Biology:Tetraodontiformes

From HandWiki

Tetraodontiformes (/tɛtrə.ɒˈdɒntɪfɔːrmiːz/), also known as the Plectognathi, is an order of ray-finned fishes which includes the pufferfishes and related taxa. This order has been classified as a suborder of the order Perciformes, although recent studies have found that it, as the Tetraodontoidei, is a sister taxon to the anglerfish order Lophiiformes, called Lophiodei, and have placed both taxa within the Acanthuriformes. The Tetraodontiformes are represented by 10 extant families and at around 430 species overall. The majority of the species within this order are marine but a few may be found in freshwater. They are found throughout the world.

Taxonomy

Tetraodontiformes is a name first used for this order in 1940 by Lev Berg, the order was originally proposed in 1817 as the "Les Plectognathes", the Plectognathi. Cuvier divided this into two families, "Les Gymnodontes" and "Les Sclerodermes".[1] In 1940 Berg first used the term Tetraodontiformes for this order and this name is the currently accepted name as it follows the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature rule that a name for a family or higher taxa must have its root based on the type species of that grouping.[2][3] In this case the type species is Tetraodon lineatus Linnaeus, 1758.[4] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World recognises the order as a derived order within the Actinopterygii and as a monophyletic order within the Percomorpha.[5] Other authorities have proposed that it is not an order but that it is a clade, the Tetraodontoidei, within the order Acanthuriformes and is most closely related to the Lophiodei, the anglerfishes.[6]

Etymology

The name comes from Ancient Greek τετρα- (tetra-), meaning "four", ὀδούς (odoús), meaning "tooth",[7] and Latin formes, meaning "form".[8]

Evolution

Traditionally, the oldest recognized tetraodontiforms are the extinct suborder Plectocretacicoidei from the Late Cretaceous (Santonian to Campanian) of Italy and Slovenia, both in the former Tethyan region. These comprise the families Cretatriacanthidae and Protriacanthidae. Plectocretacicus from the Cenomanian of Lebanon has also been proposed as a tetraodontiform, but this has been more recently questioned.[9] More recent studies have also questioned the placement of the Plectrocretacicoidei in the Tetraodontiformes, due to their ancient nature contrasting with the position of the Tetraodontiformes as the most derived percomorph lineage, and the group displaying many traits that are not present in modern tetraodontiforms or are not exclusively found in them. It has thus been suggested that the Plectocretacicoidei might either represent indeterminate percomorphs or basal members of a more inclusive Acanthuriformes. If the Plectocretacicoidei are excluded, the earliest definitive fossil tetraodontiforms are a number of genera known from the earliest Eocene.[6]

Description

Tetraodontiformes include a variety of body shapes, all radical departures from the streamlined body plan typical of most fishes. These forms range from nearly square or triangular (boxfishes), globose (pufferfishes) to laterally compressed (filefishes and triggerfishes). They range in size from Rudarius excelsus (a filefish), measuring just 2 cm (0.79 in) in length, to the ocean sunfish, the largest of all bony fishes at up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and weighing over 2 tonnes.[10]

Most members of this order – except for the family Balistidae – are ostraciiform swimmers, meaning the body is rigid and incapable of lateral flexure. Because of this, they are slow-moving and rely on their pectoral, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins for propulsion rather than body undulation. However, movement is usually quite precise; dorsal and anal fins aid in manoeuvring and stabilizing. In most species, all fins are simple, small, and rounded, except for the pelvic fins which, if present, are fused and buried. Again, in most members, the gill plates are covered over with skin, the only gill opening a small slit above the pectoral fin.

The tetraodontiform strategy seems to be defense at the expense of speed, with all species fortified with scales modified into strong plates or spines[8] – or with tough, leathery skin (the filefishes and ocean sunfish). Another striking defensive attribute found in the pufferfishes and porcupinefishes is the ability to inflate their bodies to greatly increase their normal diameter; this is accomplished by sucking water into a diverticulum of the stomach. Many species of the Tetraodontidae, Triodontidae, and Diodontidae are further protected from predation by tetrodotoxin, a powerful neurotoxin concentrated in the animals' internal organs.

Long-spine porcupinefish, Diodon holocanthus: On the right is a blue-spotted grouper, Cephalopholis argus.

