Earth:Marjum Formation

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Marjum Formation
Stratigraphic range: Middle Cambrian, Drumian
↓
Notch Peak Sill intruding into the layers of white marble and grey argillite of the Marjum Formation
TypeGeological formation
OverliesWheeler Shale
ThicknessUp to 430 meters[1]
Lithology
Primarylimestone
Othershale, metasedimentary rocks
Location
RegionUtah
CountryUnited States
ExtentHouse Range
Type section
Named forMarjum Pass[2]
Named byCharles D. Walcott
Year defined1908[2]

The Marjum Formation is a Cambrian geological formation that overlies the Wheeler Shale in the House Range, Utah.[1][3] It is named after its type locality, Marjum Pass, and was defined in 1908.[2] The formation is known for its occasional preservation of soft-bodied tissue, and is slightly younger than the Burgess Shale,[4] falling in the Ptychagnostus praecurrens trilobite zone.[5]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Ambulacrarians

Ambulacrarians reported from the Marjum Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Castericystis C. vali Numerous specimens.[6] A solutan.
Eldonia E. ludwigi Marjum Pass (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone).[7] SM X.50204.1 (part) & SM X.50204.2 (counterpart).[7] A cambroernid.
File:Eldonia ludwigii life restoration.jpg
Marjumicystis M. mettae 7 specimens.[6] An eocrinoid.
Mastigograptus M. sp. A single specimen.[8] A mastigograptid graptolite.
Totiglobus T.? lloydi Locality 811.[9] 1 specimen (USNM 172047).[9] An edrioasteroid.

