research 315 (3): 542–555. February 2009. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.11.011. PMID 19073175. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1 regulates stress-induced subcellular localization of angiogenin to control growth and survival". Journal of Cell Science 126 (Pt 18): 4308–4319. September 2013. doi:10.1242/jcs.134551. PMID 23843625. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 "Hsp90 regulates the function of argonaute 2 and its recruitment to stress granules and P-bodies". Molecular Biology of the Cell 20 (14): 3273–3284. July 2009. doi:10.1091/mbc.E09-01-0082. PMID 19458189. 
  55. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kaehler_2012
  56. ↑ 56.00 56.01 56.02 56.03 56.04 56.05 56.06 56.07 56.08 56.09 56.10 56.11 56.12 56.13 56.14 56.15 56.16 56.17 56.18 56.19 56.20 56.21 56.22 56.23 56.24 56.25 56.26 56.27 56.28 56.29 56.30 56.31 56.32 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :10
  57. ↑ "BOULE, a Deleted in Azoospermia Homolog, Is Recruited to Stress Granules in the Mouse Male Germ Cells". PLOS ONE 11 (9): e0163015. 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163015. PMID 27632217. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1163015K. 
  58. ↑ "C9ORF72 Regulates Stress Granule Formation and Its Deficiency Impairs Stress Granule Assembly, Hypersensitizing Cells to Stress". Molecular Neurobiology 54 (4): 3062–3077. May 2017. doi:10.1007/s12035-016-9850-1. PMID 27037575. https://boris.unibe.ch/80746/. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "A complex of C9ORF72 and p62 uses arginine methylation to eliminate stress granules by autophagy". Nature Communications 9 (1): 2794. July 2018. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05273-7. PMID 30022074. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9.2794C. 
  60. ↑ "Post-translational arginylation of calreticulin: a new isospecies of calreticulin component of stress granules". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (11): 8237–8245. March 2007. doi:10.1074/jbc.M608559200. PMID 17197444. 
  61. ↑ "Distinct structural features of caprin-1 mediate its interaction with G3BP-1 and its induction of phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha, entry to cytoplasmic stress granules, and selective interaction with a subset of mRNAs". Molecular and Cellular Biology 27 (6): 2324–2342. March 2007. doi:10.1128/MCB.02300-06. PMID 17210633. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Huntingtin protein interactions altered by polyglutamine expansion as determined by quantitative proteomic analysis". Cell Cycle 11 (10): 2006–2021. May 2012. doi:10.4161/cc.20423. PMID 22580459. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "G3BP-Caprin1-USP10 complexes mediate stress granule condensation and associate with 40S subunits". The Journal of Cell Biology 212 (7): 845–860. March 2016. doi:10.1083/jcb.201508028. PMID 27022092. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 "Stress granules regulate double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase activation through a complex containing G3BP1 and Caprin1". mBio 6 (2): e02486. March 2015. doi:10.1128/mBio.02486-14. PMID 25784705. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "The exon-junction-complex-component metastatic lymph node 51 functions in stress-granule assembly". Journal of Cell Science 120 (Pt 16): 2774–2784. August 2007. doi:10.1242/jcs.009225. PMID 17652158. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 66.5 66.6 66.7 "Dendritic localization of the translational repressor Pumilio 2 and its contribution to dendritic stress granules". The Journal of Neuroscience 26 (24): 6496–6508. June 2006. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0649-06.2006. PMID 16775137. 
  67. ↑ "Phosphorylation of hnRNP K by cyclin-dependent kinase 2 controls cytosolic accumulation of TDP-43". Human Molecular Genetics 24 (6): 1655–1669. March 2015. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu578. PMID 25410660. 
  68. ↑ "Dual localization of the RNA binding protein CUGBP-1 to stress granule and perinucleolar compartment". Experimental Cell Research 314 (3): 543–553. February 2008. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.10.024. PMID 18164289. 
  69. ↑ "CERKL, a retinal disease gene, encodes an mRNA-binding protein that localizes in compact and untranslated mRNPs associated with microtubules". PLOS ONE 9 (2): e87898. 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087898. PMID 24498393. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...987898F. 
  70. ↑ "The cold-inducible RNA-binding protein migrates from the nucleus to cytoplasmic stress granules by a methylation-dependent mechanism and acts as a translational repressor". Experimental Cell Research 313 (20): 4130–4144. December 2007. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.09.017. PMID 17967451. 
  71. ↑ "Yeast Gis2 and its human ortholog CNBP are novel components of stress-induced RNP granules". PLOS ONE 7 (12): e52824. 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052824. PMID 23285195. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...752824R. 
