Chemistry:Lists of metalloids

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Short description: List of semi-metallic chemical elements

This is a list of 194 sources that list elements classified as metalloids. The sources are listed in chronological order. Lists of metalloids differ since there is no rigorous widely accepted definition of metalloid (or its occasional alias, 'semi-metal'). Individual lists share common ground, with variations occurring at the margins. The elements most often regarded as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.[n 1] Other sources may subtract from this list, add a varying number of other elements, or both.

Overview

Element Citations Frequency
  in n = 194
publications 		194 = 100%
 
Arsenic As 191.5 99%
Tellurium Te 190.5 98%
Germanium Ge 184.5 95%
Silicon Si 183.5 95%
Antimony Sb 169.5 87%
Boron B 166 86%
Polonium Po 94.5 49%
Astatine At 77 40%
Selenium Se 46 24%
Aluminium Al 18 9.3%
Carbon C 16.5 8.5%
Bismuth Bi 11.5 5.9%
Phosphorus P 10 5.2%
Beryllium Be 7.5 3.9%
Tin Sn 5.5 2.8%
Sulfur S 3 1.5%
Livermorium Lv 3 1.5%
Iodine I 2.5 1.3%
Flerovium Fl 1 0.5%
Gallium Ga 1 0.5%
Hydrogen H 1 0.5%
Lead Pb 1 0.5%
Moscovium Mc 1 0.5%
Tennessine Ts 1 0.5%

Chronological list

This table shows which elements are included in each of 194 different lists of metalloids. A parenthesized symbol indicates an element whose inclusion in a particular metalloid list is qualified in some way by the author(s). The 'citations' rows show how many and what percentage of the authorities consider each element to be a metalloid, with qualified citations counted as one-half.