Arthropods

Arthropods reported from the Marjum Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Anomalocaris A. nathorsti Partial body (USNM 374593).[10] Species moved to the genus Peytoia.
Asaphiscus A. wheeleri Bathyuriscus fimbriatus Subzone.[11] A ptychopariid trilobite.
Baltagnostus B. eurypyx All subzones of the Bolaspidella Zone.[11] Multiple specimens.[11] A diplagnostid trilobite.
Bathyuriscidella B. aff. B. amplicauda Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] 3 pygidia.[11] A dolichometopid trilobite.
Bathyuriscus B. elegans Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A dolichometopid trilobite.
B. fimbriatus Bathyuriscus fimbriatus & lower Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A dolichometopid trilobite.
File:Bathyuriscus fimbriatus trilobite - Cleveland Museum of Natural History - 2014-12-26 (21103632376).jpg
Bolaspidella B. contracta Bolaspidella contracta & lower Lepojyge calva Subzones.[11] A menomoniid trilobite.
B. housensis Bathyuriscus fimbriatus Subzone.[11] A menomoniid trilobite.
B. jarrardi Localities 347, 391, and 716 (mid-Bolaspidella Zone).[12] Multiple specimens.[12] A menomoniid trilobite.
Branchiocaris B. pretiosa Sponge Gully.[10][13] 3 specimens.[10] A hymenocarine.
File:Branchiocaris.png
Buccaspinea B. cooperi Kells Knolls locality.[14] An almost complete specimen (BPM 1108).[14] A hurdiid, originally reported as Hurdia sp.
Burlingia B. halgedahlae Localities 347 and 716 (mid-Bolaspidella Zone).[12] Multiple specimens.[12] A burlingiid trilobite.
Caryosyntrips C. camurus 'Red Wash' locality.[14] 2 isolated frontal appendages.[14] A panarthropod of uncertain classification.
Cotalagnostus C. laevus Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] Over 50 specimens.[11] A diplagnostid trilobite.
C. sp. Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] A pygidium. A diplagnostid trilobite.
Dicranocaris D. guntherorum Red Wash, Modocia Flats & Sponge Gully.[13] 4 specimens.[13] An arthropod of uncertain classification.
Dytikosicula D. desmatae West of Delta, House Range.[7] 1 specimen (SM X.50203).[7] A putative megacheiran.
Elrathia E. alapyge Bolaspidella contracta & Lejopyge calva Subzones.[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A ptychopariid trilobite.
E. marjumi Bathyuriscus fimbriatus & Bolaspidella contracta Subzones.[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A ptychopariid trilobite.
Emeraldella E.? sp. Red Wash.[10] Part & counterpart (KUMIP 204791).[10] An artiopod.
Hemirhodon H. amplipyge Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] 14 incomplete specimens.[11] A dolichometopid trilobite.
File:Hemirhodon amplipyge.JPG
Holteria H. problematica Marjum Pass (Lejopyge calva Subzone).[11] A pygidium.[11] A corynexochid trilobite.
Homagnostus H. incertus Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] Multiple specimens.[11] An agnostid trilobite.
Hypagnostus H. parvifrons All subzones of the Bolaspidella Assemblage Zone.[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A diplagnostid trilobite.
Itagnostus I. interstrictus House Range.[15] A peronopsid trilobite originally reported as Peronopsis interstricta.
File:Itagnostus interstrictus (White, 1874) - 8 mm 2 (cropped).jpg
Leanchoilia L.? cf. protogonia Sponge Gully.[13] Part & counterpart of a complete specimen (UU 06011.01).[13] A megacheiran.
Lejopyge L. calva Marjum Pass (Lejopyge calva Subzone).[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A ptychagnostid trilobite.
Linguagnostus L. perplexus Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] Over 20 specimens.[11] A diplagnostid trilobite.
Marjumia M. callas Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] A marjumiid trilobite.
M. typa Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] A marjumiid trilobite.
Modocia M. laevinucha Bathyuriscus fimbriatus & Bolaspidella contracta Subzones.[11] Many specimens.[11] A marjumiid trilobite.
M. nuchaspina Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] A marjumiid trilobite.
M. typicalis 50 or more specimens.[11] A marjumiid trilobite.
Naraoia N. compacta Sponge Gully.[16] 4 specimens.[16] A naraoiid.
Neolenus N. inflatus Multiple specimens & fragments.[17] A trilobite.
N. intermedius East of Antelope Springs.[17] A trilobite.
N. intermedius pugio East of Antelope Springs.[17] 4 specimens of a pygidium.[17] A trilobite.
N. superbus East of Antelope Springs.[17] Multiple specimens & fragments.[17] A trilobite.
Nettapezoura N. basilika Sponge Gully.[13] An arachnomorph.
Olenoides O. decorus Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] 7 specimens.[11] A dorypygid trilobite.
O. inflatus Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] A dorypygid trilobite.
O. marjumensis Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] A dorypygid trilobite.
O. pugio Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A dorypygid trilobite.
O. superbus Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] 7 specimens.[11] A dorypygid trilobite.
Pahvantia P. hastata Precise localities unknown.[14] 3 specimens.[14] A hurdiid.
Error creating thumbnail:
Peronopsis P. interstricta House Range.[15] Numerous specimens.[11] Reassigned to the genus Itagnostus.
P. segmenta House Range.[15] Multiple specimens.[11] A peronopsid trilobite.
Perspicaris P.? ellipsopelta Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone.[18] Valves & carapaces.[18] A bivalved arthropod.
Peytoia P. nathorsti Sponge Gully.[10] Partial body (USNM 374593) & partial mouthpart (KUMIP 314095).[19] A hurdiid, formerly named Anomalocaris nathorsti.
Ptychagnostus P. akanthodes Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A ptychagnostid trilobite.
P. atavus House Range.[15] A ptychagnostid trilobite.
P. hybridus Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] About 10 specimens.[11] A ptychagnostid trilobite.
P. richmondensis Bathyuriscus fimbriatus Subzone.[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A ptychagnostid trilobite.
P. sp. Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] At least 5 pygidia. A ptychagnostid trilobite.
Trymataspis T. depressa Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] Over 30 specimens.[11] A lonchocephalid trilobite.
T. lomaleie Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] 10 cranidia.[11] A lonchocephalid trilobite.
T. pristina Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] Over 20 cranidia.[11] A lonchocephalid trilobite.
Tuzoia T. guntheri Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone.[18] Multiple valves & carapaces.[18][20] A hymenocarine.
Utagnostus U. trispinulus Bolaspidella contracta & Lejopyge calva Subzones.[11] Multiple specimens.[11] An agnostid trilobite.
Utaspis U. marjumensis House Range & Wheeler Amphitheater.[11] A ptychopariid trilobite.
File:Utaspis marjumensis.jpg
Zacanthoides Z. sp. Wheeler Amphitheater (Bolaspidella contracta Subzone).[11] A cranidium.[11] A zacanthoidid trilobite.
File:Zacanthoides typicalis 4334.JPG

Chancelloriids

Chancelloriids reported from the Marjum Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Chancelloria C. sp. Bathyuriscus fimbriatus & Bolaspidella contracta Subzones.[11] About 20 spicules.[11] A chancelloriid.
File:Chancelloria (7991988514).jpg