Tetraodontiforms have highly modified skeletons, with no nasal, parietal, infraorbital, or (usually) lower rib bones. The bones of the jaw are modified and fused into a sort of "beak";[11] visible sutures divide the beaks into "teeth". Counting these teeth-like bones is a way of distinguishing similar families, for example, the Tetraodontidae ("four-toothed"), Triodontidae ("three-toothed"), and Diodontidae ("two-toothed").

Their jaws are aided by powerful muscles, and many species also have pharyngeal teeth to further process prey items, because the Tetraodontiformes prey mostly on hard-shelled invertebrates, such as crustaceans and shellfish.

The Molidae are conspicuous even within this oddball order; they lack swim bladders and spines, and are propelled by their very tall dorsal and anal fins. The caudal peduncle is absent and the caudal fin is reduced to a stiff rudder-like structure. Molids are pelagic rather than reef-associated and feed on soft-bodied invertebrates, especially jellyfish.

Families

Ocean sunfish
The honeycomb cowfish is part of the family Ostraciidae.
American whitespotted filefish Cantherhines macrocerus

The Tetraodontiformes contains the following suborders and families, based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes and Santini & Tyler (2003):[12][13]

Fossil taxa

Eospinus, an unusual fossil balistoid from the Early Eocene of Turkmenistan
Spinacanthus from the Early Eocene of Italy
Iraniplectus from the Early Oligocene of Iran

Based on Santini & Tyler (2003):

  • Suborder ?†Plectocretacicoidei Tyler & Sorbini, 1996
    • Family ?†Cretatriacanthidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996
    • Family ?†Plectocretacicidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996
    • Family ?†Protriacanthidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996
  • Suborder Balistoidei
    • Superfamily †Moclaybalistoidea
      • Family †Moclaybalistidae Santini & Tyler, 2003[13]
    • Superfamily †Bolcabalistoidea
  • Suborder Tetraodontoidei
    • †Superfamily Eoplectoidea
      • Family †Eoplectidae Santini & Tyler, 2003[13]
    • Genus †Ctenoplectus Close, Johanson, Tyler, Harrington & Friedman, 2016 (Early Eocene of England)[14]
    • Genus †Iraniplectus Tyler, Mirzaie & Nazemi, 2006 (Early Oligocene of Iran)[15]
    • Family †Avitoplectidae Bemis, Tyler, Bemis, Kumar, Rana & Smith, 2017[16]
    • Family †Balkariidae Bannikov, Tyler, Arcila & Carnevale, 2016[17]
    • Family †Zignoichthyidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996

This cladogram of extant Tetraodontiformes is based on Santini et al., 2013.[18]

This cladogram of extant Tetraodontiformes is based on Santini et al., 2013.[18]

Tetraodontiformes
 
 
 

Triodontidae (threetooth puffer) 70px

 
 
 
 
 
 

Aracanidae (deepwater boxfishes) 70px

 
 
 
 

Ostraciidae (boxfishes) 70px

 
 
 
 
 
 

Triacanthidae (triplespines) 70px

 
 
 
 

Triacanthodidae (spikefishes) 100px

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Balistidae (triggerfishes) 70px

 
 
 
 

Monacanthidae (filefishes) 70px

 
 
 
 
 
 

Molidae (ocean sunfishes) 70px

 
 
 
 
 

Diodontidae (porcupinefishes) 70px

 
 
 
 

Tetraodontidae (pufferfishes) 70px

 
 
 
 
 
 

Timeline of genera

<timeline> ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px

Period = from:-145.5 till:15 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-145.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-145.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify

Colors = 

#legends
 id:CAR   value:claret
 id:ANK   value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196)
 id:HER   value:teal
 id:HAD   value:green
 id:OMN   value:blue
 id:black        value:black
 id:white        value:white
 id:cretaceous   value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31)
 id:earlycretaceous   value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65)
 id:latecretaceous   value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37)
 id:cenozoic     value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258)
 id:paleogene     value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) 
 id:paleocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) 
 id:eocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) 
 id:oligocene     value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) 
 id:neogene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) 
 id:miocene     value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) 
 id:pliocene     value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68)  
 id:quaternary   value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5)
 id:pleistocene   value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68)
 id:holocene   value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88)

