Earth:Rotzo Formation

Rotzo Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early-Late Pliensbachian
~188–183 Ma

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Rotzo Formation; Stratigraphic range: Early-Late Pliensbachian; ~188–183 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	The Cimon del Latemar represents the internal lagoon of a fossil carbonate platform
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Calcari Grigi Group
Sub-units	Tovel Member
Underlies	Calcari Grigi di Noriglio Formation
Overlies	Monte Zugna Formation
Lithology
Primary	Lagoonal or restricted shallow subtidal; lithified, gray, silty marl. Paralic; ooidal, gray grainstone and bioturbated, intraclastic, ooidal, gray wackestone. Subtidal flat with mud banks and sand deposits.
Other	Light-grey to yellowish-grey packstone, with oolites, bioclasts, algal lumps, pellets, dasycladacean algae, foraminifera, lituolids, and miliolids
Location
Location	Vicenza Province: Trentino-Alto Adige, Southern Alps
Coordinates	[ ⚑ ] : 45°42′N 11°06′E / 45.7°N 11.1°E
Paleocoordinates	[ ⚑ ] 32°06′S 16°42′E / 32.1°S 16.7°E
Country	Italy
Type section
Named for	Rotzo
	Rotzo Formation (Italy)

Short description: Jurassic geological formation in Italy

The Rotzo Formation (also known in older literature as the Noriglio Grey Limestone Formation) is a geological formation in Italy, dating to roughly between 189 and 183 million years ago and covering the Pliensbachian stage of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era.^[3] Has been traditionally classified as a Sinemurian-Pliensbachian Formation, but a large and detailed dataset of isotopic ¹³C and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr data, estimated the Rotzo Formation to span only over the whole Pliensbachian.^[4] The Rotzo Formation represented the Carbonate Platform, being located over the Trento Platform and surrounded by the Massone Oolite (marginal calcarenitic bodies), the Fanes Piccola Encrinite (condensed deposits and emerged lands), the Lombadian Basin Medolo Group and Belluno Basin Soverzene Formation (open marine), and finally towards the south, deep water deposits of the Adriatic Basin.^[5] The also Pliensbachian Aganane Formation of Morocco represents a regional equivalent, both in deposition and faunal content.

Fossil prosauropod tracks have been reported from the formation.^[6] This formation was deposited within a tropical lagoon environment, similar to modern Bahamas which was protected by oolitic shoals and bars from the open deep sea located to the east (Belluno Basin) and towards the west (Lombardia Basin). It is characterized by a rich paleontological content. It is notable mostly thanks to its great amount of big aberrant bivalves, among which is the genus Lithiotis, described in the second half of the nineteenth century. The unusual shape of Lithiotis and Cochlearites shells, extremely elongated and narrow, characterized by a spoon-like body space placed in a high position, rarely preserved, seems to suggest their adaptation to soft and muddy bottoms with a high sedimentation rate.^[7] The Bellori outcrop displays about 20 m of limestones with intercalated clays and marls rich in organic matter and sometimes fossil wood (coal) and amber. The limestones are well stratified, with beds 10 cm to more than one metre thick, whereas the clayey levels range between 3 and 40 cm in thickness.^[8]^[9]

Amoebae

The presence of the families Centropyxidae and Difflugiidae testifies the presence of a mixed marine-terrestrial depositional system, lacking large bodies of water.^[10]

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Centropyxis^[10]	Centropyxis sp.	Tonezza del Cimone	Calcareous Skeleton	A testate amoebae, member of the family Centropyxidae inside Arcellinida.	Extant Example of the Genus Centropyxis
Difflugia^[10]	Difflugia sp.	Tonezza del Cimone	Calcareous Skeleton	A testate amoebae, member of the family Difflugiidae inside Arcellinida.	Extant Example of the Genus Difflugia
Pontigulasia^[10]	Pontigulasia sp.	Tonezza del Cimone	Calcareous Skeleton	A testate amoebae, member of the family Difflugiidae inside Arcellinida.	Extant Example of the Genus Pontigulasia

Invertebrates and mollusks

Microfossils of the Rotzo Formation consist of benthic foraminifera, calcareous algae, Ostracoda and coprolites. Foraminifera are mainly benthic agglutinated species belonging to the superfamily Lituolacea (suborder Textulariina), while lamellar and porcellaneous-walled species are very rare.^[11] The bivalve Opisoma excavatum is very common.^[12]

Sponges

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Chaetetes^[13]	Chaetetes (Pseudoseptifer) waehneri	Lancia refuge Alpe Alba Col Santo	Colonial Imprints	A Chaetetidan Demosponge, member of Chaetetinae. Monospecific assamblages with encrusting and symbiont forms are found abundantly on lagoonal facies, distributed in several stratigraphic horizons.	Specimen of the same genus

Branchipods

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Gibbirhynchia^[14]	Gibbirhynchia curviceps	Sospirolo	Isolated Shells	A Rhynchonellidan brachiopoda, member of Gibbirhynchiinae. Unusual genus in the Mediterranean region, more common on NW Europe
Linguithyris^[14]	Linguithyris aspasia	Ballino Sospirolo	Isolated Shells	A Terebratulidan brachiopoda, member of Nucleatidae. Typical Mediterranean region taxon in the Pliensbachian
Liospiriferina^[14]	Liospiriferina obtusa	Cortina d'Ampezzo Sospirolo	Isolated Shells	A spiriferidan brachiopoda, member of Spiriferinidae. Typical Mediterranean region taxon in the Pliensbachian	Specimen of the same genus
Lychnothyris^[14]	Lychnothyris rotzoana	Sette Comuni Erbezzo	Isolated Shells	A Terebratulidan brachiopoda, member of Plectoconchidae. Typical Mediterranean region taxon in the Pliensbachian, the main Branchiopod associated with the Lithiotids facies
Prionorhynchia^[14]	Prionorhynchia? flabellum	Cortina d'Ampezzo Sospirolo	Isolated Shells	A spiriferidan brachiopoda, member of Spiriferinidae. Typical Mediterranean region taxon in the Pliensbachian