Chordates

Chordates reported from the Marjum Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Megasiphon M. thylakos House Range.[21] One specimen (UMNH.IP.6079).[21] A tunicate.
File:Megasiphon.png
Nuucichthys N. rhynchocephalus House range.[22] One specimen (UMNH.IP.6084)[22] A basal chordate related to Metaspriggina.
File:Nuucichthys rhynchocephalus general views.jpg
Skeemella S. clavula North of Red Wash (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Biozone).[23] 2 specimens (KUMIP 314102 & KUMIP 314103).[23] A vetulicolian.
File:Skeemella clavula copy.jpg

Cnidarians

Moon, Caron & Moysiuk (2023) considered these fossils would be ctenophores instead.[24]

Cnidarians reported from the Marjum Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Coronatae? Indeterminate Sponge Gully.[25] 1 specimen (UU07021.05).[25] Originally considered as a scyphozoan jellyfish, may be referrable to the crown jellyfish family, later reclassified to stem-ctenophore Calathites macrocalyx.[26]
File:Cartwright et al. 2007 f9.png
Cubozoa? Indeterminate Sponge Gully.[25] 2 specimens (UU07021.01 & UU07021.02).[25] Specimens possibly referrable to box jellyfish. Later reclassified to stem-ctenophore Calathites macrocalyx and Theiokylinxia cartwrightae.[26]
Narcomedusae? Indeterminate Sponge Gully.[25] 5 specimens (UU07021.03, UU07021.04, UU07021.06, UU07021.07 & UU07021.08).[25] Originally considered as a hydrozoan tentatively assigned to this family. Later reclassified to stem-ctenophore Theiokylinxia cartwrightae and indeterminate dinomischid for figured specimens.[26]
Semaeostomeae? Indeterminate Sponge Gully.[25] 2 specimens (UU07021.09 & UU07021.10).[25] Originally considered as a scyphozoan jellyfish tentatively assigned to this family. Later reclassified to indeterminate stem-ctenophore dinomischid.[26]

Ctenophores

Ctenophores reported from the Marjum Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Calathites C. macrocalyx House Range A stem-group ctenophore within the family Dinomischidae.[26]
File:Cartwright et al. 2007 f9.png
Ctenorhabdotus C. campanelliformis House Range (likely from the lower Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone).[27] 1 specimen (UMNH.IP.6125).[27] A ctenophore.
Dinomischidae Indeterminate House Range
Dinomischus D. nudus House Range A stem-group ctenophore within the family Dinomischidae.[26]
D. sp. A House Range
Thalassostaphylos T. elegans House Range (lower Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone).[27] 1 specimen (UMNH.IP.6086).[27] A ctenophore.
Theiokylixia T. cartwrightae House Range A stem-group ctenophore within the family Dinomischidae.[26]
File:Cartwright et al. 2007 f11.png

Lophotrochozoans

Lophotrochozoans reported from the Marjum Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Acrothele A. subsidua Bathyuriscus-Elrathina & Bolaspidella Zones.[11] A brachiopod.
Helcionella "H." arguta Bathyuriscus fimbriatus & Bolaspidella contracta Subzones.[11] More than 100 specimens.[11] A helcionellid.
Hyolithes H. sp. All subzones of the Bolaspidella Zone.[11] More than 100 specimens.[11] A hyolith.
File:Hyolithes (8108159898).jpg
Lingulella L. sp. Bathyuriscus fimbriatus & Bolaspidella contracta Subzones.[11] An obolid brachiopod.
File:LingulellaWaptaensis-ROM-June11-10.jpg
Micromitra M. modesta Multiple specimens.[11] A paterinide brachiopod.
Nisusia N. sulcata 18 specimens.[28] A kutorginate brachiopod.
File:Nisusia sp Naturalis.JPG
Pegmatreta P. bellatula Bathyuriscus fimbriatus & Bolaspidella contracta Subzones.[11] Numerous specimens.[11] A brachiopod.
P. ophirensis All subzones of the Bolaspidella Zone.[11] A brachiopod.
Pelagiella P. sp. Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] More than 50 internal molds.[11] A pelagiellid.
Prototreta P. attenuata Bathyuriscus-Elrathina Zone & Bolaspidella Zone.[11] A brachiopod.
P. mimica Bolaspidella contracta Subzone.[11] A brachiopod.
Stenothecoides S. elongata Bathyuriscus fimbriatus Subzone.[11] Over 30 valves.[11] A stenothecoid.

