Chemistry:Itaconic anhydride

From HandWiki
Itaconic anhydride
Itaconsäureanhydrid Struktur.svg
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3-Methylideneoxolane-2,5-dione
Other names
Methylenesuccinic anhydride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 218-518-2
UNII
Properties
C5H4O3
Molar mass 112,09 g·[mol−1
Appearance colorless crystalline solid[1]
Melting point 70–72 °C (158–162 °F; 343–345 K)[3]
soluble in acetone and chloroform, only slightly soluble in Diethylether,[2] reacts with water
Hazards
GHS pictograms GHS07: Harmful
GHS Signal word Warning
H302, H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+312, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P312, P321, P330, P332+313, P337+313, P362, P403+233, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Itaconic anhydride is the cyclic anhydride of itaconic acid (an unsaturated, dicarboxylic acid) and is obtained by the pyrolysis of citric acid. It is a colourless, crystalline solid, which dissolves in many polar organic solvents and hydrolyzes forming itaconic acid.[4] Itaconic anhydride and its derivative itaconic acid have been promoted as biobased "platform chemicals" and bio- building blocks.[5][6]) These expectations, however, have not been fulfilled.[7]

Production

As discovered as early as 1836, attempted distillation of citric acid gives the so-called "pyrocitric acid" ("Brenzcitronensäure"), now known as itaconic anhydride.[8]

Synthese von Itaconsäureanhydrid aus Citronensäure

According to an organic synthesis protocol,[4] itaconic anhydride is obtained from the rapid heating of citric acid monohydrate in a modest yield (37-47 %). The by-product is the thermodynamically more stable citraconic anhydride.[9]

Also when heating anhydrous citric acid to 260 °C in a vacuum, a mixture of itaconic and citraconic anhydride is achieved "in good yield".[10]

More productive are processes based on the biotechnologically accessible itaconic acid,[11] which produces exclusively itaconic anhydride in yields of up to 98% at temperatures of 165-180 °C and pressures of 10-30 mmHg in the presence of catalytic quantities of strong acids, such as concentrated sulphuric acid.[12]

Synthese von Itaconsäureanhydrid aus Itaconsäure

In order to avoid overheating and thus higher proportions of citraconic anhydride, the dehydration reaction can also be carried out in higher boiling aromatic solvents such as toluene or xylene in the presence of acidic montmorillonite[13] or in cumene in the presence of methanesulfonic acid.[14] In both variants yields of 95-97 % of itaconic anhydride are achieved.

Another process of cyclizing dicarboxylic acids with diethyl carbonate in the presence of a chromium-salen complex with µ-nitrido-bis(triphenylphosphane) chloride as cocatalyst quantitatively provides itaconic anhydride contaminated with citraconic anhydride already at 40 °C in 1 millimolar preparations. However, the reaction is technically uninteresting because of its expensive catalysts.[15]

Reactions

At temperatures above its melting point, itaconic anhydride converts to citraconic anhydride.[12] Even at significantly lower temperatures, such as in boiling chloroform, isomerization can take place in the presence of tertiary amines.[16]

Umlagerung von Itaconsäureanhydrid in Citraconsäureanhydrid

By treating itaconic anhydride with phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5), itaconic acid dichloride (itaconyl chloride) is obtained:[17]

Synthese von Itaconylchlorid

from which polyamides with reactive vinylidene groups can be formed with diamines.[18]

Bromination of itaconic anhydride at – 20 °C and subsequent dehydrobromination produces 2-bromomethylmaleic anhydride in 70% yield by shifting the double bond into the five-membered ring.[19]

Bromierung-Dehydrobromierung von Itaconsäureanhydrid

Otto Diels and Kurt Alder already described the addition (Diels-Alder reaction) of the dienophile itaconic anhydride to the diene cyclopentadiene in 1928.[20] Also furfuryl alcohol, which is accessible from renewable raw materials, reacts as a diene to form the Diels-Alder adduct, in which the reaction of the alcohol group with the cyclic anhydride structure forms a lactone and a carboxylic acid group, i.e. the cyclic half ester of itaconic acid.[21]

Diels-Alder-Reaktionen mit Itaconsäureanhydrid

Itaconic anhydride can react with aromatics such as benzene via Friedel-Crafts acylation. This always happens in such a way that the ring opening occurs at the carbonyl group, which is further away from the methylene group (3-position).[22]

Friedel-Crafts-Acylierung mit Itaconsäureanhydrid

Nucleophiles such as thiols can easily be added to the methylene group. With other nucleophiles, such as alcohols, ammonia,[23] amines and hydroxylamine, itaconic anhydride reacts regioselectively in position 3 to the corresponding esters, amides and hydroxamic acids.