BarData= 

bar:eratop
bar:space
bar:periodtop
bar:space
bar:NAM1
bar:NAM2
bar:NAM3
bar:NAM4
bar:NAM5
bar:NAM6
bar:NAM7
bar:NAM8
bar:NAM9
bar:NAM10
bar:NAM11
bar:NAM12
bar:NAM13
bar:NAM14
bar:NAM15
bar:NAM16
bar:NAM17
bar:NAM18
bar:NAM19
bar:NAM20
bar:NAM21
bar:NAM22
bar:NAM23
bar:NAM24
bar:NAM25
bar:NAM26
bar:NAM27
bar:NAM28
bar:NAM29
bar:NAM30
bar:NAM31
bar:NAM32
bar:NAM33
bar:NAM34
bar:NAM35
bar:NAM36
bar:NAM37
bar:NAM38

bar:space
bar:period
bar:space
bar:era

PlotData= 

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 
shift:(7,-4)
 
bar:periodtop
from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -66    color:latecretaceous    text:Late
from: -66   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleo.
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eo. 
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligo.            
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Mio.
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Pl.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pl.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

bar:eratop
from: -145.5    till: -66   color:cretaceous    text:Cretaceous
from: -66   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene         
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

PlotData= 

align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left

color:latecretaceous bar:NAM1  from:-99.6    till:-97.6 text:Plectocretacicus
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM2  from:-74.9    till:-68.9 text:Cretatriacanthus
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3  from:-70.6    till:-48.6 text:Kankatodus
color:paleocene bar:NAM4 from:-66    till:-55.8 text:Indotrigonodon
color:paleocene bar:NAM5 from:-66    till:-55.8 text:Pisdurodon
color:paleocene bar:NAM6 from:-66    till:-33.9 text:Eotrigonodon
color:eocene bar:NAM7 from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:Eospinus
color:eocene bar:NAM8  from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Eodiodon
color:eocene bar:NAM9  from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Eolactoria
color:eocene bar:NAM10  from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Eoplectus
color:eocene bar:NAM11 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Eotetraodon
color:eocene bar:NAM12 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Proaracana
color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Prodiodon
color:eocene bar:NAM14  from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Protacanthodes
color:eocene bar:NAM15 from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Protobalistium
color:eocene bar:NAM16  from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Spinacanthus
color:eocene bar:NAM17  from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Zignoichthys
color:eocene bar:NAM18  from:-55.8    till:-33.9 text:Progymnodon
color:eocene bar:NAM19 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Amanses
color:eocene bar:NAM20 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Diodon
color:eocene bar:NAM21 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Triodon
color:eocene bar:NAM22 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Ostracion
color:eocene bar:NAM23 from:-48.6    till:0 text:Triacanthus
color:oligocene bar:NAM24 from:-33.9    till:-28.4 text:Acanthopleurus
color:oligocene bar:NAM25 from:-33.9    till:-28.4 text:Balistomorphus
color:oligocene bar:NAM26 from:-33.9    till:-28.4 text:Cryptobalistes
color:oligocene bar:NAM27 from:-33.9    till:-28.4 text:Oligobalistes
color:oligocene bar:NAM28 from:-33.9    till:-28.4 text:Oligolactoria
color:oligocene bar:NAM29 from:-33.9    till:-5.332 text:Oligodiodon
color:oligocene bar:NAM30 from:-28.4    till:0 text:Aracana
color:miocene bar:NAM31 from:-23.03    till:0 text:Marosichthys
color:miocene bar:NAM32 from:-15.97    till:-2.588 text:Trigonodon
color:miocene bar:NAM33 from:-15.97    till:0 text:Balistes
color:miocene bar:NAM34 from:-15.97    till:0 text:Tetraodon
color:miocene bar:NAM35 from:-11.608    till:0 text:Chilomycterus
color:miocene bar:NAM36 from:-11.608    till:0 text:Mola
color:pliocene bar:NAM37 from:-5.332    till:-2.588 text:Kyrtogymnodon
color:pliocene bar:NAM38 from:-5.332    till:0 text:Alutera

PlotData= 

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25

bar:period
from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -66    color:latecretaceous    text:Late
from: -66   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleo.
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eo. 
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligo.            
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Mio.
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Pl.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pl.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

bar:era
from: -145.5    till: -66   color:cretaceous    text:Cretaceous
from: -66   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene         
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