Scalidophorans

Scalidophorans reported from the Marjum Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Arrakiscolex A. aasei Grey Marjum locality (Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone).[29] Cuticle fragments.[29] A palaeoscolecid also known from the Upper Weeks Formation.
Ottoia O. prolifica Sponge Gully.[5] A complete individual (KUMIP 204770).[5] Referral of the specimen to this species is insecure, better classified as O.? sp.[29][30]
O.? sp. Sponge Gully.[29] A complete individual (KUMIP 204770).[29] A stem-priapulid, specimen formerly referred to Ottoia prolifica or Scathascolex minor.[29]
Scathascolex S. minor Sponge Gully.[5] A complete individual (KUMIP 204770).[5][31] Specimen reassigned to Ottoia? sp.[29]
Selkirkia S. willoughbyi Sponge Gully.[5] Tube with associated soft parts (KUMIP 204788).[5] A stem-priapulid.

Sponges

Sponges reported from the Marjum Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Choia C. carteri Sponge Gulch.[32] A demosponge.
C. hindei Red Cliffs Wash.[32] 2 specimens & 3 other fragments.[32] A demosponge.
C. utahensis Sponge Gulch.[32] Several specimens.[32] A demosponge.
Diagoniella D. cyathiformis Red Cliffs Wash & Kells Knolls Gulch.[32] Numerous specimens.[32] A reticulosan.
D. hindei Sponge Gulch.[32] Approximately 40 specimens.[32] A reticulosan.
D. magna Kells Knolls Gulch (Bathyuriscus fimbriatus zone).[33] A fragment (USNM 535922).[33] A reticulosan.
D. sp. Sponge Gulch.[32] 2 large fragments.[32] A reticulosan.
Hamptonia H. bowerbanki Red Cliffs Wash & Sponge Gulch.[32] Multiple specimens.[32] A demosponge.
Hazelia H. palmata Near Marjum Pass.[34] One specimen.[34] A demosponge.
Hintzespongia H. bilamina Kells Knolls Gulch (Bathyuriscus fimbriatus zone).[32][33] Multiple specimens.[32][33] A reticulosan.
Hexactinellida Indeterminate Miscellaneous spicules.[11] Indeterminate glass sponges, originally reported as Hyalospongiae (now a junior synonym).
Kiwetinokia Drum Mountains.[32] 4 large slabs.[32] A reticulosan.
Leptomitus L. metta Red Cliffs Wash locality.[32] 22 specimens.[32] A demosponge.
Polygoniella P. turrelli House Range[35] Around 200 specimens[35] A glass sponge
Protospongia P.? elongata Sponge Gulch.[32] 1 specimen.[32] A reticulosan.
Testiispongia T. venula Sponge Gulch.[32] Several specimens.[32] A glass sponge.
Valospongia V. gigantis Sponge Gulch.[32] A reticulosan.
V.? gigantus Kells Knolls Gulch (Bathyuriscus fimbriatus zone).[33] A fragment (USNM 535917).[33] A reticulosan.

See also

  • List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Utah
  • Paleontology in Utah