  72. ↑ "Cytoplasmic foci are sites of mRNA decay in human cells". The Journal of Cell Biology 165 (1): 31–40. April 2004. doi:10.1083/jcb.200309008. PMID 15067023. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Identification of PCBP2, a facilitator of IRES-mediated translation, as a novel constituent of stress granules and processing bodies". RNA 14 (3): 425–431. March 2008. doi:10.1261/rna.780708. PMID 18174314. 
  74. ↑ "Casein Kinase 2 Is Linked to Stress Granule Dynamics through Phosphorylation of the Stress Granule Nucleating Protein G3BP1". Molecular and Cellular Biology 37 (4): e00596–16. February 2017. doi:10.1128/MCB.00596-16. PMID 27920254. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 "Proline-rich transcript in brain protein induces stress granule formation". Molecular and Cellular Biology 28 (2): 803–813. January 2008. doi:10.1128/MCB.01226-07. PMID 17984221. 
  76. ↑ "DAZL is essential for stress granule formation implicated in germ cell survival upon heat stress". Development 139 (3): 568–578. February 2012. doi:10.1242/dev.075846. PMID 22223682. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Wilczynska_2005
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 "MBNL1 associates with YB-1 in cytoplasmic stress granules". Journal of Neuroscience Research 86 (9): 1994–2002. July 2008. doi:10.1002/jnr.21655. PMID 18335541. 
  79. ↑ "DDX3 RNA helicase is required for HIV-1 Tat function". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 441 (3): 607–611. November 2013. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.10.107. PMID 24183723. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 "TDRD3, a novel Tudor domain-containing protein, localizes to cytoplasmic stress granules". Human Molecular Genetics 17 (19): 3055–3074. October 2008. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn203. PMID 18632687. 
  81. ↑ "Cancer-associated DDX3X mutations drive stress granule assembly and impair global translation". Scientific Reports 6: 25996. May 2016. doi:10.1038/srep25996. PMID 27180681. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...625996V. 
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 "Acetylation of intrinsically disordered regions regulates phase separation". Nature Chemical Biology 15 (1): 51–61. January 2019. doi:10.1038/s41589-018-0180-7. PMID 30531905. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 83.4 83.5 "Critical role of an antiviral stress granule containing RIG-I and PKR in viral detection and innate immunity". PLOS ONE 7 (8): e43031. 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043031. PMID 22912779. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...743031O. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Nonhoff_2007
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 "Inhibition of mTORC1 by astrin and stress granules prevents apoptosis in cancer cells". Cell 154 (4): 859–874. August 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.07.031. PMID 23953116. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 "Comprehensive Protein Interactome Analysis of a Key RNA Helicase: Detection of Novel Stress Granule Proteins". Biomolecules 5 (3): 1441–1466. July 2015. doi:10.3390/biom5031441. PMID 26184334. 
  87. ↑ "DERA is the human deoxyribose phosphate aldolase and is involved in stress response". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 1843 (12): 2913–2925. December 2014. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.007. PMID 25229427. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 "Dynein and kinesin regulate stress-granule and P-body dynamics". Journal of Cell Science 122 (Pt 21): 3973–3982. November 2009. doi:10.1242/jcs.051383. PMID 19825938. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 "The Atypical Dual Specificity Phosphatase hYVH1 Associates with Multiple Ribonucleoprotein Particles". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 292 (2): 539–550. January 2017. doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.715607. PMID 27856639. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 "Dynein motor contributes to stress granule dynamics in primary neurons". Neuroscience 159 (2): 647–656. March 2009. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.053. PMID 19171178. 
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 "Dual specificity kinase DYRK3 couples stress granule condensation/dissolution to mTORC1 signaling". Cell 152 (4): 791–805. February 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.033. PMID 23415227. 
  92. ↑ "Ribonomic analysis of human DZIP1 reveals its involvement in ribonucleoprotein complexes and stress granules". BMC Molecular Biology 15: 12. July 2014. doi:10.1186/1471-2199-15-12. PMID 24993635. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 93.4 93.5 "Mammalian stress granules represent sites of accumulation of stalled translation initiation complexes". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 284 (2): C273–C284. February 2003. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00314.2002. PMID 12388085. 
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 "The stress granule protein G3BP1 recruits protein kinase R to promote multiple innate immune antiviral responses". Journal of Virology 89 (5): 2575–2589. March 2015. doi:10.1128/JVI.02791-14. PMID 25520508. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 "Evidence that ternary complex (eIF2-GTP-tRNA(i)(Met))-deficient preinitiation complexes are core constituents of mammalian stress granules". Molecular Biology of the Cell 13 (1): 195–210. January 2002. doi:10.1091/mbc.01-05-0221. PMID 11809833. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 "eIF5A promotes translation elongation, polysome disassembly and stress granule assembly". PLOS ONE 5 (4): e9942. April 2010. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009942. PMID 20376341. Bibcode: 2010PLoSO...5.9942L. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 "Identification of Neuregulin-2 as a novel stress granule component". BMB Reports 49 (8): 449–454. August 2016. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2016.49.8.090. PMID 27345716. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "Coaggregation of RNA-binding proteins in a model of TDP-43 proteinopathy with selective RGG motif methylation and a role for RRM1 ubiquitination". PLOS ONE 7 (6): e38658. 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038658. PMID 22761693. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...738658D. 