</timeline>

References

  1. ↑ James C. Tyler (1980). "Osteology, phylogeny, and higher classification of the fishes of the order Plectognathi (Tetraodontiformes)". NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 434. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41180083. 
  2. ↑ Leo S. Berg (1940). Classification of fishes, both recent and fossil. Ann Arbor Michigan: J. N. Edwards. https://ia601404.us.archive.org/25/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.19051/2015.19051.Classification-Of-Fishes-Both-Recent-And-Fossil_text.pdf. 
  3. ↑ "International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Online)". International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. https://www.iczn.org/the-code/the-code-online/. 
  4. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron; van der Laan, Richard, eds. "Species in the genus Tetraodon". California Academy of Sciences. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Tetraodon. 
  5. ↑ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 518–526. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. OCLC 951899884. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named N&T2024
  7. ↑ Christopher Scharpf (5 September 2024). "Order TETRAODONTIFORMES: Families TRIODONTIDAE, TRIACANTHIDAE, TRIACANTHODIDAE, DIODONTIDAE and TETRAODONTIDAE". Christopher Scharpf. https://etyfish.org/tetraodontiformes1/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Order Summary for Tetraodontiformes". 2023. https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/Summary/OrdersSummary.php?Order=Tetraodontiformes. 
  9. ↑ Tyler, James C.; Tyler, James C.; Sorbini, Lorenzo; Institution, Smithsonian (1996). New superfamily and three new families of tetraodontiform fishes from the Upper Cretaceous: the earliest and most morphologically primitive plectognaths. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/159035. 
  10. ↑ Matsuura, Keiichi; Tyler, J.C. (1998). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego, California, USA: Academic Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2. 
  11. ↑ Ponder, Winston Frank; Lindberg, David R.; Ponder, Juliet Mary (2019). Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca. 1. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-11565-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=UjL3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA523. 
  12. ↑ Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION" (in en). https://www.calacademy.org/eschmeyers-catalog-of-fishes-classification. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Franceso Santini; James C. Tyler (2003). "A phylogeny of the families of fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes (Acanthomorpha, Tetraodontiformes), Upper Cretaceous to Recent". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (4): 565–617. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00088.x. 
  14. ↑ Close, Roger A.; Johanson, Zerina; Tyler, James C.; Harrington, Richard C.; Friedman, Matt (2016). Sigwart, Julia. ed. "Mosaicism in a new Eocene pufferfish highlights rapid morphological innovation near the origin of crown tetraodontiforms" (in en). Palaeontology 59 (4): 499–514. doi:10.1111/pala.12245. ISSN 0031-0239. Bibcode: 2016Palgy..59..499C. 
  15. ↑ Tyler, J.C.; Mirzaie, M.; Nazemi, A. (2006). New genus and species of basal tetraodontoid puffer fish from the Oligocene of Iran, related to the Zignoichthyidae (Tetraodontiformes). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona Geologia Paleontologia Preistoria, 30, 49–58
  16. ↑ Bemis, Katherine E.; Tyler, James C.; Bemis, William E.; Kumar, Kishor; Rana, Rajendra Singh; Smith, Thierry (2017-11-02). "A gymnodont fish jaw with remarkable molariform teeth from the early Eocene of Gujarat, India (Teleostei, Tetraodontiformes)" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6). doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1369422. ISSN 0272-4634. Bibcode: 2017JVPal..37E9422B. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2017.1369422. 
  17. ↑ Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Tyler, James C.; Arcila, Dahiana; Carnevale, Giorgio (2017-02-01). "A new family of gymnodont fish (Tetraodontiformes) from the earliest Eocene of the Peri-Tethys (Kabardino-Balkaria, northern Caucasus, Russia)" (in en). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15 (2): 129–146. doi:10.1080/14772019.2016.1149115. ISSN 1477-2019. Bibcode: 2017JSPal..15..129B. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2016.1149115. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Santini, Francesco; Sorenson, Laurie; Alfaro, Michael E. (2013). "A new phylogeny of tetraodontiform fishes (Tetraodontiformes, Acanthomorpha) based on 22 loci". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69 (1): 177–187. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.014. PMID 23727595. Bibcode: 2013MolPE..69..177S. 

Template:Actinopterygii Wikidata ☰ Q211837 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Tetraodontiformes&oldid=4493553"