Bivalves

The Rotzo Formation is known mostly due to its massive bivalve associations of the genera Lithiotis, Cochlearites and Lithioperna that extended all along the Pliensbachian Trento Platform forming mass accumulations of specimens that formed Reef-Like structures.^[15] This fauna appeared after the early Pliensbachian C-cycle perturbation, that triggered the diffusion of the Lithiotis Fauna, noted on the rapid widespread of this biota after the event layers.^[15] All of the genera related with this fauna appeared on the lower Jurassic, and all but one became extinct before the Middle Jurassic.^[16] This "Reefs" had a strong zonation, starting with the bivalves Gervilleioperna and Mytiloperna, restricted to intertidal and shallow-subtidal facies. Lithioperna is limited to lagoonal subtidal facies and even in some low-oxygen environments. Finally Lithiotis and Cochlearites are found in subtidal facies, constructing buildups.^[16] This sections formed various kinds of ecosystems on the Trento platform, where it appeared in branched corals filled with (Spongiomorpha), Domal corals (Stromatoporida), tubular corals, Styllophyllidae corals, unidentified Cerioidea colonial corals, regular echinoid debris, sponges, and the solitary coral Opelismilia sp., with also aggregated snail shells.^[16]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Cochlearites^[17]^[18]^[19]^[16]	Cochlearites loppianus	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells Mass Accumulations of specimen	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida. A large bivalve, with a subequivalved shell, up to 60–70 cm high. It is one of the Three main bivalves recovered on the Lithiotis Facies, with its accumulations generally overlying megalodontid coquinas.^[18]
Eomiodon^[17]^[18]^[20]	Eomiodon serradensis Eomiodon baroni Eomiodon gardeti Eomiodon vulgaris	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Neomiodontidae inside Veneroidei. The so-called Eomiodon horizon represents the lower Rotzo Formation, composed of organic-rich marlstones with abundant specimens of this genus, typical of stressed environment with low salinity.^[17] This genus considered an opportunistic shallow infaunal suspension feeder, and the marker genus for brackish environments.^[20]
Gervillia^[21]	Gervillia buchi Gervillia spp.	Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Nosellari Chiesa Carbonare Osteria alla Stanga Between Chiesa S.Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Isolated Shells	An Oyster, member of Bakevelliidae inside Pteriida. Found on greater accumulations on lower shale-dominated levels
Gervilleioperna^[17]^[18]^[19]	Gervilleioperna ombonii Gervilleioperna sp.	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida. On the Rotzo formation this genus become abundant along rootlets, indicative of a very shallow and restricted lagoon or marsh environment.^[18]
Lithioperna^[17]^[18]^[19]^[16]	Lithioperna scutata Lithioperna sp.	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells Mass Accumulations of specimens	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida. This genus was found to be a bivalve with a byssate juvenile stage that developed different modes of life on the adulthood depending on the individual density and bottom firmness.^[19]
Lithiotis^[17]^[18]^[19]^[16]	Lithiotis problematica Lithiotis sp.	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells Mass Accumulations of specimens	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida. It is the major Bivalve identified on the formation, and the genus that gives the name to the Lithiotis fauna.^[18] Large, large and aberrant bivalves present on mostly of the Trento Platform.^[19] Its accumulation have had different denominations on literature, such as banks, bioherms, biostromes, bivalve reefs or bivalve mounds.^[18]
Mytiloperna^[17]^[18]^[19]	Mytiloperna sp.	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	An oyster, member of the family Malleidae inside Ostreida.
Opisoma^[17]^[18]^[12]	Opisoma excavatum Opisoma menchikoffi	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Astartidae inside Carditida. Is considered a genus that evolved from shallow burrowing ancestors, becoming a secondarily semi-infaunal edgewise recliner adapted to photosymbiosis.^[12]
Pachygervillia^[22]	Pachygervillia anguillaensis Pachygervillia taramellii	Vaio dell’Anguilla Vajo del Paradiso Val di Sella Viote section	Isolated Shells	An oyster, member of Plicatostylidae inside Ostreida.
Pachyrisma^[21]	Pachyrisma spp.	Bellori Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Nosellari Chiesa Carbonare Osteria alla Stanga Between Chiesa S.Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Isolated Shells	A clam, member of Megalodontidae inside Megalodontida.
Pseudopachymytilus^[17]^[18]^[19]	Pseudopachymytilus mirabilis Pseudopachymytilus sp.	Vaio del Paradiso Bellori Vaio dell'Anguilla Campodalbero Pasubio Albaredo Giazzera Valgola Valbona Rotzo Mezzaselv	Isolated Shells	A clam, incertae sedis inside Pterioida. On the Rotzo formation this byssate bivalve indicates a shallow subtidal or intertidal environment.^[19]

Ammonoidea

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Charmasseiceras^[23]	Charmasseiceras sp.	Serrada (Folgaria, Trento)	Shells of different sizes.^[23]	An ammonite of the family Schlotheimiidae. A very rare genus on the layers of the formation, being found only a few specimens.
Fuciniceras^[23]^[24]	Fuciniceras suejense Fuciniceras portisi	Fontana di Naole (Monte Baldo, Verona) Calcari a Cefalopodi (Induno Olona)	Shells of different sizes.^[23]	An Ammonite of the Family Hildoceratidae	Fuciniceras
Juraphyllites^[23]	Juraphyllites libertus	Contrada Ronchi (Recoaro Terme, Vicenza)	Shells of different sizes.^[23]	Type member of the family Juraphyllitidae. It is the most abundant Ammonite found on the Rotzo Formation	Juraphyllites (G)
Partschiceras^[24]	Partschiceras anonimum	Calcari a Cefalopodi (Induno Olona)	Shells of different sizes.	An Ammonite of the family Phylloceratidae.
Protogrammoceras^[24]^[25]	Protogrammoceras gr. celebratum-italicum Protogrammoceras isseli Protogrammoceras sp.	Calcari a Cefalopodi (Induno Olona) Monte Baldo	Shells of different sizes.	An Ammonite of the family Hildoceratidae.
Ugdulenaia^[24]^[26]	Ugdulenaia cf. ugdulenai	Calcari a Cefalopodi (Induno Olona)	Shells of different sizes.	An Ammonite of the family Hildoceratidae.