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Foster, John; Gaines, Robert (October 2016). "Taphonomy and paleoecology of the "middle" Cambrian (Series 3) formations in Utah's West Desert: Recent finds and new data". Utah Geological Association Publication 45: 291–336. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310951914. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Walcott, Charles D. (1910). "Nomenclature of some cambrian cordilleran formations". Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 53 (1): 1–12. https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/23377. 
  3. ↑ "Trilobites of The Marjum Formation". http://www.westerntrilobites.com/Formations/Marjum.htm. 
  4. ↑ Robison, R. A. (1964). "Upper Middle Cambrian Stratigraphy of Western Utah". Geological Society of America Bulletin 75 (10): 995–1010. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1964)75[995:UMCSOW2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 1964GSAB...75..995R. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Conway Morris, S.; Robison, R. A. (1986). "Middle Cambrian priapulids and other soft-bodied fossils from Utah and Spain". University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 117: 1–22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29444261. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ubaghs, G.; Robison, Richard A. (September 1985). "A homoiostelean and a new eocrinoid from the Middle Cambrian of Utah". University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions (115): 1–24. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29444224. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Conway Morris, Simon; Selden, Paul A.; Gunther, Glade; Jamison, Paul G.; Robison, Richard A. (May 2015). "New records of Burgess Shale-type taxa from the middle Cambrian of Utah" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 89 (3): 411–423. doi:10.1017/jpa.2015.26. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2015JPal...89..411C. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282437122. 
  8. ↑ LoDuca, Steven T.; Kramer, Anthony (March 2014). "Graptolites from the Wheeler and Marjum Formations (Cambrian, Series 3) of Utah" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 88 (2): 403–410. doi:10.1666/12-096. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2014JPal...88..403L. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/graptolites-from-the-wheeler-and-marjum-formations-cambrian-series-3-of-utah/5D88217A8273B6DD7BC45D5B7ED3CD9B. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sprinkle, James (January 1985). "New edrioasteroid from the Middle Cambrian of western Utah". University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 116: 1–4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29444278. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.34 11.35 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.39 11.40 11.41 11.42 11.43 11.44 11.45 11.46 11.47 11.48 11.49 11.50 11.51 11.52 11.53 11.54 11.55 11.56 11.57 11.58 11.59 11.60 11.61 11.62 11.63 11.64 11.65 11.66 11.67 11.68 11.69 11.70 11.71 11.72 11.73 11.74 11.75 11.76 11.77 11.78 11.79 11.80 11.81 11.82 Robison, Richard A. (1964). "Late Middle Cambrian Faunas from Western Utah". Journal of Paleontology 38 (3): 510–566. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Robison, Richard A.; Babcock, Loren E. (2011-11-30). "Systematics, paleobiology, and taphonomy of some exceptionally preserved trilobites from Cambrian Lagerstätten of Utah" (in en). Paleontological Contributions (5): 1–47. doi:10.17161/PC.1808.8543. ISSN 1946-0279. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Briggs, Derek E. G.; Lieberman, Bruce S.; Hendricks, Jonathan R.; Halgedahl, Susan L.; Jarrard, Richard D. (2008). "Middle Cambrian arthropods from Utah". Journal of Paleontology 82 (2): 238. doi:10.1666/06-086.1. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2008JPal...82..238B. https://www.academia.edu/es/20042534. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Pates, Stephen; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Daley, Allison C.; Kier, Carlo; Bonino, Enrico; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2021-01-19). "The diverse radiodont fauna from the Marjum Formation of Utah, USA (Cambrian: Drumian)" (in en). PeerJ 9. doi:10.7717/peerj.10509. ISSN 2167-8359. PMID 33552709. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Robison, R. A. (1982). "Some Middle Cambrian Agnostoid Trilobites from Western North America". Journal of Paleontology 56 (1): 132–160. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Robison, Richard A. (1984-07-24). "New Occurrences of the Unusual Trilobite Naraoia From the Cambrian of Idaho and Utah". University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 112: 1–8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29444317. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Robison, Richard A.; Richards, B. C. (1981-12-16). "Large bivalve arthropods from the Middle Cambrian of Utah". University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 106: 1–19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29444322. 
  19. ↑ Pates, Stephen; Daley, Allison C.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (January 2018). "Hurdiid radiodontans from the middle Cambrian (Series 3) of Utah" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 92 (1): 99–113. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.11. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2018JPal...92...99P. https://paleorxiv.org/yxfje. 