Citations as metalloid by element
Element Arsenic Tellu­rium Germa­nium Silicon Anti­mony Boron Polo­nium Asta­tine Sele­nium Alu­minium Carbon Bis­muth Phos­phorus Beryl­lium Tin Sulfur Liver­morium Iodine Other Count
As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se Al C Bi P Be Sn S Lv I avg
Citations
(194 = 100%) 		191.5 190.5 184.5 183.5 169.5 166 94.5 77 46 18 16.5 11.5 10 7.5 5.5 3 3 2.5 6 7.15
99% 98% 95% 95% 87% 86% 49% 40% 24% 9.3% 8.5% 5.9% 5.2% 3.9% 2.8% 1.5% 1.5% 1.3% 3.1%
Source Yr
Simmons[1] 1947 As Te Sb Se   4
Szabó & Lakatos[2] 1954 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Be   10
Dull, Metcalfe & Williams[3] 1958 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Frey[4] 1958 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Johnstone & Miller[5] 1960 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se C P   9
Edwards et al.[6] 1961 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se I   8
Bond[7] 1962 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Swift & Schaefer[8] 1962 As Ge Si Sb B Bi   6
Hoffman[9] 1963 As Te Ge Si Sb B Be   7
Nathans[10] 1963 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Bailar, Moeller & Kleinberg[11] 1965 As Te Ge Se   4
Selwood[12] 1965 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Bi Sn Ga 12
Bassett et al.[13] 1966 Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al Be   8
Hultgren[14] 1966 As Te Ge Si Sb Se C   7
Metcalfe, Williams & Castka[15] 1966 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po (Al)   7.5
Rochow[16] 1966 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po) (At) (Se) (C) (Bi) (P)   9
Mahan[17] 1967 As Te Ge Si B   5
Paul, King & Farinholt[18] 1967 As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Siebring[19] 1967 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al   8
Cotton & Lynch[20] 1968 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se C   9
Dunstan[21] 1968 As Te (Ge) Sb Po Al Bi Be Sn Pb 7.5
Tyrell & Warren[22] 1968 As Te (Ge) Si (Sb) B (Po) At (Se) (Al) (C) (P) (I)   9.5
Williams, Embree & DeBey[23] 1968 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al   8
Chedd[24] 1969 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Hägg[25] 1969 As Te Ge Sb At Sn   6
Holum[26] 1969 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Hunter[27] 1969 As Te Si Sb Se   5
Moody[28] 1969 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Be   10
Dickerson, Gray & Haight[29] 1970 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Hardwick & Knobler[30] 1970 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Williams, Embree & DeBay[31] 1970 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Al Be   9
Dickson[32] 1971 As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Emsley[33] 1971 As Te Ge Sb   4
Nitz & Dhonau[34] 1971 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Pimentel & Spratley[35] 1971 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po) (At) Se C   9
Barrow[36] 1972 As Te Ge Si B   5
Choppin & Johnsen[37] 1972 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Horvath[38] 1973 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Pascoe[39] 1973 Te Ge Si B At Se C P   8
Seager & Stoker[40] 1973 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al Be   10
Allen & Keefer[41] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Andrews[42] 1974 As Te Si B At   5
Day & Johnson[43] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb Po At   7
Dickson[44] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb Po At   7
Duffy[45] 1974 As Te Ge Sb Se   5
Fuller[46] 1974 As Te Ge Si B Se C   7
Nordmann[47] 1974 As Te Ge Si B Po At Se   8
O'Connor[48] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Rock & Gerhold[49] 1974 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Pauling & Pauling[50] 1975 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Hearst & Ifft[51] 1976 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Tyler Miller[52] 1976 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al H 10
Waser, Trueblood & Knobler[53] 1976 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Bloomfield[54] 1977 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Ucko[55] 1977 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Hill & Holman[56] 1978 As Te Ge Si B (C)   5.5
Coxon, Fergusson & Phillips[57] 1980 As Te Ge Si (Sb) B At (Be)   7
Warrena & Geballe[58] 1981 As Te Si B At Se C P S   9
Walters[59] 1982 As Te Ge Si B   5
Edwards & Sienko[60] 1983 As Te Ge Sb Po (At)   5.5
Holtzclaw, Robinson & Nebergall[61] 1984 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Boikess & Edelson[62] 1985 As Te Ge Si B   5
Peters[63] 1986 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Hibbert & James[64] 1987 As Te Ge Si Sb Po Bi   7
Jones et al.[65] 1987 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
McQuarrie & Rock[66] 1987 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Wulfsberg[67] 1987 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Thayer[68] 1988 As Te Ge Si B P   6
Whitten, Gailey & Davis[69] 1988 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Bailar et al.[70] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Gill[71] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Malone[72] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Petrucci[73] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb Po At   7
Puddephatt & Monaghan[74] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Scott[75] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Segal[76] 1989 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Oxtoby, Nachtrieb & Freeman[77] 1990 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Atkins & Beran[78] 1990 As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Ebbing & Wrighton[79] 1993 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Zumdahl[80] 1993 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Birk[81] 1994 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Smith[82] 1994 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
AAE[83] 1996 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Brady & Holum[84] 1996 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Harrison & de Mora[85] 1996 As Te Ge Si B   5
Hook & Post[86] 1996 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Atkins & Jones[87] 1997 As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Dayah[88] 1997 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Mingos[89] 1998 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Joesten & Wood[90] 1999 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Kremer[91] 1999 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Thompson[92] 1999 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Umland & Bellama[93] 1999 As Te Ge Si B At Se   7
Callister[94] 2000 As Te Ge Si B Se C   7
Enloe[95] 2000 As Te Si B At   5
Mann, Meek & Allen[96] 2000 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Bi   8
Phillips, Stozak & Wistrom[97] 2000 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Ryan[98] 2000 As Te Ge Si B   5
Hawkes[99] 2001 As Te Ge Sb Se Bi   6
Lewis & Evans[100] 2001 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Masterton & Hurley[101] 2001 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Barrett[102] 2002 (As) (Te) (Ge) (Si) (Sb) (B) (Se)   3.5
Chang[103] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Lv Ts 10
Harding, Johnson & Janes[104] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb   5
Johnson[105] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb At   6
Rodgers[106] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Szefer[107] 2002 As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Woodgate[108] 2002 As Te Ge Sb Al   5
Wright & Welbourn[109] 2002 As Te Ge Si B   5
e-encyclopedia[110] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Gupta[111] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Hunt[112] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Myers[113] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Williams[114] 2003 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Atkins[115] 2004 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Cox[116] 2004 As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Gilbert, Kirss & Davies[117] 2004 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Reilly[118] 2004 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se   9
Ebbing & Gammon[119] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Fry & Page[120] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Halliday, Resnick & Walker[121] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Holler & Selegue[122] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po (At)   7.5
Kotz, Treichel & Weaver[123] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Meyer[124] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Orchin[125] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Swenson[126] 2005 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se C Bi   11
Baird[127] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Blei & Odian[128] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb Po At Lv   8
Brown & Holme[129] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Dashek & Harrison[130] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Finch et al.[131] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Goldfrank & Flomenbaum[132] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Hatt[133] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Hérold[134] 2006 As Ge Si B Po (At) Se C Bi P   9.5
McMonagle[135] 2006 As Te Ge Si B Lv Fl
Mc		 8
Rayner-Canham & Overton[136] 2006 As Te Ge Si B   5
Silberberg[137] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Slade[138] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Wertheim, Oxlade & Stockley[139] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B At Se   8
Whitley[140] 2006 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
American Chemical Society[141] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Astruc[142] 2007 As Si B Se P S   6
Casper[143] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Crystal[144] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
DeGraff[145] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Joesten, Hogg & Castellion[146] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Lewis[147] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Se C P S   11
Petty[148] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se C Bi P Sn   13
Rösler, Harders & Bäker[149] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Sn)   6.5
Saunders[150] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Saunders[151] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Shipman, Wilson & Tood[152] 2007 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Bauer, Birk & Sawyer[153] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Clugston & Flemming[154] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb Se   6
Encyclopedia Columbia[155] 2008 As Te Sb Se   4
Ham[156] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Kelter, Mosher & Scott[157] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Masterton & Hurley[158] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Merck[159] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Nicolaou & Montagnon[160] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At C   9
Řezanka & Sigler[161] 2008 As Te Si B At Se   6
Tro & Neu[162] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Vallero[163] 2008 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Brown et al.[164] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Burrows et al.[165] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Castor-Perry[166] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At I   9
Cracolice & Peters[167] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Economou[168] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Al   9
Habashi[169] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po Se Bi   9
Hein & Arena[170] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Leach[171] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Manning[172] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
McMurray & Fay[173] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Reger, Goode & Ball[174] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Schnepp[175] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Shubert & Leyba[176] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Whitten et al.[177] 2009 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
Aldinger & Weberruss[178] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Banks et al.[179] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B   6
Fayer[180] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
Gray[181] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Groysman[182] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb Po   6
Halka & Nordstrom[183] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Lombi E & Holm PE[184] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At   8
NEST Association[185] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
RCCS[186] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po At Se C Bi P Sn   13
Senese[187] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb (B) Po At (Se) C   9
Weiner[188] 2010 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Barbalace[189] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B Po   7
Encyclopædia Britannica Online[190] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po) (At)   7
Helmenstine[191] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B (Po)   6.5
Moore[192] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B At   7
QA International[193] 2011 As Te Ge Si Sb B Se   7
Element Arsenic Tellu­rium Germa­nium Silicon Anti­mony Boron Polo­nium Asta­tine Sele­nium Alu­minium Carbon Bis­muth Phos­phorus Beryl­lium Tin Sulfur Liver­morium Iodine Other
  • () Parenthesized symbols indicate elements whose inclusion in a particular metalloid list is qualified in some way by the author(s). It is counted as 0.5 citation.