Gastropoda

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Anticonulus^[27]	Anticonulus acutus	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (Top Snail) of the Family Trochidae inside Trochoidea.
Aptyxiella^[21]	Aptyxiella spp.	Bellori Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Nosellari Chiesa Carbonare Osteria alla Stanga Between Chiesa S.Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), member of Nerinellidae inside Nerineoidea.
Ataphrus^[27]	Ataphrus (Ataphrus) latilabrus Ataphrus (Ataphrus) cordevolensis	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), type genus of the Family Ataphridae inside Trochoidea.
Austriacopsis^[27]	Austriacopsis austriaca	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the Family Fissurellidae inside Fissurelloidea.
Discohelix^[27]	Discohelix excavata	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), type genus of the Family Discohelicidae inside Vetigastropoda.
Eucyclidae^[27]	Eucyclidae Indeterminate	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the Family Eucyclidae inside Seguenzioidea.
Eucyclus^[27]	Eucyclus (Lokuticyclus) kericserensis	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), type genus of the Family Eucyclidae inside Seguenzioidea.
Emarginula^[27]	Emarginula (Emarginula) vadanaei	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the family Fissurellidae inside Fissurelloidea.
Globularia^[28]	Globularia sp.	Tonezza del Cimone	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the family Ampullinidae inside Campaniloidea.
Guidonia^[27]	Guidonia pseudorotula	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the family Trochonematidae inside Murchisoniina.
Neritopsis^[27]	Neritopsis fabianii Neritopsis spp.	Certosa di Vedana Bellori	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail), type genus of the family Neritopsidae inside Cycloneritimorpha.
Plectotrochus^[27]	Plectotrochus sp.	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (Top snail) of the family Trochidae inside Trochoidea.
Proacirsa^[27]	Proacirsa (Schafbergia) crenata	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the family Gordenellidae inside Allogastropoda.
Pseudonerinea^[28]	Pseudonerinea terebra	Tonezza del Cimone	Shells	A marine gastropod (snail) of the family Pseudonerineidae inside Nerineoidea.
Pseudorhytidopilus^[27]	Pseudorhytidopilus detonii	Certosa di Vedana	Shells	A marine gastropod (limpet) of the family Acmaeidae inside Patellogastropoda.
Tretospira^[28]	Tretospira tridentina	Tonezza del Cimone	Shells	A marine gastropod (periwinkle) of the family Purpurinidae inside Littorinoidea.

Echinoidea

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Polydiadema^[29]	Polydiadema depressum	Monte Roite	Two specimens (MCV.20/02 and MCV.20/03)	An Emiratiidae Phymosomatoidan. This Echinoids are recovered from a marginal marine layer, with abundant bivalves, gastropods, small corals, often found in concentrations due to tempestites.^[29]

Thylacocephala

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Rugocaris^[30]	Rugocaris indunensis	Calcari a Cefalopodi (Induno Olona)	Medium-sized bivalved carapace	A Concavicaridan Thylacocephalan. This specimen is a rathin rare case where there was the discover of a Thylacocephalan specimen in a rock deposed in a well oxigenated environment, while other finds come mostly from were from anaerobic environments.^[30] Rugocaris lived in an epibathyal environment.^[30]

Crustacea

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Klieana^[31]	Klieana sp.	Tonezza del Cimone.^[31]	Valves	An Ostracodan of the family Cytherideidae inside Cytheracea. The earliest record of the genus, the next youngest records of the genus are from Middle Jurassic sequences of France and Great Britain.^[31]
Limnocythere^[31]	Limnocythere sp.	Tonezza del Cimone.^[31]	Valves	An Ostracodan of the family Limnocytherinae inside Cytheracea. High probability to be a new species of Limnocythere since the authors know of no other with similar posterolateral sulcation.^[31]
Phlyctisoma^[32]	Phlyctisoma cf.sinemuriana	Valbona Area.^[32]	Slightly deformed Exuvia	An Erymid Decapodan Crustacean common on in mediterranean rocks. With a rostrum about 1.3 cm long and the cephalic part of carapace about 2.5 cm the specimen probably reached a total length between 9-10 cm, being one of the largest specimens belonging to this genus. Frequent association with Thalassinoides burrows.^[32]^[33]
Phraterfabanella^[31]	Phraterfabanella tridentinensis	Tonezza del Cimone.^[31]	Valves	An Ostracodan of the family Cytherideidae inside Cytheracea. The assemblage is dominated (>95%) by this taxon.^[31] It is a rather Medium-sized Ostracodan and markedly sexually dimorphic (males more elongate and more subrectangular versus shorter, more inflated and more subtriangular females).^[31] it is likely that the palaeoenvironment was somewhat "stressed" and probably influenced by Salinity, where this genus would adapt better that Other Ostracodans (is related to the modern euryhaline species, Cyprideis torosa).^[31]

Annelida

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Schistomeringos^[34]	Schistomeringos expectatus	Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Virti and Osteria alla Stanga Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni	Isolated scolecodonts	A polychaete of the family Dorvilleidae. Unlike the modern counterparts that live in deeper environments, this species is found linked with shallow marine facies	Extant specimen of the same genus

