Earth:Intertrappean Beds

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Intertrappean Beds
Stratigraphic range: Maastrichtian-Ypresian, 67.7–56 Ma
TypeUnit
Unit ofDeccan Traps
OverliesInfratrappean Beds
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] 17°12′N 77°54′E / 17.2°N 77.9°E / 17.2; 77.9
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 28°00′S 59°00′E / 28.0°S 59.0°E / -28.0; 59.0
RegionMadhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka[1]
CountryIndia
Intertrappean Beds is located in India
Intertrappean Beds
Intertrappean Beds (India)

The Intertrappean Beds are a Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene geologic unit in India. These beds are found as interbeds between Deccan Traps layers, including the slightly older Lameta Formation. They consist a number of different subgroups and formations, and span the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.[2][1]

Many mostly fragmentary fossils, especially of small vertebrates, are known from the formation.[3] Indeterminate theropod and pterosaur remains have been recovered from the formation, as well as dinosaur eggs.[4][5] The mammal genera Deccanolestes, Sahnitherium, Bharattherium, Indoclemensia, Indotriconodon and Kharmerungulatum have been recovered from several localities.[6] The Early Eocene-aged[7] Bamanbor locality in Gujarat preserves articulated freshwater fish specimens.[8][9] A rich plant flora is known from the formation.

Stratigraphy

Although often thought of as a contemporaneous unit that was formed in a single rapid eruption event, more studies that date the age of the volcanic beds indicate that the Deccan Traps did not erupt all at once. Instead, different portions appear to have erupted during different periods of time. This means that the Intertrappean Beds are best understood as a group of different volcanic-associate formations of varying ages.[10]

Divisions

Kale et al (2020) divided the group into the following provinces:[10]

  • Sahyadri Group or Western Province (age: Late Maastrichtian to Danian, ~67.5 to 62.5 mya)
  • Satpura Group or Central Province
  • Malwa Group (age: Late Maastrichtian, ~67.7 mya; likely the oldest group)
  • Amarkantak Group or Mandla Province (age: early Paleogene, ~64.5 mya - unknown)

Mittal et al (2021) divided the group into the following provinces:[11]

Formations

Chemostratigraphic definition

Kale et al (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.[10]

  • Wai Subgroup (youngest)
    • Desur Formation
    • Panhala Formation
    • Mahabaleshwar Formation (~63.2 mya)
    • Ambenali Formation
    • Poladpur Formation
  • Lonavala Subgroup
    • Bushe Formation
    • Khandala Formation
  • Kalsubai Subgroup (oldest, ~67.5 mya)
    • Bhimashankar Formation
    • Thakurwadi Formation
    • Neral Formation
    • Igatpuri Formation
    • Jawhar Formation

Lithostratigraphic definition

Kale et al (2020) divided the group as follows. Subgroups/formations are classified based on oldest to youngest.[10]

  • Sahyadri Group:
    • Bombay Subgroup (~62.5 mya)
      • Borivali Formation
      • Elephanta Formation
    • Khandala Subgroup (~67.5 to 63.2 mya)
      • Mahabaleshwar Formation (~63.2 mya)
      • Purandargarh Formation
      • Diveghat Formation
      • Karla Formation
      • Indrayani Formation
    • Kalsubai Subgroup (oldest: ~67.5 mya)
      • Upper Ratangarh Formation
      • Lower Ratangarh Formation
      • Salher Formation
  • Satpura Group:
    • Karanja Formation (youngest)
    • Buldhana Formation
    • Chikli Formation
    • Ajanta Formation
    • Upper Ratangarh Formation
    • Karanja Formation
    • Buldana Formation
    • Chikli Formation (oldest)
  • Malwa Group:
    • Singarchori Formation (youngest)
    • Bargonda Formation
    • Indore Formation
    • Kankaria-Pirukheri Formation
    • Kalisindh Formation
    • Mandleshwar Formation
    • Gaganwara Formation (oldest)
  • Amarkantak Group:
    • Kuleru Formation (youngest)
    • Khamla/Kampla Formation
    • Amarwara Formation
    • Multai Formation
    • Linga Formation
    • Pipardehi Formation
    • Dhuma Formation
    • Mandla Formation (oldest, ~64.4 mya)