  99. ↑ "Sumoylation of eIF4A2 affects stress granule formation". Journal of Cell Science 129 (12): 2407–2415. June 2016. doi:10.1242/jcs.184614. PMID 27160682. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.7 100.8 100.9 "Fragile X mental retardation protein shifts between polyribosomes and stress granules after neuronal injury by arsenite stress or in vivo hippocampal electrode insertion". The Journal of Neuroscience 26 (9): 2413–2418. March 2006. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3680-05.2006. PMID 16510718. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 "Inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome system induces stress granule formation". Molecular Biology of the Cell 18 (7): 2603–2618. July 2007. doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-12-1079. PMID 17475769. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 "Distinct recruitment of human eIF4E isoforms to processing bodies and stress granules". BMC Molecular Biology 17 (1): 21. August 2016. doi:10.1186/s12867-016-0072-x. PMID 27578149. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 "SMN-independent subunits of the SMN complex. Identification of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein assembly intermediate". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (38): 27953–27959. September 2007. doi:10.1074/jbc.M702317200. PMID 17640873. 
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 "Sequestration of TRAF2 into stress granules interrupts tumor necrosis factor signaling under stress conditions". Molecular and Cellular Biology 25 (6): 2450–2462. March 2005. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.6.2450-2462.2005. PMID 15743837. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 "Formation of stress granules inhibits apoptosis by suppressing stress-responsive MAPK pathways". Nature Cell Biology 10 (11): 1324–1332. November 2008. doi:10.1038/ncb1791. PMID 18836437. 
  106. ↑ "HuR binding to cytoplasmic mRNA is perturbed by heat shock". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 (7): 3073–3078. March 2000. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3073. PMID 10737787. Bibcode: 2000PNAS...97.3073G. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 107.4 "Staufen recruitment into stress granules does not affect early mRNA transport in oligodendrocytes". Molecular Biology of the Cell 16 (1): 405–420. January 2005. doi:10.1091/mbc.E04-06-0516. PMID 15525674. 
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 "TDP-43 is recruited to stress granules in conditions of oxidative insult". Journal of Neurochemistry 111 (4): 1051–1061. November 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06383.x. PMID 19765185. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 "C-Jun N-terminal kinase controls TDP-43 accumulation in stress granules induced by oxidative stress". Molecular Neurodegeneration 6: 57. August 2011. doi:10.1186/1750-1326-6-57. PMID 21819629. 
  110. ↑ "HuD distribution changes in response to heat shock but not neurotrophic stimulation". The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 54 (10): 1129–1138. October 2006. doi:10.1369/jhc.6A6979.2006. PMID 16801526. 
  111. ↑ "Regulation of Human Endonuclease V Activity and Relocalization to Cytoplasmic Stress Granules". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 291 (41): 21786–21801. October 2016. doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.730911. PMID 27573237. 
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 "The multifunctional FUS, EWS and TAF15 proto-oncoproteins show cell type-specific expression patterns and involvement in cell spreading and stress response". BMC Cell Biology 9: 37. July 2008. doi:10.1186/1471-2121-9-37. PMID 18620564. 
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 "FET proteins TAF15 and EWS are selective markers that distinguish FTLD with FUS pathology from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with FUS mutations". Brain 134 (Pt 9): 2595–2609. September 2011. doi:10.1093/brain/awr201. PMID 21856723. 
  114. ↑ "FAM98A is localized to stress granules and associates with multiple stress granule-localized proteins". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 451 (1–2): 107–115. January 2019. doi:10.1007/s11010-018-3397-6. PMID 29992460. 
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 "Trapping of messenger RNA by Fragile X Mental Retardation protein into cytoplasmic granules induces translation repression". Human Molecular Genetics 11 (24): 3007–3017. November 2002. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.24.3007. PMID 12417522. 
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 "Oxidative stress reveals heterogeneity of FMRP granules in PC12 cell neurites". Brain Research 1112 (1): 56–64. September 2006. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.026. PMID 16919243. 
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 "Identification of the junctional plaque protein plakophilin 3 in cytoplasmic particles containing RNA-binding proteins and the recruitment of plakophilins 1 and 3 to stress granules". Molecular Biology of the Cell 17 (3): 1388–1398. March 2006. doi:10.1091/mbc.E05-08-0708. PMID 16407409. 