Invertebrate ichnofossils

In the Western Venetian Prealps a shallow-water, oceanic carbonate platform system, the Trento platform, developed on the Early Jurassic, producing a large succession of massive to well-bedded white Limestones, several 100 m (330 ft) thick that are part of the Calcari Grigi Group, where the Rotzo Formation is the Upper Member.^[35] On the local limestone of the Rotzo Formation deep burrowing is a very common type of biogenic activity, as is shown due to the presence of a large characteristic network of burrows which reach down to the lagoonal, marly-clayey assigned strata, suggesting intense bioturbation by large unknown organisms, perhaps giant decapod crustaceans (Probably members of the family Erymidae), although, the burrows found are not closely related to the ones of Shrimps or other decapods, but resemble those of Stomatopoda and Malacostraca.^[35] Other includes abandoned burrows, vertical biogenic action and infilling on the sea substrate.^[35]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Asteriacites^[36]	Asteriacites lumbricalis Asteriacites isp.	Coste dell’Anglone dinosaur ichnosite	Star-shaped impressions	An ichnogenus that represents the resting trace resting activity of sea stars (Asteroidea) and brittle stars (Ophiuroidea).^[36] The recovered from the Rotzo formation are probably from specimens trapped on tidal changes.^[36]
Chomatichnus^[35]	Chomatichnus wegberensis	Campomolon, Valbona	Vertical burrows with preserved entrances	It is difficult to suggest this ichnogenus because on the Formation the vertical and lined burrow with a deep central crater typical of Chomatichnus is never preserved.^[35] It resemble described burrows of endobenthic thalassinidean decapods, specially Callianassa subterranea of modern North Sea, Callianassa major, Callianassa californensis or Upogebia pugettensis.^[35] It can be also Serpulidae Polychaetan burrows.
Chondrites^[33]^[32]^[37]^[35]	Chondrites isp.	Campomolon, Valbona	Burrowing and track Ichnofossils	In the Rotzo Formation Ophiomorpha irregulaire local specimens the walls are extensively reworked by small, secondary burrowers assigned to the ichnogenus Chondrites.^[32] Interpreted as the feeding burrow of a sediment-ingesting animal.	Chondrites
Glossifungites^[35]	Glossifungites isp.	Campomolon, Valbona	Infilled abandoned burrows by coarse-grained skeletal debris	On the local waters during the Lower Jurassic, water motion due to the hurricane action truncated many mounds causing changes on the deposition on the sea-floor and inducing various phases of substrate infillings with carbonate mud, fine-to coarse-grained skeletal debris and fecal pellets.^[35] They are assigned to Priapulida, Serpulidae, Siboglinidae, Sabellidae or even Oweniidae.
Ophiomorpha^[33]^[32]^[37]^[35]	Ophiomorpha irregulaire cf. Ophiomorpha nodosa Ophiomorpha isp. A Ophiomorpha ? isp. B	Campomolon, Valbona	Burrowing and track Ichnofossils	Two major types of Ophiomorpha where recovered, a smaller one from 2–4 cm in size and the larger one from 5–15 cm in diameter.^[37] They are complex burrow systems lined with pelletoidal sediments generally infilled by coarse-grained detritus.^[33] Specimens Seems partly destroyed by weathering.^[32]	Ophiomorpha
Skolithos^[35]	Skolithos isp.	Campomolon, Valbona	Infilled abandoned burrows by coarse-grained skeletal debris	Ichnofossils done by organisms advancing along the bottom surface. Very narrow, vertical or subvertical, slightly winding unlined shafts filled with mud. Locally, post hurricane burrows are found in fine-grained tempestite beds and muddy layers and they are Domichnia, Fodinichnia and Chemichnia.^[35]	Skolithos
Thalassinoides^[33]^[32]^[37]^[35]	Thalassinoides suevicus Thalassinoides? isp. B	Campomolon, Valbona	Burrowing and track Ichnofossils	Thalassinoides suevicus has been found on mostly of the middle-upper part of the Rotzo Formation associated with muddy deposits. It ranges from 2–5 cm to 6–10 cm and the larger ones from 10 to 16 cm.^[33] Y-shaped tunnels that seen in cross-section reveal circular walls made of pelletoidal grainstone, being more probably a fodichnia of a burrowing animal.^[37] A few ichnofossils include simple cylindrical tubes up to 80 cm in length, that resemble crustacean described in Seychelles.^[37]	Thalassinoides

Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes

Episodic surficial bioturbation is common on the Rotzo Formation, due to invertebrates or fishes which alter intensely but rapidly the substrate for many cm in depth.^[35] It this case the Bioturbation is assigned to mollusc predatory Chondrichthyes, such as Hybodontidae and Heterodontidae.^[35] It also resembles present day flat angel sharks or Squatinidae and Guitarfish such as Rhinobatos.^[35]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Chimaeriformes^[38]	Chimaeriformes Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Teeth Scales	Uncertain Holocephalii remains
Hybodus^[39]^[38]	Hybodus sp.	Trento	Teeth First dorsal fin spine	A shark, type genus of the family Hybodontidae inside Hybodontiformes. A very prolific genus, found mostly on open marine units.
Orthacodus^[24]^[30]	Orthacodus sp	Calcari a Cefalopodi (Induno Olona)	Teeth	A shark, type genus of the family Orthacodontidae inside Synechodontiformes. The teeth recovered resemble Orthacodus longidens, and are related to an epibathyal environment, near to a major carbonate platform shelf.

Actinopterygii

Unidentified fish scales are known from the formation.^[40]

Genus	Species	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Lepidotes^[38]	Lepidotes sp.	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales	A member of the family Semionotidae inside Neopterygii.
Pachycormiformes^[39]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales	Actinopterygii fishes, the oldest record of the family
Pholidophoriformes ^[41]^[40]^[39]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Complete Specimen Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales	Teleostei fishes, with genera know to form large Fish schools.
Pycnodontiformes ^[41]^[40]^[39]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales	Teleostei Fishes of small size, related to lagoonar environments
Semionotiformes^[40]^[39]^[38]^[41]	Indeterminate	Campiluzzi Tunnel, west of Monte Buso.	Isolated Teeth Isolated Scales	The assigned teeth were found on i layer referred to a carbonate platform nearshore section, probably a lagoonar environment, where this and marine crocodrylomorphs lived.

Crocodyliformes

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Teleosauridae?^[41]^[40]	Indeterminate	Monte Pasubio	Isolated Teeth^[41]^[42]	A Thalattosuchian Mesoeucrocodylian. It was cited the presence of fragmentary and poorly preserved remains of “Teleosauridae?”. There are at least two morphotypes, implying two genera or two species. The fossils were found on lagoonal deposits.^[40]	Example of Thallatosuchian, Macrospondylus

Dinosaurs

On the Inter-supratidal levels show that on the Rotzo Formation the Tracksites were rarely hit by Storm Waves.^[43] Bella Lastra Tracksite recovers this environment, where the shales present (Where Fish & Crocodrylomorph Remains where found) are filled with plant roots, pollen grains, spores, freshwater ostracodes and the bivalve Eomiodon.^[43] This was deposited mostly on a Lagoonar environment with abundant shed vegetation.^[43] The main local Track record recovers specially Theropoda and Sauropoda, where the Sauropods are the most abundant tracks present (70%), moving the Otozum-like Sauropodomorphs of lower levels, with the climate changing from arid to humid.^[43] The Coste dell’Anglone ichnosite is considered as derived from semi-arid tidal flat deposits, due to the abundance of Cheirolepidiaceae Pollen.^[44] As the Pliensbachian Trento Platform is considered to be formed by a channelized barrier formed by sand, with reiterate tide emersions. The dinosaurs living here probably trampled on the subtidal flats looking for fishes trapped on tidal-derived ponds.^[44]