Within the newly defined Saurhastra Group (age: Paleocene to early Eocene), the following divisions were found by Patel & Shah (2023):[12]

  • Ninama Basin:
    • Ninama Limestone (youngest)
    • Sukhbhadar Formation (oldest)
  • Chotila Basin:
    • Bamanbor Formation (youngest)
    • Chotila Chert
    • Rangpar Formation (oldest)

Paleobiota

Template:Paleobiota-key-compact

Fish

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Anthracoperca A. bhatiai Naskal, Rangapur Otolith. A percoid otolith.
Apateodus A. striatus Asifabad[13] An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Ariidae incertae sedis Naskal, Rangapur, Anjar Otolith. An ariid catfish otolith.
?Belonostomus B. indicus Nagpur[3][14] An aspidorhynchid.
Coupatezia C. sp Asifabad[13] An eagle ray.
Cyprinidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A cyprinid.
Dapalis D. erici Rangapur Otolith. A serranid otolith.
"Eotrigonodon" "E." wardhaensis Asifabad[13] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[15]
Enchodus E. sp Asifabad[13] An enchodontoid aulopiform.
Horaclupea H. intertrappea Bamanbor[8] Early Eocene[12][7] Complete skeleton. A clupeid.
Igdabatis I. indicus Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] An eagle ray.
Indiaichthys I. bamanborensis Bamanbor[9] Early Eocene[12][7] Multiple complete skeletons. A possible percoid.[18]
"Indotrigonodon" "I." ovatus Asifabad[13] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[15]
"Lepidotes" "L." sp Asifabad[13] A lepisosteiform.
Lepisosteus L. indicus Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] A gar.
Nandidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A nandid.
Osteoglossidae incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] An osteoglossid of uncertain affinities.
Palaeolabrus P. dormaalensis Asifabad[13] A palaeolabrid.
Palaeopristolepis P. chiplonkari Bamanbor[8] Early Eocene[12][7] Multiple partial skeletons. A questionable leaffish.[18]
P. feddeni
"Perca" "P." angusta Bamanbor[8] Early Eocene[12][7] Skull. A possible percoid, classification very doubtful.[18]
Percomorpha incertae sedis Bamanbor[9] Early Eocene[12][7] Partial skeleton. A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Phareodus P. sp. Asifabad, Naskal & Marepalli[13] A bonytongue.
Polycanthidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A polycanthid.
"Pisdurodon" "P." spatulatus Asifabad[13] Initially described as tetraodontiform, but likely represent grasping teeth of pycnodonts.[15]
Pycnodontidae incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] A pycnodontid of uncertain affinities.
"Pycnodus" "P." lametae Asifabad[13] A pycnodontid.
Raja R. sudhakari Asifabad[13] A skate.
Rhombodus R. sp. Asifabad[13] A stingray.
Serranidae incertae sedis Deothan-Kheri A serranid.
Siluriformes incertae sedis Kisalpuri & Piplanarayanwar[16][17] A catfish of uncertain affinities.
Sphenodus S. sp. Asifabad[13] A shark.
Stephanodus S. lybicus Asifabad & Marepalli[13] A pycnodontid.


Otolith-based taxa

Genus[19] Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
"Ambassidarum" A. cappettai Nagpur Otolith An ambassid otolith.
"Apogonidarum" A. curvatus Naskal, Rangapur Otolith A cardinalfish otolith.
"Blenniidarum" B. sp Rangapur Otolith A blenny otolith.
?"Centropomidarum" C. takliensis Nagpur Otolith A possible snook otolith.
"Clupeidarum" C. valdiyai Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith A clupeid otolith.
C. sahnii
"Gonorhynchidarum" G. rectangulus Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith A gonorynchid otolith.
"Heterotidinarum" H. heterotoides Naskal Otolith An arapaimine otolith.
"Notopteridarum" N. nolfi Naskal, Rangapur, Cheemalagutta Otolith A notopterid otolith.
"Osteoglossidarum" O. deccanensis Naskal, Otolith An osteoglossid otolith.
O. intertrappus
"Percoideorum" P. citreum Naskal, Nagpur, Rangapur Otolith Percoid otoliths.
P. nagpurensis
P. rangapurensis
?"Pristolepidinarum" P. jaegeri Nag Otolith A possible pristolepid otolith.
"Serranidarum" S. sp. Anjar Otolith A serranid otolith.