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 118.3 "PKCα binds G3BP2 and regulates stress granule formation following cellular stress". PLOS ONE 7 (4): e35820. 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035820. PMID 22536444. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...735820K. 
  119. ↑ "Both G3BP1 and G3BP2 contribute to stress granule formation". Genes to Cells 18 (2): 135–146. February 2013. doi:10.1111/gtc.12023. PMID 23279204. 
  120. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  121. ↑ "Cytoplasmic hGle1A regulates stress granules by modulation of translation". Molecular Biology of the Cell 26 (8): 1476–1490. April 2015. doi:10.1091/mbc.E14-11-1523. PMID 25694449. 
  122. ↑ 122.00 122.01 122.02 122.03 122.04 122.05 122.06 122.07 122.08 122.09 122.10 122.11 122.12 122.13 122.14 122.15 122.16 122.17 122.18 122.19 "Stress Granule Assembly Disrupts Nucleocytoplasmic Transport". Cell 173 (4): 958–971.e17. May 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.025. PMID 29628143. 
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 "Regulation of stress granule dynamics by Grb7 and FAK signalling pathway". The EMBO Journal 27 (5): 715–726. March 2008. doi:10.1038/emboj.2008.19. PMID 18273060. 
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 "Syk Is Recruited to Stress Granules and Promotes Their Clearance through Autophagy". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 290 (46): 27803–27815. November 2015. doi:10.1074/jbc.M115.642900. PMID 26429917. 
  125. ↑ "Heat shock-induced accumulation of translation elongation and termination factors precedes assembly of stress granules in S. cerevisiae". PLOS ONE 8 (2): e57083. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057083. PMID 23451152. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...857083G. 
  126. ↑ "Evidence for the association of the human regulatory protein Ki-1/57 with the translational machinery". FEBS Letters 585 (16): 2556–2560. August 2011. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2011.07.010. PMID 21771594. 
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 127.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kwon_2007
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 "hnRNP A1 relocalization to the stress granules reflects a role in the stress response". Molecular and Cellular Biology 26 (15): 5744–5758. August 2006. doi:10.1128/MCB.00224-06. PMID 16847328. 
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 "TDP-43 is directed to stress granules by sorbitol, a novel physiological osmotic and oxidative stressor". Molecular and Cellular Biology 31 (5): 1098–1108. March 2011. doi:10.1128/MCB.01279-10. PMID 21173160. 
  130. ↑ "HuR-hnRNP interactions and the effect of cellular stress". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 372 (1–2): 137–147. January 2013. doi:10.1007/s11010-012-1454-0. PMID 22983828. 
  131. ↑ "Molecular epidemiological study of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japanese population by whole-exome sequencing and identification of novel HNRNPA1 mutation". Neurobiology of Aging 61: 255.e9–255.e16. January 2018. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.030. PMID 29033165. 
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 "TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) regulates stress granule dynamics via differential regulation of G3BP and TIA-1". Human Molecular Genetics 20 (7): 1400–1410. April 2011. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr021. PMID 21257637. 
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 "hnRNP K interacts with RNA binding motif protein 42 and functions in the maintenance of cellular ATP level during stress conditions". Genes to Cells 14 (2): 113–128. February 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01256.x. PMID 19170760. 
  134. ↑ "A Surveillance Function of the HSPB8-BAG3-HSP70 Chaperone Complex Ensures Stress Granule Integrity and Dynamism". Molecular Cell 63 (5): 796–810. September 2016. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.07.021. PMID 27570075. 
  135. ↑ "The Co-Chaperone HspBP1 Is a Novel Component of Stress Granules that Regulates Their Formation". Cells 9 (4): 825. March 2020. doi:10.3390/cells9040825. PMID 32235396. 
  136. ↑ "NF90 exerts antiviral activity through regulation of PKR phosphorylation and stress granules in infected cells". Journal of Immunology 192 (8): 3753–3764. April 2014. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302813. PMID 24623135. 
  137. ↑ "Intracellular localization of human Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 2-kinase". The Biochemical Journal 408 (3): 335–345. December 2007. doi:10.1042/BJ20070382. PMID 17705785. 
  138. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tsai_2017
  139. ↑ "Stable formation of compositionally unique stress granules in virus-infected cells". Journal of Virology 84 (7): 3654–3665. April 2010. doi:10.1128/JVI.01320-09. PMID 20106928. 
  140. ↑ "Sam68 relocalization into stress granules in response to oxidative stress through complexing with TIA-1". Experimental Cell Research 315 (19): 3381–3395. November 2009. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.07.011. PMID 19615357. 
  141. ↑ "The nuclear protein Sam68 is recruited to the cytoplasmic stress granules during enterovirus 71 infection". Microbial Pathogenesis 96: 58–66. July 2016. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2016.04.001. PMID 27057671. 