Dinosaurs of the Rotzo Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Member	Material	Notes	Images
Anchisauripus^[44]^[40]^[45]	Anchisauripus sp. A	Coste dell'Anglone tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Theropod tracks, type member of the ichnofamily Anchisauripodidae, incertae sedis inside Neotheropoda. Probably related to Coelophysidae, such as Procompsognathus and Panguraptor or Coelophysoidea, such as Lophostropheus. All tracks were probably produced by individuals with the same functional anatomy of the hind foot.^[43]
Kayentapus^[44]^[40]^[45]^[46]	Kayentapus sp. A Kayentapus sp. B	Coste dell'Anglone tracksite Bella Lasta tracksite Stol dei Campiluzzi tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Theropod tracks, member of the ichnofamily Eubrontidae, incertae sedis inside Neotheropoda. Includes Kayentapus sp. assigned to Sinosaurus-alike Theropods, but on the Rotzo Formation include also Abelisauroid-like tracks, similar to the foot of the genus Velocisaurus.^[40] The tracks measure 30 cm long and have a distinctive robust digit III.^[43] The Coste dell´Anglone tracksite had a pes with the metatarsal III elongated, as found on Dilophosaurus.^[44]
Moyenisauropus^[47]^[45]	Moyenisauropus sp.	Marocche di Dro tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Thyreophoran tracks, type member of the ichnofamily Moyenisauropodidae, incertae sedis inside Neornithischia. Is considered by some authors synonymous with the ichnogenus Anomoepus. The tracks adscribed share some morphological affinity with those referred to the Ankylosauridae, such as the ichnogenera Metatetrapodus and Tetrapodosaurus, and probably belonged to medium-sized Scelidosaurs or other kind of Thyreophorans. Include Specimens of up to 30 cm, suggesting +4 m long scelidosauroids.^[47]
Otozoum?^[47]^[45]	Otozoum? sp.	Marocche di Dro tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Sauropodomorph tracks, member of the ichnofamily Otozoidae, incertae sedis inside Sauropodomorpha. A single trackway that strongly differs from the others found on the same tracksite. It wears morphological and morphometrical appearance that suggests relationships with a prosauropod trackmaker.^[47]
Parabrontopodus^[48]	Parabrontopodus sp. A Parabrontopodus sp. B	Marocche di Dro tracksite Bella Lasta tracksite	Tovel Member	Footprints	Sauropod tracks, type member of the ichnofamily Parabrontopodidae, incertae sedis inside Sauropodomorpha. Tracks from large basal members of Sauropoda. The larger tracks comprise elliptic pes (L=70 cm; W=50 cm) and subcirluar manus prints (L=33 cm; W=30 cm), what are among the largest known dinosaur tracks of the lower jurassic.^[43] While nearly destroyed, the Tracks resemble the foot of the genus Barapasaurus. There is a type B of Parabrontopodus slightly smaller that resemble the genus Vulcanodon.

Flora

Rotzo Formation nearby land hosted Bahamian-type biomes (Gold Rock Beach in the picture) with nearby "Taxodium swamp"-like coniferous associations dominated by the Pagiophyllum producer

The Rotzo Formation was deposited on a Lagoon on the emerged Trento Platform, leading to a well preserved fossil flora record, collected and studied since the 19th century.^[49] The great level of floral fossilization has even allow to discovery fossil amber on the Bellori section. This amber has allowed to determine that the environment was a shallow tropical lagoon, only a few metres deep, closed seawards by oolitic shoals and bars.^[49] This levels are dominated by a high abundance of Classopollis sp. (Cheirolepidiaceae), associated with dry and wet climates in coastal areas. The abundance of this group of conifers is also proven by the high presence of cuticles of Pagiophyllum cf. rotzoanum.^[50] Beyond this genera, spores are highly diversified, including from Sphenophyta, Selaginellales to Ferns, with abundance (more than 50%) of trilete spores (Deltoidospora), what suggest a good freshwater availability corresponding to a wet climate, proven also by the presence of aquatic miospores of algae such as Botryococcus and Pseudoschizaea.^[49] The climate was arid on some seasons with monsoon months. The abundance of marine fauna on this sediments, including fragments of corals, bryozoans, bivalves, echinoids, and foraminifera, suggest transport from brackish lagoons and marshes, probably occurred during storm events.^[49] Overall data points to a marshy and/or submerged paleoenvironment, comparable to the present-day Taxodium swamp or cypress swamp and a Bahamian-type marine environment in a rather wet monsoonal climate as in the modern southeastern Asia.^[49]^[50]

Amber

The Rotzo Formation records one of the few Early Jurassic assamblages with Amber in the world, the nicknamed "Bellori amber" found near the village of the same name.^[51] Made mostly of small droplets of less than 1 mm with exceptionally preserved morphology its likely the amber producing plants were likely not stressed or affected by disease.^[51] Due to the small size animal inclusion have not been found. However various plant materials, identified “mummified wood” and wood tissue are known.^[51] Additionally large amounts of Circumpolles Cheirolepidiaceous pollen, and occasional freshwater algae Pseudoschizaea remains are included.^[51] Several cuticle fragments are attributed to the araucariaceous or Hirmeriellaceae genus Pagiophyllum.^[51] Those lived on a coastal and wet palaeoenvironment similar to the present-day Taxodium swamps with monsoonal seasons as in the modern southern Asia.^[51]