Reaktionen von Itaconsäureanhydrid mit Nukleophilen

The hydroxamic acid formed with O-benzylhydroxylamine can be cyclized in high yields with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) to five-membered isoimides (iminofuranones) or with acetanhydride (Ac2O) to imides.[24]

ildung von Itaconimiden und Iminofuranonen

A number of five-, six- and seven-membered heterocycles (such as benzothiazepines) are obtainable from itaconic anhydride in useful yields.[25]

Bildung von Benzothiazepinessigsäure aus Itaconsäureanhydrid

Polymers of itaconic anhydride

As an unsaturated cyclic anhydride, itaconic anhydride undergoes radical polymerization[26] and via polycondensation with diols or diamines. The two reactions can also be carried out sequentially – first radical polymerization, then polycondensation or vice versa.[27][28]

Radically produced itaconic anhydride polymers and copolymers can be alkaline hydrolyzed to polyitaconic acids under ring opening or converted into polymeric acid amides or esters subsequent to polymerization.[29]

Copolymere von Itaconsäureanhydrid mit Stearylmethacrylat + Hydrolyse

The resulting copolymers show properties that suggest a potential use as biomaterials for therapeutic systems and prostheses.[30]

Functional polymers exclusively from biogenic monomers involves the ring-opening metathesis polymerisation of an oxanorbornene ester produced from itaconic anhydride and furfuryl alcohol by Diels-Alder lactonisation using a Grubbs II catalyst.[31]

ROMP-Reaktion mit Itaconsäureanhydrid-Cyclopentadien/Furfurylalkohol-Diels-Alder-Addukt