  142. ↑ "Identification of FUSE-binding proteins as interacting partners of TIA proteins". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 343 (1): 57–68. April 2006. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.112. PMID 16527256. 
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 143.2 143.3 "Identification of Novel Stress Granule Components That Are Involved in Nuclear Transport". PLOS ONE 8 (6): e68356. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068356. PMID 23826389. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...868356M. 
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 "Identification of importin alpha1 as a novel constituent of RNA stress granules". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 1803 (7): 865–871. July 2010. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.03.020. PMID 20362631. 
  145. ↑ "La-related protein 4 binds poly(A), interacts with the poly(A)-binding protein MLLE domain via a variant PAM2w motif, and can promote mRNA stability". Molecular and Cellular Biology 31 (3): 542–556. February 2011. doi:10.1128/MCB.01162-10. PMID 21098120. 
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 "Localization of the developmental timing regulator Lin28 to mRNP complexes, P-bodies and stress granules". RNA Biology 4 (1): 16–25. January 2007. doi:10.4161/rna.4.1.4364. PMID 17617744. 
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 "The human LSm1-7 proteins colocalize with the mRNA-degrading enzymes Dcp1/2 and Xrnl in distinct cytoplasmic foci". RNA 8 (12): 1489–1501. December 2002. doi:10.1017/S1355838202021726. PMID 12515382. 
  148. ↑ "RNA-associated protein 55 (RAP55) localizes to mRNA processing bodies and stress granules". RNA 12 (4): 547–554. April 2006. doi:10.1261/rna.2302706. PMID 16484376. 
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 "Neural RNA-binding protein Musashi1 inhibits translation initiation by competing with eIF4G for PABP". The Journal of Cell Biology 181 (4): 639–653. May 2008. doi:10.1083/jcb.200708004. PMID 18490513. 
  150. ↑ "Proteomic analysis reveals that MAEL, a component of nuage, interacts with stress granule proteins in cancer cells". Oncology Reports 31 (1): 342–350. January 2014. doi:10.3892/or.2013.2836. PMID 24189637. 
  151. ↑ 151.0 151.1 151.2 "A novel c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-binding protein WDR62 is recruited to stress granules and mediates a nonclassical JNK activation". Molecular Biology of the Cell 21 (1): 117–130. January 2010. doi:10.1091/mbc.E09-06-0512. PMID 19910486. 
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 "Interaction with 14-3-3 adaptors regulates the sorting of hMex-3B RNA-binding protein to distinct classes of RNA granules". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 283 (46): 32131–32142. November 2008. doi:10.1074/jbc.M802927200. PMID 18779327. 
  153. ↑ "Pivotal role of RNA-binding E3 ubiquitin ligase MEX3C in RIG-I-mediated antiviral innate immunity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (15): 5646–5651. April 2014. doi:10.1073/pnas.1401674111. PMID 24706898. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.5646K. 
  154. ↑ "Musashi-1 maintains blood-testis barrier structure during spermatogenesis and regulates stress granule formation upon heat stress". Molecular Biology of the Cell 26 (10): 1947–1956. May 2015. doi:10.1091/mbc.E14-11-1497. PMID 25717188. 
  155. ↑ "MTHFSD and DDX58 are novel RNA-binding proteins abnormally regulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Brain 139 (Pt 1): 86–100. January 2016. doi:10.1093/brain/awv308. PMID 26525917. 
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 156.3 156.4 156.5 "The mTOR-S6 kinase pathway promotes stress granule assembly". Cell Death and Differentiation 25 (10): 1766–1780. November 2018. doi:10.1038/s41418-018-0076-9. PMID 29523872. 
  157. ↑ "An essential function of the SRC-3 coactivator in suppression of cytokine mRNA translation and inflammatory response". Molecular Cell 25 (5): 765–778. March 2007. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.01.025. PMID 17349961. 
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 "Interaction and colocalization of HERMES/RBPMS with NonO, PSF, and G3BP1 in neuronal cytoplasmic RNP granules in mouse retinal line cells". Genes to Cells 20 (4): 257–266. April 2015. doi:10.1111/gtc.12224. PMID 25651939. 
  159. ↑ "OASL1 Traps Viral RNAs in Stress Granules to Promote Antiviral Responses". Molecules and Cells 41 (3): 214–223. March 2018. doi:10.14348/molcells.2018.2293. PMID 29463066. 
  160. ↑ "OGFOD1, a novel modulator of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha phosphorylation and the cellular response to stress". Molecular and Cellular Biology 30 (8): 2006–2016. April 2010. doi:10.1128/MCB.01350-09. PMID 20154146. 
  161. ↑ "Inactivation by oxidation and recruitment into stress granules of hOGG1 but not APE1 in human cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of cadmium". Mutation Research 685 (1–2): 61–69. March 2010. doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.09.013. PMID 19800894. 