There is an average of 7.15 elements per metalloid list.

Appearance frequency clusters

Clusters of elements and their appearance in the sources

Elements cited in the listed sources (as of August 2011; n = 194) have appearance frequencies that occur in clusters of comparable values. The diamonds in the graph mark the mean appearance frequency of each cluster.

  • Cluster 1 (93%): B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
  • Cluster 2 (44%): Po, At
  • Cluster 3 (24%): Se
  • Cluster 4 (9%): C, Al
  • Cluster 5 (5%): Be, P, Bi
  • Cluster 6 (3%): Sn
  • Cluster 7 (1%): H, Ga, S, I, Pb, Fl, Mc, Lv, Ts

The resulting geometric trend line has the formula y = 199.47e−0.7423x and an R2 value of 0.9962.[n 2]

Elements regarded as metalloids

The elements commonly classified as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.[n 3] The status of polonium and astatine is not settled. Most authors recognise one or the other, or both, as metalloids; Herman, Hoffmann and Ashcroft, on the basis of relativistic modelling, predict astatine will be a monatomic metal.[n 4] One or more of carbon, aluminium, phosphorus, selenium, tin or bismuth, these being periodic table neighbours of the elements commonly classified as metalloids, are sometimes recognised as metalloids.[n 5] Selenium, in particular, is commonly designated as a metalloid in environmental chemistry[n 6] on account of similarities in its aquatic chemistry with that of arsenic and antimony.[n 7] There are fewer references to beryllium, in spite of its periodic table position adjoining the dividing line between metals and nonmetals. Isolated references in the literature can also be found to the categorisation of other elements as metalloids. These elements include: hydrogen, nitrogen,[n 8] sulfur,[n 9] zinc,[n 10] gallium,[n 11] iodine,[n 12] lead,[n 13] and radon[n 14] (citations are for references other than those listed above).