Amphibians

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Gobiatidae incertae sedis Naskal A gobiatid frog.[3][20]
"Hemisotidae"/"Leptodactylidae" incertae sedis Naskal A frog of uncertain affinities.[3][20]
Indobatrachus I. pusillus Worli Hill Early Paleocene[10] Multiple complete skeletons[21] A frog of uncertain affinities.
Pelobatidae incertae sedis Nagpur A pelobatid frog.[3]
Ranoidea incertae sedis Naskal A ranoid frog.[3][20]
Costata incertae sedis A costatan frog[20]
?Caudata incertae sedis A possible salamander.[20]

Reptiles

Turtles

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Carteremys C. leithii Worli Hill Early Paleocene[10] Carapace, plastron, skull and partial mandible A turtle of uncertain affinities.
Sankuchemys S. sethnai Amboli Quarry[22] Skull[22] A bothremydid turtle.

Lepidosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acrosphenodontia Incertae sedis Naskal[23] Dentary with teeth.[23] An indeterminate rhynchocephalian.
"Agama" A. sp. Rangapur An indeterminate agamid lizard.
Anguidae Incertae sedis Naskal An indeterminate anguid lizard.[20]
?"Contogenys" ?"C." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate scincomorph lizard.[20]
Deccansaurus D. palaeoindicus Kesavi[24] Maastrichtian/Early Paleocene Jaws & several osteoderms.[24] A scincoid lizard.
?"Exostinus" "E." estestai Nagpur An indeterminate xenosaurid lizard.[20]
"Eumeces" "E." sp. Rangapur An indeterminate scincid lizard.[20]
Indophis I. sahnii Naskal[25] Over 160 vertebrae.[25] A nigerophiid snake.
"Litakis" "L." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate lizard.
"Pristiguana" "P." sp. Nagpur An indeterminate iguanid lizard.
Serpentes Incertae sedis Naskal[25] A trunk vertebra & left dentary.[25] A snake.
Serpentes[20] Incertae sedis Possibly a primitive form,
Madtsoiidae[20] Incertae sedis Three individuals. Madsoid snakes.
cf. Indophis[20] cf. I. sahnii Nigerophiidae snake.
Booidea[20] Incertae sedis Possibly a Booid snake.

Crocodyliforms

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Crocodylidae incertae sedis Worli Hill[3][26] Teeth and dentary. A crocodylid crocodyliform.
Dyrosauridae incertae sedis Kisalpuri[27] Partial mandible, frontal, and vertebrae A dyrosaurid crocodyliform.
Crocodyliformes incertae sedis Naskal[26] Teeth. Shows similarities to Hamadasuchus and perhaps Mahajangasuchus.

Dinosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
?"Hypselosaurus" "H." sp Mohgaon Kalan[3] A titanosaurian sauropod.
M. rawesi Tooth Previously thought to be Massospondylus now thought to have been an indeterminate Theropod.
Sauropoda Incertae sedis Asifabad, Ranipur, Anjar[3] Bones Sauropod bones.
Oogenera
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Megaloolithus baghensis Kisalpuri[16] Eggshell fragments A Titanosaur egg.
Subtiliolithus kachhensis Kisalpuri[16] Eggshell fragments A Enantiornithine bird egg.

Pterosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Pterosauria incertae sedis Sirol-khal locality[5] An indeterminate dentulous pterosaur. May not be from the Maastrichtian.[28]

Mammals

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bharattherium B. bonapartei Kisalpuri A fragmentary cheek-tooth. A sudamericid mammal.
Deccanolestes D. hislopi Naskal microvertebrate site Molars, calcanea, astralgi, humerus, ulna. A eutherian mammal.
D. robustus Naskal microvertebrate site "Dental material and an astragalus". A eutherian mammal.
D. narmadensis Kisalpuri "Isolated rear molar." A eutherian mammal.
Indoclemensia I. naskalensis Naskal microvertebrate site[1] Right second Molar. A eutherian mammal.
I. magnus Naskal microvertebrate site[1] Left second Molar. A eutherian mammal.
Indotriconodon I. magnus Kutch[29] Single lower Molar. A eutriconodont mammal.
Kharmerungulatum K. vanvaleni Kisalpuri[30] Isolated right lower molar. A eutherian mammal.
Sahnitherium S. rangapurensis Rangapur microvertebrate site[31] Upper Molar. A eutherian mammal.

