Chemistry:Benstonite
| Benstonite | |
|---|---|
 Benstonite with calcite | |
| General | |
| Category | Carbonate minerals |
| Formula (repeating unit) | Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13[1] |
| Strunz classification | 5.AB.55 |
| Dana classification | 14.2.3.1 |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Crystal class | Rhombohedral (3) H-M group: (3) |
| Space group | R3 |
| Unit cell | a = 18.280 Å, c = 8.652 Å; Z = 3 |
| Identification | |
| Color | Snow-white, ivory, very pale yellow, pale yellowish brown[2] |
| Cleavage | Good on {3142}[2] |
| Mohs scale hardness | 3–4 |
| |re|er}} | Vitreous |
| Streak | White |
| Diaphaneity | Translucent |
| Optical properties | Uniaxial (−) |
| Refractive index | nω = 1.690 nε = 1.527 |
| Birefringence | δ = 0.163 |
| Ultraviolet fluorescence | Red or yellow under UV and X-rays[2] |
| References | [3] |
Benstonite is a mineral with formula Ba6Ca6Mg(CO3)13.[1] Discovered in 1954, the mineral was described in 1961 and named after Orlando J. Benston (1901–1966).
Description and occurrence
Benstonite is translucent and white, pale yellow, or pale yellow-brown in color.[2] The mineral occurs as cleavable masses; cleavage fragments are nearly perfectly rhombohedral in shape. Cleavage faces are up to 1 cm (0.39 in) across and slightly curved. On large specimens, the faces exhibit a mosaic structure similar to that in some specimens of dolomite and siderite.[5] Benstonite fluoresces red or yellow under x-rays and longwave and shortwave ultraviolet. The mineral also exhibits strong red phosphorescence.[2]
Benstonite is known to occur in Canada, China, India, Italy, Namibia, Russia, Sweden, and the United States.[3] It occurs in association with alstonite, barite, barytocalcite, calcite, daqingshanite, fluorite, huntite, monazite, phlogopite, pyrite, sphalerite, strontianite, and quartz.[2]
Synthesis
The mineral was first synthesized in 1973 during a study of the Ba-Mg-Ca-CO3 system in aqueous solution. At room temperature, a solution containing proportional quantities of magnesium chloride, barium chloride, and calcium chloride was prepared, to which sodium carbonate was added. The solution immediately precipitated, and after sitting for two weeks, the precipitate was identified as nearly pure benstonite.[6]
History
Orlando J. Benston[3] of Malvern, Arkansas, visited a barite mine near the Magnet Cove igneous complex on New Year's Eve, 1954. He collected samples of a mineral that he guessed might be alstonite or barytocalcite on the basis of qualitative tests.[7] Friedrich Lippmann identified it as a new mineral and described it in the journal Naturwissenschaften in 1961.[8] He named it Benstonite in honor of Benston.[5]
Type specimens are held at Victor Goldschmidt University in Germany and the National Museum of Natural History in the United States.[2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress – Update: November 2012". Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification. International Mineralogical Association. p. 17. http://pubsites.uws.edu.au/ima-cnmnc/IMA_Master_List_(2012-11).pdf.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. et al., eds. "Benstonite". Handbook of Mineralogy. Chantilly, VA: Mineralogical Society of America. http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/benstonite.pdf.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Benstonite". Mindat. http://www.mindat.org/min-626.html.
- ↑ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine 85 (3): 291–320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. Bibcode: 2021MinM...85..291W.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lippmann 1962, p. 586.
- ↑ Hood & Steidl 1973, p. 341.
- ↑ Lippmann 1962, pp. 585–586.
- ↑ Fleischer, Michael (November–December 1961). "New mineral names". The American Mineralogist 46 (11–12): 1517. http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM46/AM46_1513.pdf.
- Bibliography
- Hood, William C.; Steidl, Peter F. (March–April 1973). "Synthesis of Benstonite at Room Temperature". American Mineralogist 58 (3–4): 341–342. http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM58/AM58_341.pdf.
- Lippmann, Friedrich (May–June 1962). "Benstonite, Ca7Ba6(CO3)13, a new Mineral from the Barite Deposit in Hot Spring County, Arkansas". The American Mineralogist 47 (5–6): 585–598. http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM47/AM47_585.pdf.
Further reading
- Konev, A. A. (2004). "Mg-deficient strontium benstonite from the ore occurrence biraya (Siberia)" (in Russian). Zapiski Vserossijskogo mineralogičeskogo obŝestva 133 (6): 65–73. http://rruff.info/uploads/ZVMO133N6_65.pdf.
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