Palynology

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes
Accincitisporites^[52]^[53]	Accincitisporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Alisporites^[51]	Alisporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with Voltzia (Willsiostrobus) and Corystospermales
Aratrisporites^[51]	Aratrisporites sp	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with Lycophytes, in situ in Cyclostrobus, Lycostrobus and Annalepis zeiller.
Auritulinasporites^[52]^[51]	Auritulinasporites scanicus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Baculatisporites^[52]^[51]	Baculatisporites comaumensis Baculatisporites sp	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.
Calamospora^[51]	Calamospora sp	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the Calamitaceae in the Equisetales.
Camarozonosporites^[52]^[51]	Camarozonosporites cf. heskemensis	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Cabochonicus^[53]	cf. Cabochonicus carbunculus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with Selaginellaceae
Chasmatosporites^[51]	Chasmatosporites sp	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the family Zamiaceae in the Cycadales. It is among the most abundant flora recovered on the upper section of the coeval Rya Formation, and was found to be similar to the pollen of the extant Encephalartos laevifolius.^[54]
Classopollis^[52]^[51]	Classopollis sp Classopollis classoides Classopollis meyeriana Classopollis torosus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida.
Concavisporites^[52]^[51]	Concavisporites crassexinius Concavisporites sp A Concavisporites sp B Concavisporites sp C	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Cycadopites^[52]^[51]	Cycadopites sp	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cycadaceae and Bennettitaceae.
Deltoidospora^[52]^[51]	Deltoidospora minor Deltoidospora toralis Deltoidospora sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Densosporites^[52]^[51]	Densosporites fissus Densosporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Eucommiidites^[52]^[51]	Eucommiidites troedssoni	Bellori, Ponte Basaginocchi, Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Type pollen of the Erdtmanithecales, related to the Gnetales.
Foveosporites^[52]^[51]	Foveosporites visscheri Foveosporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores.	Affinities with Selaginellaceae
Granuloperculatipollis^[51]	Granuloperculatipollis sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida.
Horstisporites^[52]^[53]	Horstisporites harrisii	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Hughesisporites^[53]	cf. Hughesisporites orlowskae	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the Selaginellaceae in the Lycopsida.
Ischyosporites^[52]^[51]	Ischyosporites variegatus Ischyosporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Leptolepidites^[52]^[51]^[53]	Leptolepidites cf. major Leptolepidites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Limbosporites^[51]	Limbosporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida.
Lycopodiacidites^[52]^[51]	Lycopodiacidites cerebriformis Lycopodiacidites regulatus Lycopodiacidites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the Ophioglossaceae in the Filicales.
Lycopodiumsporites^[52]^[51]^[53]	Lycopodiumsporites semimuris Lycopodiumsporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida
Monosulcites^[51]^[53]	Monosulcites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the family Karkeniaceae and Ginkgoaceae in the Ginkgoales.
Perinopollenites^[51]^[53]	Perinopollenites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the family Cupressaceae in the Pinopsida.
Pinuspollenites^[51]^[53]	Pinuspollenites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the family Pinaceae in the Pinopsida.
Retitriletes^[52]^[53]	Retitriletes semimuris	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida
Retusotriletes^[52]^[53]	Retusotriletes sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Lycopodiaceae in the Lycopodiopsida
Skarbysporites^[52]^[51]^[53]	Skarbysporites puntii Skarbysporites elsendoornii Skarbysporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Schizosporis^[52]^[51]^[53]	Schizosporis cf. reticulatus Schizosporis sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Cysts	Affinities with Chlorophyta
Spheripollenites^[52]^[51]^[53]	Spheripollenites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Pollen	Affinities with the Hirmeriellaceae in the Pinopsida
Tigrisporites^[52]^[51]^[53]	Tigrisporites jonkeri Tigrisporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Todisporites^[52]^[51]^[53]	Todisporites minor Todisporites cinctus Todisporites sp.	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Affinities with the family Osmundaceae in the Polypodiopsida.
Trachysporites^[52]^[51]^[53]	Trachysporites fuscus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria BetweenChiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Trileites^[52]^[53]	cf. Trileites murrayi	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Affinities with Selaginellaceae
Verrutriletes^[52]	cf. Verrutriletes compostipunctatus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla	Spores	Incertae sedis; affinities with the Pteridophyta
Vitreisporites^[52]^[51]^[53]	Vitreisporites pallidus	Bellori Ponte Basaginocchi Vajo dell’Anguilla Between Pedescala and Castelletto Between Ferrazza and Campodalbero Dazio Between Nosellari and Dazio Between Carbonare and Nosellari Buse and Between Virti and Osteria Between Chiesa S. Martino and Zaffoni Between Boccaldo and Pozza Rovereto Leno di Terragnolo	Pollen	From the family Caytoniaceae in the Caytoniales.

Equisetales

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Equisetites^[55]^[56]	Equisetites bunburyanus Equisetites veronensis	Roverè di Velo Campo Fontana Val d´Assa	Stems	Affinities with Equisetaceae. Related to humid environments, the stems of local Equisetopsids show a rather large grown cycle, like the Bamboo on the modern Southern Asia, implicating tall Plants influenced by a Tropical Climate.
Phyllotheca^[55]^[56]	Phyllotheca brongniartiana Phyllotheca equisetiformis	Roverè di Velo	Leaf Whorl	Affinities with Phyllothecaceae inside Equisetales	Phyllotheca brongniartiana from the Rotzo Formation

Ferns

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Danaeites^[55]^[56]	Danaeites heeri Danaeites brongniartiana	Rotzo Val d´Assa Bienterle Selva di Progno	Fronds	Affinities with Marattiales inside Marattiopsida.
Dictyophyllum^[55]^[56]	Dictyophyllum sp.	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Gleichenites^[55]^[56]	Gleichenites elegans	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Polypodiales inside Polypodiopsida
Hymenophyllites^[55]^[56]	Hymenophyllites leckenbyi	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Hymenophyllaceae inside Hymenophyllales. Tunbridge filmy ferns or Tunbridge filmy-fern, which forms large dense colonies in humid settings
Laccopteris^[55]^[56]	Laccopteris rotzana	Rotzo	Fronds	Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Marzaria^[55]^[56]	Marzaria paroliniana	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.	Marzaria paroliniana from the Rotzo Formation
Matonidium^[55]^[56]	Matonidium rotzoana	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Phlebopteris^[55]^[56]	Phlebopteris polypodioides	Val d´Assa	Fronds	Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.
Protorhipis^[55]^[56]	Protorhipis asarifolia	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Gleicheniales. A rather lower Fern, with great resemblance with the modern genus Dipteris

Seed Ferns

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Cycadopteris^[55]^[57]^[58]	Cycadopteris brauniana Cycadopteris heerii Cycadopteris heterophylla	Grey limestones of Veneto Rotzo Roverè di Velo Albaredo	Fronds	Affinities with Corystospermales inside Pteridospermopsida. On the Roverè di Velo collection, C. brauniana is the most common Frond found. The Fronds belong to medium to large arboreal Ferns.	Cycadopteris brauniana and Cycadopteris sp., both recovered from different locations of the Rotzo Formation
Cyclopteris^[55]^[56]	Cyclopteris minor	St. Bortolomeo	Fronds	Affinities with Cyclopteridaceae inside Pteridospermatophyta.
Dichopteris^[55]^[56]	Dichopteris rhomboidalis Dichopteris paroliniana Dichopteris angustifolia Dichopteris visianica Dichopteris micophylla	Roverè di Velo Val d´Assa Val Juliani Val Salorno	Fronds	Affinities with Corystospermales inside Pteridospermopsida. This frons genus has been synonymized with Pachypteris , but it clearly differs due to the presence of odontopteridian pinnules, while Pachypteris has pinnules of the sphenopteridian type. Related to Arboreal Ferns.	Dichopteris visianica from the Rotzo Formation
Lomatopteris^[55]^[56]	Lomatopteris jurensis	Roverè di Velo	Fronds	Affinities with Cyclopteridaceae inside Pteridospermatophyta.	Lomatopteris jurensis from the Rotzo Formation
Pseudosagenopteris^[55]^[56]	Pseudosagenopteris angustifolia	Roverè di Velo	Leaflets	Affinities with Caytoniales inside Pteridospermopsida.
Sagenopteris^[55]^[56]	Sagenopteris reniformis Sagenopteris goeppertiana Sagenopteris nilssoniana	Roverè di Velo	Leaflets	Affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Caytoniales. There is a superficial doubt with the assignation to S. goeppertiana, and due to that Roverè di Velo specimen may be confirmed by comparing them with original Zigno's Material.	Sagenopteris nilssoniana from the Rotzo Formation