Arthropods

Genus Species Material Location Time Period Notes Images
?Buprestidae Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Jewel beetle.
Lomatus[32] L. hislopi Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Jewel beetle.
?Curculionidae Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snout beetle.
Meristos M. hunteri Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snout beetle.
Ostracoda Indeterminate Maharashtra Maastrichtian An Ostracod.
Palaeotanymecides P. hislopi Maharashtra Maastrichtian A Snout beetle.

Mollusca

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bamanboria B. oblongis Bamanbor Early Eocene[7] Shells A deccanoid freshwater mussel.[7]
Chotilia C. deccanensis Bamanbor Early Eocene[7] Shells A deccanoid freshwater mussel.[7]
C. trappeansis
C. tuberculata
Deccanoida D. aleta Bamanbor Early Eocene[7] Shells A deccanoid freshwater mussel.[7]
D. congruis
D. costaria
Limnaea sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A snail.
Valvata sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A snail.
Paludina sp. Maharashtra Maastrichtian A snail.
Physa P. prinsepii Maharashtra Maastrichtian A snail.

Flora

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Connaroxylon C. dimorphum Dhagaon, Mandla district[33] Wood[33] Affinities with Connaraceae.
Euphorbiotheca E. deccanensis Fruit, member of Euphorbiaceae.[34]
Hyphaeneocarpon Fruit, member of palm tribe Borasseae.[35]
Palmocarpon Fruit, member of palm tribe Cocoseae.[36]
Palmoxylon P. dindoriensis Wood, member of palm subfamily Coryphoideae.[37]
Pantocarpon Fruit, member of Torricelliaceae.[38]
Phyllanthocarpon P. singpurensis Fruit, member of Phyllanthaceae.[39]
Rhizopalamoxylon Palm rhizome, close affinities to Nypa.[40]
Pediastrum Algae.[41]
Lecaniella Algae.[41]
Pierceites P. deccanensis A Dinocyst.[41]
Aulacoseira A Diatom.[41]
Azolla Member of Salviniaceae.[41]
Crybelosporites Member of Marsileaceae.[41]
Sparganiaceaepollenites Pollen grains, Member of [41]Sparganiaceae/Typhaceae.
Marsilea Member Marsileaceae.[41]
Regnellidium Member of Marsileaceae.[41]
Nymphaeaceae indet.[41]
Typhaceae indet.[41]
Liliaceae indet.[41]
Acanthaceae indet.[41]
Pontederiaceae indet.[41]
Ovoidites Member of Zygnemataceae.[41]
Gabonisporis Pollen grains, member of Marsileaceae.[41]

See also

  • Lameta Formation
  • List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
    • List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils
  • List of pterosaur-bearing stratigraphic units

