Chemistry:Methacrylic acid

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Methacrylic acid
Structural formula of methacrylic acid
Structural formula of methacrylic acid
Ball-and-stick model of the methacrylic acid molecule
Ball-and-stick model of the methacrylic acid molecule
Names
IUPAC name
Methacrylic acid[1]
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Methylprop-2-enoic acid
Other names
Methacrylic acid
2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid
α-Methacrylic acid
2-Methylacrylic acid
2-Methylpropenoic acid
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
Abbreviations MAA
ChEBI
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 201-204-4
MeSH C008384
UNII
Properties
C4H6O2
Molar mass 86.09 g/mol
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor Acrid, repulsive[2]
Density 1.015 g/cm3
Melting point 14 to 15 °C (57 to 59 °F; 287 to 288 K)
Boiling point 161 °C (322 °F; 434 K)
9% (25 °C)[2]
Vapor pressure 0.7 mmHg (20 °C)[2]
Hazards
GHS pictograms GHS05: CorrosiveGHS07: Harmful
GHS Signal word Danger
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NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondFlammability code 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuelHealth code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasReactivity code 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorusSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
3
2
Flash point 77.2 °C (171.0 °F; 350.3 K)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 none[2]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 20 ppm (70 mg/m3) [skin][2]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 N.D.[2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Tracking categories (test):

Methacrylic acid, abbreviated MAA, is an organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CO2H. This colorless, viscous liquid is a carboxylic acid with an acrid unpleasant odor. It is soluble in warm water and miscible with most organic solvents. Methacrylic acid is produced industrially on a large scale as a precursor to its esters, especially methyl methacrylate (MMA), and to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).

Production

In the most common route, methacrylic acid is prepared from acetone cyanohydrin, which is converted to methacrylamide sulfate using sulfuric acid. This derivative in turn is hydrolyzed to methacrylic acid, or esterified to methyl methacrylate in one step. Another route to methacrylic acid starts with isobutylene, which obtainable by dehydration of tert-butanol. Isobutylene is oxidized sequentially to methacrolein and then methacrylic acid. Methacrolein for this purpose can also be obtained from formaldehyde and ethylene. Yet a third route involves the dehydrogenation of Isobutyric acid.[3]

Various green routes have been explored but they have not been commercialized. Specifically, the decarboxylation of itaconic acid, citraconic acid, and mesaconic acids affords methacrylic acid.[4] Salts of methacrylic acid have been obtained by boiling citra- or meso-brompyrotartaric acids with alkalis.[citation needed]

Pyrolysis of ethyl methacrylate efficiently gives methacrylic acid.[5]

Uses and occurrence

The main use of methacrylic acid is its polymerization to poly(methyl methacrylate).[6]

It is used in some nail primers to help acrylic nails adhere to the nail plate.[7]

Copolymers consisting partially of methacrylic acid are used in certain types of tablet coatings in order to slow the tablet's dissolution in the digestive tract, and thus extend or delay the release of the active ingredient.[8]

Monocarboxylic unsaturated acids such as methacrylic acid and acrylic acid are used in the production of vinyl ester resins.[9]

MAA esters occur naturally in the oil of Roman chamomile.[10]

Typical vinyl ester resin derived from bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and methacrylic acid.[11]

Reactions

For commercial applications, MAA is polymerized using azobisisobutyronitrile as a thermally activated free-radical catalyst. Otherwise, MAA is relatively slow to polymerize thermally or photochemically.[6]

Methacrylic acid undergoes several reactions characteristic of α,β-unsaturated acids (see acrylic acid). These reactions include the Diels–Alder reaction and Michael additions. Esterifications are brought about by acid-catalyzed condensations with alcohols, alkylations with certain alkenes, and transesterifications. Epoxide ring-opening gives hydroxyalkyl esters.[3] Sodium amalgam reduces it to isobutyric acid. A polymeric form of methacrylic acid was described in 1880.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 746. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0386". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0386.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 William Bauer Jr. (2002). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a16_441. 
  4. ↑ Le Nôtre, Jérôme; Witte-van Dijk, Susan C. M.; van Haveren, Jacco; Scott, Elinor L.; Sanders, Johan P. M. (September 2014). "Synthesis of Bio-Based Methacrylic Acid by Decarboxylation of Itaconic Acid and Citric Acid Catalyzed by Solid Transition-Metal Catalysts" (in en). ChemSusChem 7 (9): 2712–2720. doi:10.1002/cssc.201402117. PMID 25045161. Bibcode: 2014ChSCh...7.2712L. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cssc.201402117. 
  5. ↑ W. P. Ratchford (1949). "Acrylic Acid I. Pyrolysis Method". Organic Syntheses 29: 2. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.029.0002.  This article also describes pyrolysis of ethyl methacrylate.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Stickler, Manfred; Rhein, Thoma (2000). "Polymethacrylates". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_473. ISBN 3-527-30673-0. 
  7. ↑ "Products - Nail Care Products" (in en). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2018-03-06. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/productsingredients/products/ucm127068.htm#mono. 
  8. ↑ "Aqueous enteric coatings with methacrylic acid copolymer type C on acidic and basic drugs in tablets and pellets, part I: Acetylsalicylic acid tablets and crystals". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287485833. 
  9. ↑ "Unsaturated Polyesters and Vinyl Esters" (in en-US), Handbook of Thermoset Plastics (William Andrew Publishing): pp. 126, 2014-01-01, doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-3107-7.00006-3, https://www.sciencedirect.com:5037/science/chapter/edited-volume/abs/pii/B9781455731077000063, retrieved 2025-12-15 
  10. ↑ Baranauskienė, Renata; Venskutonis, Petras Rimantas; Ragažinskienė, Ona (2022-10-01). "Valorisation of Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile L.) herb by comprehensive evaluation of hydrodistilled aroma and residual non-volatile fractions". Food Research International 160. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111715. ISSN 0963-9969. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963996922007736. 
  11. ↑ Pham, Ha Q.; Marks, Maurice J. (2012). "Epoxy Resins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (Weinheim: Wiley-VCH). doi:10.1002/14356007.a09_547.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2. 
  12. ↑ F. Engelhorn (1880). Rudolph Fittig. ed. "II. Untersuchungen über die ungesättigten Säuren. Zur Kenntnis der Methacrylsäure". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 200: 70. doi:10.1002/jlac.18802000103. https://zenodo.org/record/1655491. .



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