Bennettitales

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Otozamites^[57]^[59]^[58]	Otozamites bunburyanus Otozamites veronensis Otozamites vicentinus Otozamites mattiellianus Otozamites nathorstii Otozamites cf. bunburyanus? Otozamites feistmantelii Otozamites molinianus Otozamites massalongianus Otozamites sp.	Roverè di Velo Rotzo Val d´Assa M. Pernigotti S. Bortolomeo	Pinnate leaf fragments	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Overall, the genus Otozamites is among the most abundant flora genus recovered on some of the levels of the Rotzo Formation, and also one of the most diversified. It belongs to arbustive Bennetites.	Otozamites bunburyanus from the Rotzo Formation
Pterophyllum^[57]^[59]	Pterophyllum venetum Pterophyllum platyrachis	Roverè di Velo Rotzo Vall d´Assa M. pernigotti Scandolara	Leaflets	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. This genus has been related with the more arboreal family Williamsoniaceae, although is more probably from a low arboreal to arbustive Bennetite.
Ptilophyllum^[57]^[59]^[58]	Ptilophyllum grandifolium Ptilophyllum triangulare Ptilophyllum sp	Roverè di Velo	Leaves	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Was previously ascribed by Guiscardi (Director of the Geology Department of the Napoles University between 1861 al 1885) to Pachypteris visianica and Cycadopteris brauniana.	Ptilophyllum grandifolium from the Rotzo Formation
Sphenozamites^[57]^[59]	Sphenozamites rossii Sphenozamites sp.	Roverè di Velo	Leaflets	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Related with Cycad-like trees.
Weltrichia^[57]^[59]	Weltrichia sp.	Roverè di Velo	Bennettite "Flower"	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Weltrichia is considered by some authors some kind of Bennetitalean Flower, putting that group on relationships with the Angiosperms.
Williamsonia^[57]^[59]	Williamsonia italica	Monte raut Roverè di Velo	Bennettite "Flower"	Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales.	Williamsonia italica from the Rotzo Formation
Zamites^[57]^[59]	Zamites goepperti Zamites ribeiroanus Zamites rotzoanus	Rotzo M. pernigotti S. Bortolomeo	Leaflets	Affinities with Bennettitales inside Cycadeoidopsida. This genus has been related with the more arboreal family Williamsoniaceae, although is more probably from a low arboreal to arbustive Bennetite.

Ginkgoopsida

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Desmiophyllum^[55]^[57]^[58]	Desmiophyllum zeillerianum Desmiophyllum rigidum	Roverè di Velo	Incomplete leaves	Possible Affinities with Czekanowskiales, sometimes found inside Ginkgoopsida, yet their relationships are complicated. Was assigned the Podozamites genus and named them Podozamites zeillerianus. Represents shrub to arboreal taxa, with it´s best modern analogue being the Angiosperm Casuarina
Trevisania^[55]^[57]^[56]^[59]	Trevisania furcellata	Val d´Assa	Leaves	Affinities with the genus Trichopitys, as probably a member of Karkeniaceae inside Ginkgoopsida, with strong resemblance with the genus Baiera

Conifers

Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Brachyphyllum^[55]^[57]^[56]^[59]^[58]	Brachyphyllum tropidimorphyrn	Roverè di Velo Grey limestones of Veneto.	Branched shoots	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferales. Brachyphyllum tropidimorphyrn shows close resemblance between African and Venetian conifers and its distribution suggests a lowland araucarian forest.^[60]	Brachyphyllum sp. from the Rotzo Formation
Dactylethrophyllum^[55]^[57]^[56]^[59]^[58]	Dactylethrophyllum peristictum	Roverè di Velo Grey limestones of Veneto.	Branched shoots	Affinities with Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferales.
Elatocladus^[55]^[57]^[56]^[59]	Elatocladus zignoi cf. Elatocladus sp.	Grey limestones of Veneto.	Branched shoots	Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Coniferales.	Elatocladus zignoi from the Rotzo Formation
Pagiophyllum^[50]^[55]^[57]^[58]	Pagiophyllum rotzoanum Pagiophyllum cf.rotzoanum Pagiophyllum veronense Pagiophyllum cf. veronense Pagiophyllum valdassense	Roverè di Velo	Leaves Cuticles	Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferales. One of the specimens was assigned to Otozamites massalongianus, due to confusing the overlapping appearance and the Otozamites-like shape of the leaves of the apical portion of the main shoot.	Pagiophyllum rotzoanum from the Rotzo Formation
Pelourdea^[55]^[57]	Pelourdea schimperianus	Roverè di Velo Val d´Assa Rotzo Scandolara Squaranton Bienterle	Isolated Leaves Pollen Organ	Incertae sedis inside Coniferales, suggested as a member of it´s own family, the "Pelourdeaceae". A hygrophytic riparian conifer with herbaceous or shrubby habit. Some specimens are difficult to identify.
Stachyotaxus^[55]^[57]^[56]^[59]	Stachyotaxus sp.	Grey limestones of Veneto.	Branched shoots	Affinities with Palyssiaceae inside Coniferales, a genus that has been related to the fossil wood Phyllocladoxylon, being probably fronds of the Podocarpaceae family.
Taxites^[55]^[57]	Taxites vicentina	Grey limestones of Veneto.	Branched shoots	Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Coniferales. Some specimens are difficult to identify and where mistaken as Bennetite fronds.	Taxites vicetina from the Rotzo Formation