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Renne, Paul R.; Samant, Bandana; Mohabey, Dhananjay M.; Dhobale, Anup; Tholt, Andrew J.; Tobin, Thomas S.; Widdowson, Mike et al. (2022-04-01). "New mammals from the Naskal intertrappean site and the age of India's earliest eutherians". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 591. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110857. ISSN 0031-0182. Bibcode: 2022PPP...59110857W. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003101822200027X. 
  2. ↑ Khosla, Ashu; Verma, Omkar; Kania, Sachin; Lucas, Spencer (2023). "Microbiota from the Late Cretaceous-Early Palaeocene Boundary Transition in the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India" (in en). Topics in Geobiology 54. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5. ISBN 978-3-031-28854-8. ISSN 0275-0120. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-28855-5. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Sahni, Ashok (2014), "Vertebrate fauna from the Deccan volcanic province: Response to volcanic activity" (in en), Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects (Geological Society of America), doi:10.1130/2014.2505(09), ISBN 978-0-8137-2505-5, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/674/chapter/3807838, retrieved 2024-04-03 
  4. ↑ Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Barrett, P.M; Edwards, N.P.; Milner, A.R.; Butler, R.J., "Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas." (in en), Flugsaurier: Pterosaur Papers in Honour of Peter Wellnhofer. 2008. Hone, D.W.E., and Buffetaut, E. (Eds). Zitteliana B, 28. 264pp., https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12007/1/zitteliana_2008_b28_05.pdf 
  6. ↑ "MESOZOIC MAMMALS; Basal Eutheria Two, an internet directory". http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/basepi.htm. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 Shah, Nishi H.; Patel, Satish J. (2024-12-01). "A new superfamily of freshwater mussels Deccanoidea nov. (Mollusca: Unionida) from an intertrappean deposit of Saurashtra province (Gujarat state, western India): An example of disjunct distribution" (in en). Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 69 (2): 121–146. doi:10.1177/05529360241269345. ISSN 0552-9360. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Borkar, V. D. (1973-10-01). "Fossil fishes from the Inter-trappean beds of Surendranagar District, Saurashtra" (in en). Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 78 (4): 181–193. doi:10.1007/BF03045500. ISSN 0370-0097. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Arratia, G; López-Arbarello, A; Prasad, GVR; Parnar, V; Kriwet, J (2004), Arratia, G; Wilson, MVH; Cloutier, R, eds., "Late Cretaceous-Paleocene percomorphs (Teleostei) from India - Early radiation of Perciformes", Recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates (Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany): pp. 635–655, ISBN 978-3-89937-052-2, https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/late-cretaceous-paleocene-percomorphs-teleostei-from-india-early-, retrieved 2024-04-03 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Kale, Vivek S.; Dole, Gauri; Shandilya, Priyanka; Pande, Kanchan (2019-06-18). "Stratigraphy and correlations in Deccan Volcanic Province, India: Quo vadis?". GSA Bulletin 132 (3–4): 588–607. doi:10.1130/B35018.1. ISSN 0016-7606. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/132/3-4/588/571703/Stratigraphy-and-correlations-in-Deccan-Volcanic?redirectedFrom=fulltext. 
  11. ↑ Mittal, Tushar; Richards, Mark A.; Fendley, Isabel M. (2021). "The Magmatic Architecture of Continental Flood Basalts I: Observations From the Deccan Traps" (in en). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 126 (12). doi:10.1029/2021JB021808. ISSN 2169-9356. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Patel, Satish J.; Shah, Nishi H. (2023-09-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Paleogene Deccan Intra-, Intertrappeans of the Saurashtra, Western India and their Prevalence in Large Igneous Provinces" (in en). Journal of the Geological Society of India 99 (9): 1199–1210. doi:10.1007/s12594-023-2452-4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12594-023-2452-4. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 Prasad, G. V. R. (1989-08-01). "Vertebrate Fauna from the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age Implications" (in en). Journal Geological Society of India 34 (2): 161–173. doi:10.17491/jgsi/1989/340206. ISSN 0974-6889. Bibcode: 1989JGSI...34..161P. https://www.indianjournalofentrepreneurship.com/index.php/jgsi/article/view/66753. 