  162. ↑ "New roles for the de-ubiquitylating enzyme OTUD4 in an RNA-protein network and RNA granules". Journal of Cell Science 132 (12): jcs229252. June 2019. doi:10.1242/jcs.229252. PMID 31138677. 
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kedersha_1999
  164. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ralser_2005
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 165.2 165.3 165.4 165.5 "Poly(ADP-ribose) regulates stress responses and microRNA activity in the cytoplasm". Molecular Cell 42 (4): 489–499. May 2011. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.04.015. PMID 21596313. 
  166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 "The Parkinson's Disease-Linked Protein DJ-1 Associates with Cytoplasmic mRNP Granules During Stress and Neurodegeneration". Molecular Neurobiology 56 (1): 61–77. January 2019. doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1084-y. PMID 29675578. 
  167. ↑ "PARP1-produced poly-ADP-ribose causes the PARP12 translocation to stress granules and impairment of Golgi complex functions". Scientific Reports 7 (1): 14035. October 2017. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14156-8. PMID 29070863. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...714035C. 
  168. ↑ "Pdcd4 Is Involved in the Formation of Stress Granule in Response to Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein or High-Fat Diet". PLOS ONE 11 (7): e0159568. 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159568. PMID 27454120. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1159568B. 
  169. ↑ 169.0 169.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Figley_2014
  170. ↑ 170.0 170.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hua_2004
  171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 171.2 "ZFAND1 Recruits p97 and the 26S Proteasome to Promote the Clearance of Arsenite-Induced Stress Granules" (in English). Molecular Cell 70 (5): 906–919.e7. June 2018. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.04.021. PMID 29804830. 
  172. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Di_Salvio_2005
  173. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Daigle_2016
  174. ↑ "Polysome-bound endonuclease PMR1 is targeted to stress granules via stress-specific binding to TIA-1". Molecular and Cellular Biology 26 (23): 8803–8813. December 2006. doi:10.1128/MCB.00090-06. PMID 16982678. 
  175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 "Stress granules inhibit apoptosis by reducing reactive oxygen species production". Molecular and Cellular Biology 33 (4): 815–829. February 2013. doi:10.1128/MCB.00763-12. PMID 23230274. 
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 176.2 "Stress Granules Contain Rbfox2 with Cell Cycle-related mRNAs". Scientific Reports 7 (1): 11211. September 2017. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11651-w. PMID 28894257. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...711211P. 
  177. ↑ 177.0 177.1 "Stress-dependent miR-980 regulation of Rbfox1/A2bp1 promotes ribonucleoprotein granule formation and cell survival". Nature Communications 9 (1): 312. January 2018. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02757-w. PMID 29358748. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9..312K. 
  178. ↑ "Cell stress modulates the function of splicing regulatory protein RBM4 in translation control". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 (7): 2235–2240. February 2007. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611015104. PMID 17284590. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..104.2235L. 
  179. ↑ "Identification of the RNA recognition element of the RBPMS family of RNA-binding proteins and their transcriptome-wide mRNA targets". RNA 20 (7): 1090–1102. July 2014. doi:10.1261/rna.045005.114. PMID 24860013. 
  180. ↑ 180.0 180.1 "The ROQUIN family of proteins localizes to stress granules via the ROQ domain and binds target mRNAs". The FEBS Journal 277 (9): 2109–2127. May 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07628.x. PMID 20412057. 
  181. ↑ "Codependent functions of RSK2 and the apoptosis-promoting factor TIA-1 in stress granule assembly and cell survival". Molecular Cell 31 (5): 722–736. September 2008. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.06.025. PMID 18775331. 
  182. ↑ 182.0 182.1 "Mammalian Smaug is a translational repressor that forms cytoplasmic foci similar to stress granules". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (52): 43131–43140. December 2005. doi:10.1074/jbc.M508374200. PMID 16221671. 
  183. ↑ "Localization of SERBP1 in stress granules and nucleoli". The FEBS Journal 281 (1): 352–364. January 2014. doi:10.1111/febs.12606. PMID 24205981. 
  184. ↑ "Stress granules counteract senescence by sequestration of PAI-1". EMBO Reports 19 (5): e44722. May 2018. doi:10.15252/embr.201744722. PMID 29592859. 
  185. ↑ "The sirtuin SIRT6 regulates stress granule formation in C. elegans and mammals". Journal of Cell Science 126 (Pt 22): 5166–5177. November 2013. doi:10.1242/jcs.130708. PMID 24013546. 
  186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 186.2 "A novel role for hSMG-1 in stress granule formation". Molecular and Cellular Biology 31 (22): 4417–4429. November 2011. doi:10.1128/MCB.05987-11. PMID 21911475. 