Notes

  1. ↑ Lack of a rigorous definition:
    • Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–527, doi:10.1021/ed059p526
    • Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, doi:10.1021/ed078p1686
  2. ↑ The R2 value is a measure of how close a formula fits a set of data points. Values fall between 0.0 and 1.0, with those near 1.0 indicating a good fit.
  3. ↑ Elements commonly classified as metalloids:
    • Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–7 (526), doi:10.1021/ed059p526
    • Mann JB, Meek TL & Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration energies of the main group elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 2780–3 (2783), doi:10.1021ja992866e: Mann et al. refer to these elements as 'the recognized metalloids'.
    • Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, ISBN:1439041318
  4. ↑ Polonium and astatine:
  5. ↑ Carbon, aluminium, phosphorus, selenium, tin, bismuth:
    • Rochow EG 1966, The metalloids, DC Heath and Company, Boston, pp. 7–8
    • Cobb HM 2012, Dictionary of Metals, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p. 145, ISBN:9781615039784
    • Walker CH 2012, Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 163, ISBN:9781420062588
    • Whiten K, Davis R, Peck L & Stanley G 2014, Chemistry, 10th ed., Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA, p. 134, ISBN:9781133610663
  6. ↑ Selenium as a metalloid in environmental chemistry:
    • Meyer JS, Adams WJ, Brix KV, Luoma SM, Mount DR, Stubblefield WA & Wood CM (eds) 2005, Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms, Proceedings from the Pellston Workshop on Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms, 27 July – 1 August 2002, Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, p. 284, ISBN:1880611708
    • Weiner ER 2013, Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 181, ISBN:9781439853320
  7. ↑ Similarities in the aquatic chemistry of selenium, arsenic, and antimony:
    • US Environmental Protection Agency 1988, Ambient aquatic life water quality criteria for antimony (III), draft, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratories, Washington, p. 1
    • De Zuane J 1997, Handbook of drinking water quality, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 93, ISBN:047128789X
    • Uden PC 2005, 'Speciation of selenium,' in R Cornelis, J Caruso, H Crews & K Heumann (eds), Handbook of elemental speciation II: Species in the environment, food, medicine and occupational health, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 346–65 (347–8), ISBN:0470855983
    • Dev N 2008, 'Modelling selenium fate and transport in Great Salt Lake Wetlands' PhD dissertation, University of Utah, ProQuest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 2–3, ISBN:054986542X
  8. ↑ Nitrogen: Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl compounds of metals and metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, doi:10.1021/ed037p568
  9. ↑ Sulfur:
    • Chalmers B 1959, Physical metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 72
    • US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965, Shipfitter 3 & 2, US Government Printing Office, Washington, p. 26
  10. ↑ Zinc: Siebring BR 1967, Chemistry, MacMillan, New York, p. 613
  11. ↑ Gallium: Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, p. 282, ISBN:0123526515
  12. ↑ Iodine:
    • Friend JN 1953, Man and the chemical elements, 1st ed., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, p. 68
    • Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl compounds of metals and metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, doi:10.1021/ed037p568
  13. ↑ Lead: Murray JF 1928, 'Cable-sheath corrosion', Electrical World, vol. 92, Dec 29, pp. 1295–7 (1295)
  14. ↑ Radon:
    • Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1966, The encyclopedia of chemistry, 3rd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,p. 950
    • Stein L 1985, 'New evidence that radon is a metalloid element: ion-exchange reactions of cationic radon', Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, vol. 22, pp. 1631–2, doi:10.1039/C39850001631
    • Stein L 1987, 'Chemical properties of radon' in PK Hopke (ed.) 1987, Radon and its decay products: Occurrence, properties, and health effects, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 240–51 (240, 247–8), ISBN:0841210152