  14. ↑ "Mineralienatlas - Fossilienatlas" (in en). https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/FossilData?lang=de&fossil=Belonostomus%20indicus. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Kaur, Jasdeep; Prashanth, M. (2017-02-17). "Myliobatid and pycnodont fish from the Late Cretaceous of Central India and their paleobiogeographic implications" (in en). Historical Biology 29 (2): 253–265. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1154954. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2017HBio...29..253V. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2016.1154954. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Khosla, A.; Prasad, G. V. R.; Verma, O.; Jain, A. K.; Sahni, A. (2004-08-10). "Discovery of a micromammal-yielding Deccan intertrappean site near Kisalpuri, Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh" (in en). Current Science 87 (3): 380–383. ISSN 0011-3891. http://cs-test.ias.ac.in/cs/Downloads/article_37788.pdf. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Lourembam, Ranjit Singh; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Grover, Pooja (2017). "Ichthyofauna (Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) from the Upper Cretaceous intertrappean beds of Piplanarayanwar, Chhindwara District, Madhya Pradesh, India" (in en). Island Arc 26 (1). doi:10.1111/iar.12180. ISSN 1038-4871. Bibcode: 2017IsArc..26E2180L. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iar.12180. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018" (in en). Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505. https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=7048. 
  19. ↑ Nolf, Dirk; Rana, R. S.; Prasad, G. V. R. (2008). "Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian fish otoliths from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds, India: a revision". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 78: 239–259. https://biblio.naturalsciences.be/library-1/rbins-staff-publications/articlereference.2020-03-25.2086036848. 
  20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar; Khosla, Ashu; Parmar, Varun (2020), Prasad, Guntupalli V.R.; Patnaik, Rajeev, eds., "Anuran Lissamphibian and Squamate Reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean Sites in Central India, with a Review of Lissamphibian and Squamate Diversity in the Northward Drifting Indian Plate" (in en), Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni (Cham: Springer International Publishing): pp. 99–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6, ISBN 978-3-030-49753-8 
  21. ↑ Noble, G. K. (1930-02-08). "The fossil frogs of the intertrappean beds of Bombay, India.". American Museum Novitates (401): 1–13. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3061. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Gaffney, Eugene S. (2003). Sankuchemys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides, Bothremydidae) from the late Cretaceous of India. New York, NY: American Museum of Natural History. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/178196. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Anantharaman, S.; DeMar, David G.; Sivakumar, R.; Dassarma, Dilip Chandra; Wilson Mantilla, Gregory P.; Wilson Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2022-06-30). "First rhynchocephalian (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) from the Cretaceous–Paleogene of India" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 42 (1). doi:10.1080/02724634.2022.2118059. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2022JVPal..42E8059A. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Yadav, Ravi; Bajpai, Sunil; Maurya, A.S.; Čerňanský, Andrej (June 2023). "The first potential cordyliform (Squamata, Scincoidea) from India (uppermost Cretaceous – lowermost Paleocene): an African lizard clade brings possible implications for Indo-Madagascar biogeographic links" (in en). Cretaceous Research 150. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105606. Bibcode: 2023CrRes.15005606Y. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123001349. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Rage, Jean-Claude; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R. (November 1992). "New snakes from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Naskal, India". N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh. 187 (1): 83–97. doi:10.1127/njgpa/187/1992/83. https://www.academia.edu/33857841. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Prasad, Guntupalli V. R; de Lapparent de Broin, France (2002-01-01). "Late Cretaceous crocodile remains from Naskal (India): comparisons and biogeographic affinities". Annales de Paléontologie 88 (1): 19–71. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(02)01036-4. ISSN 0753-3969. Bibcode: 2002AnPal..88...19P. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753396902010364. 
  27. ↑ Khosla, Ashu; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Prasad, Guntupalli V. R.; Verma, Omkar (2009-12-12). "Dyrosaurid remains from the Intertrappean Beds of India and the Late Cretaceous distribution of Dyrosauridae" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (4): 1321–1326. doi:10.1671/039.029.0416. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2009JVPal..29.1321K. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1671/039.029.0416. 