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↑ ^59.00 ^59.01 ^59.02 ^59.03 ^59.04 ^59.05 ^59.06 ^59.07 ^59.08 ^59.09 ^59.10 ^59.11 Wesley, A. (1958). "Contributions to the knowledge of the flora of the Grey Limestones of Veneto, Part 2". Mem. Ist. Geol. Min. Univ. Padova 21 (1): 1–57.
↑ Krassilov, V. A. (1978). "Araucariaceae as indicators of climate and paleolatitudes.". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 26 (1–4): 113–124. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(78)90008-8.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotzo Formation. Read more

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[Monaco2-35] 35.00 ^35.01 ^35.02 ^35.03 ^35.04 ^35.05 ^35.06 ^35.07 ^35.08 ^35.09 ^35.10 ^35.11 ^35.12 ^35.13 ^35.14 ^35.15 Monaco, P.; Giannetti, A. (2002). "Three-dimensional burrow systems and taphofacies in shallowing-upward parasequences, lower Jurassic carbonate platform (Calcari Grigi, Southern Alps, Italy)". Facies 47 (1): 57–82. doi:10.1007/BF02667706. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02667706. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

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[amberspore-51] 51.00 ^51.01 ^51.02 ^51.03 ^51.04 ^51.05 ^51.06 ^51.07 ^51.08 ^51.09 ^51.10 ^51.11 ^51.12 ^51.13 ^51.14 ^51.15 ^51.16 ^51.17 ^51.18 ^51.19 ^51.20 ^51.21 ^51.22 ^51.23 ^51.24 ^51.25 ^51.26 ^51.27 ^51.28 ^51.29 ^51.30 ^51.31 ^51.32 ^51.33 ^51.34 ^51.35 Neri, M.; Roghi, G.; Ragazzi, E.; Papazzoni, C. A. (2017). "First record of Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) amber and associated palynoflora from the Monti Lessini (northern Italy).". Geobios 50 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2016.10.001. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699516301231. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

[Van-52] 52.00 ^52.01 ^52.02 ^52.03 ^52.04 ^52.05 ^52.06 ^52.07 ^52.08 ^52.09 ^52.10 ^52.11 ^52.12 ^52.13 ^52.14 ^52.15 ^52.16 ^52.17 ^52.18 ^52.19 ^52.20 ^52.21 ^52.22 ^52.23 ^52.24 ^52.25 ^52.26 Van Erve, A.W. (1977). "Palynological investigation in the Lower Jurassic of the Vicentinian Alps (Northeastern Italy)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 23 (6): 1–117. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(77)90004-5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0034666777900045. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

[Bellori-53] 53.00 ^53.01 ^53.02 ^53.03 ^53.04 ^53.05 ^53.06 ^53.07 ^53.08 ^53.09 ^53.10 ^53.11 ^53.12 ^53.13 ^53.14 ^53.15 ^53.16 ^53.17 ^53.18 Neri, M.; Kustatscher, E.; Roghi, G. (2018). "Megaspores from the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) Rotzo Formation (Monti Lessini, northern Italy) and their paleoenvironmental implications". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 98 (1): 102–118. doi:10.1007/s12549-017-0314-z. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323279856. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

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[Zigno-55] 55.00 ^55.01 ^55.02 ^55.03 ^55.04 ^55.05 ^55.06 ^55.07 ^55.08 ^55.09 ^55.10 ^55.11 ^55.12 ^55.13 ^55.14 ^55.15 ^55.16 ^55.17 ^55.18 ^55.19 ^55.20 ^55.21 ^55.22 ^55.23 ^55.24 ^55.25 De Zigno, A. (1856–1868). "Flora fossilis formationis Oolithicae". Tipografia del Seminario di Padova 1 (1): 1–426. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/122892#page/1/mode/1up. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

[Rotzo-56] 56.00 ^56.01 ^56.02 ^56.03 ^56.04 ^56.05 ^56.06 ^56.07 ^56.08 ^56.09 ^56.10 ^56.11 ^56.12 ^56.13 ^56.14 ^56.15 ^56.16 ^56.17 ^56.18 ^56.19 ^56.20 Wesley, A. (1956). "Contributions to the knowledge of the flora of the Grey Limestones of Veneto, Part 1". Mem. Ist. Geol. Min. Univ. Padova 19 (3): 1–69.

[zigno2-57] 57.00 ^57.01 ^57.02 ^57.03 ^57.04 ^57.05 ^57.06 ^57.07 ^57.08 ^57.09 ^57.10 ^57.11 ^57.12 ^57.13 ^57.14 ^57.15 ^57.16 De Zigno, A. (1885). "Flora fossilis formationis oolithicae Volume 2". Padova, Tip. Del Seminario 3 (2): 1–356. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126794#page/1/mode/1up. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

[Velo-58] 58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 ^58.3 ^58.4 ^58.5 ^58.6 Bartiromo, A.; Barone Lumaga, M.R. (2009). "Taxonomical revision of the Collection of Jurassic plants from Roverè di Velo (Veneto, northern Italy) stored in the Palaeontological Museum of the University of Naples "Federico II".". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana 48 (3): 1–13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285668531. Retrieved 3 January 2022.

[Rotzo2-59] 59.00 ^59.01 ^59.02 ^59.03 ^59.04 ^59.05 ^59.06 ^59.07 ^59.08 ^59.09 ^59.10 ^59.11 Wesley, A. (1958). "Contributions to the knowledge of the flora of the Grey Limestones of Veneto, Part 2". Mem. Ist. Geol. Min. Univ. Padova 21 (1): 1–57.

[latitu-60] Krassilov, V. A. (1978). "Araucariaceae as indicators of climate and paleolatitudes.". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 26 (1–4): 113–124. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(78)90008-8.

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Amoebae

Invertebrates and mollusks

Sponges

Branchipods

Bivalves

Ammonoidea

Gastropoda

Echinoidea

Thylacocephala

Crustacea

Annelida

Invertebrate ichnofossils

Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Crocodyliformes

Dinosaurs

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Amber

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Earth:Rotzo Formation

Amoebae

Invertebrates and mollusks

Sponges

Branchipods

Bivalves

Ammonoidea

Gastropoda

Echinoidea

Thylacocephala

Crustacea

Annelida

Invertebrate ichnofossils

Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

Crocodyliformes

Dinosaurs

Flora

Amber

Palynology

Equisetales

Ferns

Seed Ferns

Bennettitales

Ginkgoopsida

Conifers

Bibliography

Navigation

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