  187. ↑ 187.0 187.1 187.2 "Survival motor neuron protein facilitates assembly of stress granules". FEBS Letters 572 (1–3): 69–74. August 2004. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.07.010. PMID 15304326. 
  188. ↑ "SMN deficiency reduces cellular ability to form stress granules, sensitizing cells to stress". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 31 (4): 541–550. May 2011. doi:10.1007/s10571-011-9647-8. PMID 21234798. 
  189. ↑ "Poly(A)(+) mRNA-binding protein Tudor-SN regulates stress granules aggregation dynamics". The FEBS Journal 282 (5): 874–890. March 2015. doi:10.1111/febs.13186. PMID 25559396. 
  190. ↑ "Arsenite-activated JNK signaling enhances CPEB4-Vinexin interaction to facilitate stress granule assembly and cell survival". PLOS ONE 9 (9): e107961. 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107961. PMID 25237887. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9j7961C. 
  191. ↑ "SGNP: an essential Stress Granule/Nucleolar Protein potentially involved in 5.8s rRNA processing/transport". PLOS ONE 3 (11): e3716. 2008. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003716. PMID 19005571. Bibcode: 2008PLoSO...3.3716Z. 
  192. ↑ "Direct binding of the Alu binding protein dimer SRP9/14 to 40S ribosomal subunits promotes stress granule formation and is regulated by Alu RNA". Nucleic Acids Research 42 (17): 11203–11217. 2014. doi:10.1093/nar/gku822. PMID 25200073. 
  193. ↑ "The splicing factor ASF/SF2 is associated with TIA-1-related/TIA-1-containing ribonucleoproteic complexes and contributes to post-transcriptional repression of gene expression". The FEBS Journal 277 (11): 2496–2514. June 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07664.x. PMID 20477871. 
  194. ↑ "Poliovirus infection induces the co-localization of cellular protein SRp20 with TIA-1, a cytoplasmic stress granule protein". Virus Research 176 (1–2): 223–231. September 2013. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.06.012. PMID 23830997. 
  195. ↑ "Oxidative stress-inducible truncated serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 regulates interleukin-8 production in human colon cancer cells". American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology 306 (3): C250–C262. February 2014. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00091.2013. PMID 24284797. 
  196. ↑ "NEDDylation promotes stress granule assembly". Nature Communications 7: 12125. July 2016. doi:10.1038/ncomms12125. PMID 27381497. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...712125J. 
  197. ↑ 197.0 197.1 "Calcium-responsive transactivator (CREST) protein shares a set of structural and functional traits with other proteins associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Molecular Neurodegeneration 10: 20. April 2015. doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0014-y. PMID 25888396. 
  198. ↑ "Mammalian Staufen 1 is recruited to stress granules and impairs their assembly". Journal of Cell Science 122 (Pt 4): 563–573. February 2009. doi:10.1242/jcs.038208. PMID 19193871. 
  199. ↑ "Human hnRNP Q re-localizes to cytoplasmic granules upon PMA, thapsigargin, arsenite and heat-shock treatments". Experimental Cell Research 315 (6): 968–980. April 2009. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.01.012. PMID 19331829. 
  200. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Blechingberg_2012
  201. ↑ "Tar DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) associates with stress granules: analysis of cultured cells and pathological brain tissue". PLOS ONE 5 (10): e13250. October 2010. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013250. PMID 20948999. Bibcode: 2010PLoSO...513250L. 
  202. ↑ "Global analysis of TDP-43 interacting proteins reveals strong association with RNA splicing and translation machinery". Journal of Proteome Research 9 (2): 1104–1120. February 2010. doi:10.1021/pr901076y. PMID 20020773. 
  203. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Li_2015
  204. ↑ 204.0 204.1 "TIA1 Mutations in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia Promote Phase Separation and Alter Stress Granule Dynamics". Neuron 95 (4): 808–816.e9. August 2017. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.025. PMID 28817800. 
  205. ↑ "TDP-43 regulation of stress granule dynamics in neurodegenerative disease-relevant cell types". Scientific Reports 8 (1): 7551. May 2018. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25767-0. PMID 29765078. Bibcode: 2018NatSR...8.7551K. 
  206. ↑ "Tdrd3 is a novel stress granule-associated protein interacting with the Fragile-X syndrome protein FMRP". Human Molecular Genetics 17 (20): 3236–3246. October 2008. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn219. PMID 18664458. 
  207. ↑ 207.0 207.1 "Deletion of TOP3β, a component of FMRP-containing mRNPs, contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders". Nature Neuroscience 16 (9): 1228–1237. September 2013. doi:10.1038/nn.3484. PMID 23912948. 
  208. ↑ 208.0 208.1 "Arginine methylation of USP9X promotes its interaction with TDRD3 and its anti-apoptotic activities in breast cancer cells". Cell Discovery 3: 16048. 2017. doi:10.1038/celldisc.2016.48. PMID 28101374. 