References

  1. ↑ Simmons LM 1947, 'A modification of the periodic table', Journal of Chemical Education, December, pp. 588–591 (589) doi:10.1021/ed024p588
  2. ↑ Szabó ZG & Lakatos B 1954, 'The new form of the periodic table and new periodic functions', Acta Chimica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, IV 2–4, pp. 129–149 (133)
  3. ↑ Dull CE, Metcalfe HC & Williams JE 1958, Modern chemistry, Henry Holt and Company, New York, pp. 59–60, 62
  4. ↑ Frey PR 1958, College chemistry, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 118
  5. ↑ Johnstone RT & Miller SE 1960, Occupational diseases and industrial medicine, Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 262
  6. ↑ Edwards JO, Ellison HR, Luaro CG & Lorand JP 1961, 'Factors which influence the stability of anionic complexes', in S Kirschner, Advances in the chemistry of the coordination compounds: Proceedings of the sixth international conference on coordination chemistry, Macmillan, New York, pp. 230–237 (230)
  7. ↑ Bond GC 1962, Catalysis by metals, Academic Press, London, p. 8
  8. ↑ Swift EH & Schaefer WP 1962, Qualitative elemental analysis, WH Freeman, San Francisco, p. 100
  9. ↑ Hoffman KB 1963, Chemistry for the applied sciences, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 34
  10. ↑ Nathans MW 1963, Elementary chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p. 122
  11. ↑ Bailar JC, Moeller T & Kleinberg J 1965, University chemistry, DC Heath, Boston, p. 332
  12. ↑ Selwood PW 1965, General chemistry, 4th ed., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, inside back cover
  13. ↑ Bassett LG, Bunce SC, Carter AE, Clark HM & Hollinger HB 1966, Principles of chemistry, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 127, 602
  14. ↑ Hultgren HH 1966, 'Metalloids, in GL Clark & GG Hawley (eds), The encyclopedia of inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Reinhold Publishing, New York, pp. 648–649 (648)
  15. ↑ Metcalfe HC, Williams JE & Castka JF 1966, Modern chemistry, Hollt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, pp. 466–67
  16. ↑ Rochow EG 1966, The metalloids, DC Heath, Boston, pp. 3, 7–8
  17. ↑ Mahan BH 1967, University chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, p. 448
  18. ↑ Paul MA, King EJ & Farinholt LH 1967, General chemistry, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, p. 135
  19. ↑ Siebring BR 1967, Chemistry, Macmillan, New York, p. 70
  20. ↑ Cotton FA & Lynch LD 1968, Chemistry: An investigative approach, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 226
  21. ↑ Dunstan S 1968, Principles of chemistry, D Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, pp. 310, 409
  22. ↑ Tyrell LWM & Warren RK 1968, Principles of chemical science: A student's text, Edward Arnold (Publishers), n.p., p. 111
  23. ↑ Williams AL, Embree HD & DeBey HJ 1968, Introduction to chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, inside back cover
  24. ↑ Chedd G 1969, Half-way elements, Aldus Books, London, p. 24
  25. ↑ Hägg G 1969, General and inorganic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 92
  26. ↑ Holum JR 1969, Introduction to principles of chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 59
  27. ↑ Hunter D 1969, The diseases of occupations, Little, Brown, & Co., Boston, p. 232
  28. ↑ Moody BJ 1969, Comparative inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Edward Arnold, London, pp. 67–68
  29. ↑ Dickerson RE, Gray HB & Haight GP 1970, Chemical principles, WA Benjamin, New York, p. 160
  30. ↑ Hardwick ER & Knobler CM 1979, Chemistry: Man and matter, Xerox College, Waltham, MA, inside back cover
  31. ↑ Williams AL, Embree HD & DeBay HJ 1970, General chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, p. 55
  32. ↑ Dickson TR 1971, Introduction to chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 160
  33. ↑ Emsley J 1971, The inorganic chemistry of the non-metals, Methuen Educational, London, p. 1
  34. ↑ Nitz OW & Dhonau CA 1971, Chemistry: A brief introduction, Willard Grant, Boston, p. 64
  35. ↑ Pimentel GC & Spratley RD 1971, Understanding chemistry, Holden-Day, San Francisco, p. 664
  36. ↑ Barrow GM 1972, General chemistry, Wadsworth, Belmont CA, p. 162
  37. ↑ Choppin GR & Johnsen RH 1972, Introductory chemistry, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, p. 346
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