  20. ↑ Vannier, Jean; Caron, Jean-Bernard; Yuan, Jin-Liang; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Collins, Desmond; Zhao, Yuan-Long; Zhu, Mao-Yan (May 2007). "Tuzoia: Morphology and Lifestyle of a Large Bivaled Arthropod of the Cambrian Seas" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 81 (3): 445–471. doi:10.1666/pleo05070.1. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2007JPal...81..445V. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234091422. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Nanglu, Karma; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Weaver, James C.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2023-07-06). "A mid-Cambrian tunicate and the deep origin of the ascidiacean body plan" (in en). Nature Communications 14 (1): 3832. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39012-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 37414759. Bibcode: 2023NatCo..14.3832N. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2024-07-24). "A long-headed Cambrian soft-bodied vertebrate from the American Great Basin region" (in en). Royal Society Open Science 11 (7). doi:10.1098/rsos.240350. ISSN 2054-5703. PMID 39050723. Bibcode: 2024RSOS...1140350L. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Kimmig, Julien; Leibach, Wade W.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2020-05-30). "First occurrence of the problematic vetulicolian Skeemella clavula in the Cambrian Marjum Formation of Utah, USA". Carnets de géologie (Notebooks on geology) 20 (10): 215–221. doi:10.4267/2042/70836. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341684917. 
  24. ↑ Moon, Justin; Caron, Jean-Bernard; Moysiuk, Joseph (2023-08-09). "A macroscopic free-swimming medusa from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale" (in en). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 290 (2004). doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.2490. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 37528711. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 Cartwright, Paulyn; Halgedahl, Susan L.; Hendricks, Jonathan R.; Jarrard, Richard D.; Marques, Antonio C.; Collins, Allen G.; Lieberman, Bruce S. (2007-10-31). Humphries, Stuart. ed. "Exceptionally Preserved Jellyfishes from the Middle Cambrian" (in en). PLOS ONE 2 (10). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001121. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 17971881. Bibcode: 2007PLoSO...2.1121C. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 26.5 26.6 Parry, Luke A.; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Coleman, Robert; Mouro, Lucas Del; Gaines, Robert R.; Skabelund, Jacob; Weaver, James C.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2025-12-31). "The oldest diverse jellyfish fauna reinterpreted as sessile polypoid dinomischids (stem-group Ctenophora)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 23 (1). doi:10.1080/14772019.2025.2545834. ISSN 1477-2019. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Parry, Luke A.; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Weaver, James C.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2021-09-24). "Cambrian comb jellies from Utah illuminate the early evolution of nervous and sensory systems in ctenophores". iScience 24 (9). doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102943. ISSN 2589-0042. PMID 34522849. Bibcode: 2021iSci...24j2943P. 
  28. ↑ Holmer, Lars E.; Popov, Leonid E.; Ghobadi Pour, Mansoureh; Claybourn, Tom; Zhang, Zhiliang; Brock, Glenn A.; Zhang, Zhifei (2018-01-09). "Evolutionary significance of a middle Cambrian (Series 3) in situ occurrence of the pedunculate rhynchonelliform brachiopod Nisusia sulcata" (in en). Lethaia 51 (3): 424–432. doi:10.1111/let.12254. ISSN 0024-1164. Bibcode: 2018Letha..51..424H. https://www.idunn.no/doi/10.1111/let.12254. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 Leibach, Wade; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Whitaker, Anna; Schiffbauer, James; Kimmig, Julien (September 2021). "First palaeoscolecid from the Cambrian (Miaolingian, Drumian) Marjum Formation of western Utah". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66. doi:10.4202/app.00875.2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350157067. 
  30. ↑ Smith, Martin R.; Harvey, Thomas H. P.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (May 2015). Kouchinsky, Artem. ed. "The macro- and microfossil record of the Cambrian priapulid Ottoia" (in en). Palaeontology 58 (4): 705–721. doi:10.1111/pala.12168. ISSN 0031-0239. Bibcode: 2015Palgy..58..705S. 
  31. ↑ Smith, Martin R. (2015-10-15). Sigwart, Julia. ed. "A palaeoscolecid worm from the Burgess Shale" (in en). Palaeontology 58 (6): 973–979. doi:10.1111/pala.12210. Bibcode: 2015Palgy..58..973S. 
  32. ↑ 32.00 32.01 32.02 32.03 32.04 32.05 32.06 32.07 32.08 32.09 32.10 32.11 32.12 32.13 32.14 32.15 32.16 32.17 32.18 32.19 32.20 32.21 32.22 32.23 Rigby, J. Keith (1983). "Sponges of the Middle Cambrian Marjum Limestone from the House Range and Drum Mountains of Western Millard County, Utah". Journal of Paleontology 57 (2): 240–270. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Rigby, J. Keith; Church, Stephen B.; Anderson, Nicolle K. (2010). "Middle Cambrian Sponges from the Drum Mountains and House Range in Western Utah". Journal of Paleontology 84 (1): 66–78. doi:10.1666/08-046.1. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 2010JPal...84...66R. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Rigby, J. Keith; Gunther, Lloyd F.; Gunther, Freida (November 1997). "The first occurrence of the Burgess Shale demosponge Hazelia palmata Walcott, 1920, in the Cambrian of Utah" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 71 (6): 994–997. doi:10.1017/S0022336000035976. ISSN 0022-3360. Bibcode: 1997JPal...71..994R. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022336000035976/type/journal_article. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Del Mouro, Lucas; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Botting, Joseph; Coleman, Robert; Gaines, Robert R.; Skabelund, Jacob; Weaver, James C.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2024-09-18). "A new sponge from the Marjum Formation of Utah documents the Cambrian origin of the hexactinellid body plan" (in en). Royal Society Open Science 11 (9). doi:10.1098/rsos.231845. ISSN 2054-5703. PMID 39295920. 



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