  28. ↑ Pentland, Adele H.; Poropat, Stephen F. (2023-07-01). "A review of the Jurassic and Cretaceous Gondwanan pterosaur record". Gondwana Research 119: 341–383. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2023.03.005. ISSN 1342-937X. Bibcode: 2023GondR.119..341P. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X23000795. 
  29. ↑ Bajpai, Sunil; Rautela, Abhay; Yadav, Ravi; Mantilla, Gregory P. Wilson (29 February 2024). "The first eutriconodontan mammal from the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 43 (4). doi:10.1080/02724634.2024.2312234. 
  30. ↑ Prasad, G. V. R.; Verma, O.; Sahni, A.; Parmar, V.; Khosla, A. (2007-11-09). "A Cretaceous Hoofed Mammal from India" (in en). Science 318 (5852): 937. doi:10.1126/science.1149267. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17991854. Bibcode: 2007Sci...318..937P. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1149267. 
  31. ↑ Rana, Rajendra S.; Wilson, Gregory P. (2003). "New Late Cretaceous mammals from the Intertrappean beds of Rangapur, India and paleobiogeographic framework". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (3): 331–348. https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app48-331.html. 
  32. ↑ Bellamy, C. L. (2013). "Fossil Buprestidae". A Checklist of World Buprestoidea. https://cerambycids.com/Buprestidae/WorldCat/Classif/fossils.htm. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Baas, Pieter; Manchester, Steven R.; Wheeler, Elisabeth A.; Srivastava, Rashmi (2017-02-13). "Fossil wood with dimorphic fibers from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India – the oldest fossil Connaraceae?" (in en). IAWA Journal 38 (1): 124–133. doi:10.1163/22941932-20170162. ISSN 0928-1541. 
  34. ↑ Reback, Rachel G.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Wurdack, Ken; Manchester, Steven R. (2022-02-01). "Fruits of Euphorbiaceae from the Late Cretaceous Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India" (in en). International Journal of Plant Sciences 183 (2): 128–138. doi:10.1086/717691. ISSN 1058-5893. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/717691. 
  35. ↑ Matsunaga, Kelly K S; Manchester, Steven R; Srivastava, Rashmi; Kapgate, Dashrath K; Smith, Selena Y (2019-06-21). "Fossil palm fruits from India indicate a Cretaceous origin of Arecaceae tribe Borasseae" (in en). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 190 (3): 260–280. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boz019. ISSN 0024-4074. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/190/3/260/5518348. 
  36. ↑ Manchester, Steven R.; Bonde, Suresh D.; Nipunage, Dinesh S.; Srivatava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, Rakesh C.; Smith, Selena Y. (2016-07-19). "Trilocular Palm Fruits from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India". International Journal of Plant Sciences 177 (7): 633–641. doi:10.1086/687290. ISSN 1058-5893. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/687290. 
  37. ↑ Khan, Mahasin Ali; Roy, Kaustav; Hazra, Taposhi; Mahato, Sumana; Bera, Subir (2020-01-01). "A New Coryphoid Palm from the Maastrichtian-Danian Sediments of Madhya Pradesh and its Palaeoenvironmental Implications" (in en). Journal of the Geological Society of India 95 (1): 75–83. doi:10.1007/s12594-020-1388-1. ISSN 0974-6889. Bibcode: 2020JGSI...95...75K. 
  38. ↑ Manchester, Steven R.; Kapgate, Dashrath K.; Patil, Sharadkumar P.; Ramteke, Deepak; Matsunaga, Kelly K.S.; Smith, Selena Y. (2019-10-23). "Morphology and Affinities of Pantocarpon Fruits (cf. Apiales: Torricelliaceae) from the Maastrichtian Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Central India". International Journal of Plant Sciences 181 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1086/706856. ISSN 1058-5893. 
  39. ↑ Kapgate, Dashrath; Manchester, Steven R.; Stuppy, Wolfgang (2017-06-01). "Oldest fruit of Phyllanthaceae from the Deccan Intertrappean Beds of Singpur, Madhya Pradesh, India". Acta Palaeobotanica 57 (1): 33–38. doi:10.1515/acpa-2017-0004. ISSN 2082-0259. http://archive.sciendo.com/ACPA/acpa.2017.57.issue-1/acpa-2017-0004/acpa-2017-0004.pdf. 
  40. ↑ Kathal, P. K.; Srivastava, Rashmi; Mehrotra, R. C.; Alexander, P. O. (2017-03-29). "Rhizopalmoxylon nypoides – a new palm root from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India" (in en). Journal of Earth System Science 126 (3): 35. doi:10.1007/s12040-017-0815-1. ISSN 0973-774X. Bibcode: 2017JESS..126...35K. 
  41. ↑ 41.00 41.01 41.02 41.03 41.04 41.05 41.06 41.07 41.08 41.09 41.10 41.11 41.12 41.13 41.14 41.15 Samant, Bandana; Puranik, Sumedha; Kapgate, D. K.; Mohabey, D. M.; Dhobale, Anup (2022-11-01). "Palynoflora from an Upper Cretaceous freshwater paleolake in central India: paleoecological implications". Cretaceous Research 139. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105302. ISSN 0195-6671. Bibcode: 2022CrRes.13905302S. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122001665. 

References

  • Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.



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