  209. ↑ "Cytoplasmic TERT Associates to RNA Granules in Fully Mature Neurons: Role in the Translational Control of the Cell Cycle Inhibitor p15INK4B". PLOS ONE 8 (6): e66602. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066602. PMID 23825548. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...866602I. 
  210. ↑ "TIA1 variant drives myodegeneration in multisystem proteinopathy with SQSTM1 mutations". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 128 (3): 1164–1177. March 2018. doi:10.1172/JCI97103. PMID 29457785. 
  211. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Bakkar_2005
  212. ↑ "A role for transportin in deposition of TTP to cytoplasmic RNA granules and mRNA decay". Nucleic Acids Research 37 (19): 6600–6612. October 2009. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp717. PMID 19729507. 
  213. ↑ "Nuclear-Import Receptors Reverse Aberrant Phase Transitions of RNA-Binding Proteins with Prion-like Domains". Cell 173 (3): 677–692.e20. April 2018. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.002. PMID 29677512. 
  214. ↑ "Arginine methylation of the C-terminus RGG motif promotes TOP3B topoisomerase activity and stress granule localization". Nucleic Acids Research 46 (6): 3061–3074. April 2018. doi:10.1093/nar/gky103. PMID 29471495. 
  215. ↑ "RNA methylation by Dnmt2 protects transfer RNAs against stress-induced cleavage". Genes & Development 24 (15): 1590–1595. August 2010. doi:10.1101/gad.586710. PMID 20679393. 
  216. ↑ "UBAP2L arginine methylation by PRMT1 modulates stress granule assembly". Cell Death and Differentiation 27 (1): 227–241. January 2020. doi:10.1038/s41418-019-0350-5. PMID 31114027. 
  217. ↑ "UBAP2L Forms Distinct Cores that Act in Nucleating Stress Granules Upstream of G3BP1". Current Biology 30 (4): 698–707.e6. February 2020. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.020. PMID 31956030. 
  218. ↑ "Ubiquitin Modulates Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation of UBQLN2 via Disruption of Multivalent Interactions". Molecular Cell 69 (6): 965–978.e6. March 2018. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.02.004. PMID 29526694. 
  219. ↑ 219.0 219.1 219.2 "ULK1 and ULK2 Regulate Stress Granule Disassembly Through Phosphorylation and Activation of VCP/p97" (in English). Molecular Cell 74 (4): 742–757.e8. May 2019. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2019.03.027. PMID 30979586. 
  220. ↑ 220.0 220.1 "Deubiquitylases USP5 and USP13 are recruited to and regulate heat-induced stress granules through their deubiquitylating activities". Journal of Cell Science 131 (8): jcs210856. April 2018. doi:10.1242/jcs.210856. PMID 29567855. 
  221. ↑ "Eukaryotic stress granules are cleared by autophagy and Cdc48/VCP function". Cell 153 (7): 1461–1474. June 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.037. PMID 23791177. 
  222. ↑ "YB-1 regulates stress granule formation and tumor progression by translationally activating G3BP1". The Journal of Cell Biology 208 (7): 913–929. March 2015. doi:10.1083/jcb.201411047. PMID 25800057. 
  223. ↑ 223.0 223.1 223.2 223.3 "m6A enhances the phase separation potential of mRNA". Nature 571 (7765): 424–428. July 2019. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1374-1. PMID 31292544. 
  224. ↑ 224.0 224.1 224.2 224.3 "m6A-binding YTHDF proteins promote stress granule formation". Nature Chemical Biology 16 (9): 955–963. September 2020. doi:10.1038/s41589-020-0524-y. PMID 32451507. 
  225. ↑ "ZBP1 regulates mRNA stability during cellular stress". The Journal of Cell Biology 175 (4): 527–534. November 2006. doi:10.1083/jcb.200608071. PMID 17101699. 
  226. ↑ "ZBP1 subcellular localization and association with stress granules is controlled by its Z-DNA binding domains". Nucleic Acids Research 34 (18): 5007–5020. 2006. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl575. PMID 16990255. 
  227. ↑ "MK2-induced tristetraprolin:14-3-3 complexes prevent stress granule association and ARE-mRNA decay". The EMBO Journal 23 (6): 1313–1324. March 2004. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600163. PMID 15014438. 
  228. ↑ "Protor-2 interacts with tristetraprolin to regulate mRNA stability during stress". Cellular Signalling 24 (1): 309–315. January 2012. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.09.015. PMID 21964062. 
  229. ↑ "Recruitment of mRNA-destabilizing protein TIS11 to stress granules is mediated by its zinc finger domain". Experimental Cell Research 303 (2): 287–299. February 2005. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.09.031. PMID 15652343. 

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