References

  1. ↑ Sigma-Aldrich Co., product no. {{{id}}}.
  2. ↑ Entry from Itaconic Anhydride from TCI Europe, retrieved on {{{Date}}}
  3. ↑ J.L. Belletire, R.J. Rauh (2001), "Itaconic Anhydride", E-EROS Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, doi:10.1002/047084289X.ri086, ISBN 0-471-93623-5 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 R.L. Shriner, S.G. Ford, L.J. Roll (1931). "Itaconic Anhydride and Itaconic Acid". Organic Syntheses 11: 70. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.011.0070. 
  5. ↑ B. Kamm (2007), "Produktion von Plattformchemikalien und Synthesegas aus Biomasse" (in German), Angew. Chem. 119 (27): pp. 5146–5149, doi:10.1002/ange.200604514, Bibcode: 2007AngCh.119.5146K 
  6. ↑ Birgit Kamm (2008-04-14). "Das Konzept der Bioraffinerie – Schlüssel für Ressourceneffizienz". GDCh Aktuelle Wochenschau. http://archiv.aktuelle-wochenschau.de/2008/woche14/woche14.html. Retrieved 2018-10-01. 
  7. ↑ Jim Lane (2015-04-30). "The DOE's 12 top biobased molecules – what became of them?". BiofuelsDigest. http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/04/30/the-does-12-top-biobased-molecules-what-became-of-them/. Retrieved 2018-10-01. 
  8. ↑ S. Baup (1836), "Ueber eine neue Pyrogen-Citronensäure, und ueber Benennung der Pyrogen-Säuren überhaupt" (in German), Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 19 (1): pp. 29–38, doi:10.1002/jlac.18360190107, https://zenodo.org/record/1866579 
  9. ↑ R.L. Shriner, S. G. Ford, L. J. Roll (1931). "Citraconic Anhydride and Citraconic Acid". Organic Syntheses 11: 28. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.011.0028. 
  10. ↑ "Production of itaconic and citraconic anhydrides" US patent 2258947, issued 1941-10-14, assigned to National Aniline & Chemical Co.
  11. ↑ Novamont SpA (2018-07-26). "Final Report Summary – BIO-QED (Quod Erat Demonstrandum: Large scale demonstration for the bio-based bulk chemicals BDO and IA aiming at cost reduction and improved sustainability)". CORDIS. https://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/237848_en.html. Retrieved 2018-10-01. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "A process for the production of itaconic anhydride" GB patent 854999, issued 1960-11-23, assigned to Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc.
  13. ↑ "Process for producing itaconic anhydride" US patent 5260456, issued 1993-11-9, assigned to Rhone-Poulenc Chimie
  14. ↑ "Dehydration of itaconic acid" WO patent 9506026, issued 1995-3-2, assigned to Akzo Nobel N.V.
  15. ↑ C. Robert, F. de Montigny, C.M. Thomas (2011), "Tandem synthesis of alternating polyesters from renewable resources", Nature Communications 2: pp. 1–6, doi:10.1038/ncomms1596, PMID 22158441, Bibcode: 2011NatCo...2..586R 
  16. ↑ M.C. Galanti, A.V. Galanti (1982), "Kinetic study of the isomerization of itaconic anhydride to citraconic anhydride", J. Org. Chem. 47 (8): pp. 1572–1574, doi:10.1021/jo00347a041 
  17. ↑ W. Petri (1881), "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Itaconsäure, Mesaconsäure und Citraconsäure" (in German), Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 14 (2): pp. 1634–1637, doi:10.1002/cber.18810140213, https://zenodo.org/record/2194673 
  18. ↑ C. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Wie, X. Zeng (2018), "Synthesis and characterization of poly(p-phenyleneitaconamide)", Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 34 (6): pp. 9–15, doi:10.16865/j.cnki.1000-7555.2018.06.002 
  19. ↑ J. Nokami, T. Tamaoka, H. Ogawa, S. Wakabayashi (1986), "Facile synthesis of 2-methylene-4-butyrolactones", Chem. Lett. 15 (4): pp. 541–544, doi:10.1246/cl.1986.541 
  20. ↑ O. Diels, K. Alder (1928), "Synthesen in der hydroaromatischen Reihe" (in German), Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 460 (1): pp. 98–122, doi:10.1002/jlac.19284600106 
  21. ↑ A.D. Pehere, S. Xu, S.K. Thompson, M.A. Hillmyer, T.R. Hoye (2016), "Diels-Alder reactions of furans with itaconic anhydride: Overcoming unfavorable thermodynamics", Org. Lett. 18 (11): pp. 2584–2587, doi:10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00929, PMID 27214494 
  22. ↑ K. Kameo, K. Ogawa, K. Takeshita, S. Nakaike, K. Tomisawa, K. Sato (1988), "Studies on antirheumatic agents: 3-benzoylpropionic acid derivatives", Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36 (6): pp. 2050–2060, doi:10.1248/cpb.36.2050, PMID 3240440 
  23. ↑ H. Takeda, T.Tachinami, S. Hosokawa, M. Aburatani, K. Inoguchi, K. Achiwa (1991), "Efficient Preparation of Optically Active (S)-(-)-3-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone by Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation Using Chiral N-Substituted Pyrrolidinebisphosphine Rhodium Complexes", Chem. Pharm. Bull. 39 (10): pp. 2706–2708, doi:10.1248/cpb.39.2706 
  24. ↑ M. Akiyama, K. Shimizu, S. Aiba, F. Banba (1980), "Synthesis of N-Hydroxymaleimide and N-Hydroxyitaconimide and their related derivatives", J. Chem. Soc. Perkin I: pp. 2122–2125, doi:10.1039/P19800002122 
  25. ↑ A.M. Medway, J. Sperry (2014), "Heterocycle construction using the biomass-derived building block itaconic acid", Green Chem. 16 (4): pp. 2084–2101, doi:10.1039/c4gc00014e 
  26. ↑ D. Stawski, S. Polowinski (2005), "Polymerization of itaconic acid", Polimery 50 (2): pp. 118–122, http://en.www.ichp.pl/polimery-polymerization-of-itaconic-acid 
  27. ↑ F.H. Isikgor, C.R. Becer (2015), "Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable platform for the production of bio-based chemicals and polymers", Polym. Chem. 6 (25): pp. 4497–4559, doi:10.1039/c5py00263j 
  28. ↑ T. Okuda, K. Ishimoto, H. Ohara, S. Kobayashi (2012), "Renewable biobased polymeric materials: Facile synthesis of itaconic anhydride-based copolymers with poly(L-lactic acid) grafts", Macromolecules 45 (10): pp. 4166–4174, doi:10.1021/ma300387j, Bibcode: 2012MaMol..45.4166O 
  29. ↑ T. Otsu, J.-Z. Yang (1991), "Radical polymerization of itaconic anhydride and reactions of the resulting polymers with amines and alcohols", Polymer Int. 25 (4): pp. 245–251, doi:10.1002/pi.4990250408 
  30. ↑ S. Shang, S.J. Huang, R.A. Weiss (2011), "Comb-like ionomers from sustainable resources: Copolymers of itaconic anhydride-co-stearyl methacrylate", Polymer 52 (13): pp. 2764–2771, doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2011.04.025 
  31. ↑ Y. Bai, J.H. Clark, T.J. Farmer, I.D.V. Ingram, M. North (2017), "Wholly biomass derivable sustainable polymers by ring-opening metathesis polymerization of monomers obtained from furfuryl alcohol and itaconic anhydride", Polymer Chem. 8 (20): pp. 3074–3081, doi:10.1039/C7PY00486A, https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/118683/1/ROMP_esters_revised.docx 



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Itaconic_anhydride&oldid=3336029"