Engineering:Malligyong-1

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Malligyong-1
Mission typeReconnaissance
OperatorNATA
COSPAR ID2023-179A
SATCAT no.58400
Spacecraft properties
Dry mass300 kg (660 lb)
DimensionsLength: 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in)
Start of mission
Launch date21 November 2023, 13:42 (2023-11-21UTC13:42) UTC
RocketChollima-1
Launch siteSohae
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSun-synchronous orbit
RegimeLow Earth
Perigee altitude497 kilometres (309 mi)*
Apogee altitude508 kilometres (316 mi)*
Inclination97.4 degrees
Period94 minutes, 40 seconds
 
Images of the Malligyong-1
Image of the satellite
The satellite during Kim Jong Un inspection

Malligyong-1[lower-alpha 1] (Korean: 《만리경-1》호; lit. Telescope-1) is a type of North Korean reconnaissance satellite. Designed for imaging surveillance capability of several countries, Malligyong-1 has been launched three times onboard Chollima-1 launch vehicle, the last of which, occurred on 21 November 2023, was successful.

Description

Malligyong-1 is North Korea's first spy satellite.[2] It is in a sun-synchronous orbit at about 500 kilometres (310 mi) altitude,[1] and will provide a global optical imaging surveillance capability of several countries.[3][4] Malligyong-1 is estimated to be 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) long and have a mass of about 300 kg (660 lb).[5]

The resolution of the imaging capability is not generally known,[6][7][8][9] although a maximum resolution of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) is suggested.[5] According to Daily NK, it is lower than the resolution of Google's satellite imagery.[10] Daily NK also stated that the satellite used a Japanese camera, alleged to be not capable of providing meaningful military surveillance data.[10] According to South Korean news outlet The Dong-A Ilbo, Malligyong-1 also has South Korean components. It is possible that North Korea purchased South Korean electronic devices abroad to acquired these parts, or smuggling it from China.[11]

History

Reconnaissance satellite plans and component tests

At the 8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea held in January 2021, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un stated that the design process of a military reconnaissance satellite had been completed.[12] During 2022, North Korea tested reconnaissance satellite components on 27 February, 5 March and 18 December.[13][14] While the first two tests were conducted using medium-range ballistic missile-class or Hwasong-17-based vehicles,[15] the December 2022 test used a Hwasong-7-based launcher.[16]

According to North Korean state media, on 18 April 2023, Kim Jong Un visited National Aerospace Development Administration and ordered the launch of Malligyong-1, then known as "the military reconnaissance satellite No. 1".[17] A month later, on 16 May 2023, Kim Jong Un and his daughter inspected the satellite.[18]

First attempt

The first launch attempt occurred on 31 May 2023. The second stage of the launch vehicle, Chollima-1, ignited too early into the mission, causing the mission to fail.[4] Evacuation alerts were issued in Okinawa Prefecture and were also erroneously issued in Seoul.[19] The North Korean government quickly announced the launch failure.[20]

The remains crashed into the Yellow Sea[21] and South Korea attempted to salvage the remainder of the rocket, searching a site 200 kilometres (120 mi) off the coast of Eocheongdo. The South Korean Ministry of Defence released an image of a white cylinder, suspected to be a part of the rocket.[20]

North Korea's National Aerospace Technology Administration (NATA) said it would investigate before conducting a second satellite launch. The White House, Japan, and the UN Secretary-General condemned the launch, citing violations of Security Council resolutions prohibiting the use of ballistic missile technology.[22]

Second attempt

A second launch attempt of the satellite took place on 23 August 2023, again onboard a Chollima-1 launch vehicle. The launch resulted again in a failure with the loss of the satellite, this time caused by an error in the emergency flight termination system during the third-stage flight.[23]

Third attempt

A third launch attempt was initially scheduled to take place in October 2023 but was later moved to November due to some delays in fixing the technical issues that caused the previous failures. The launch took place on 21 November 2023. The South Korean news agency Yonhap quoted its counterpart in the North, the Korean Central News Agency, as saying the satellite had been successfully inserted in the predetermined orbit, resulting in the first successful flight of the Chollima-1 launch vehicle.[24] However, no immediate independent observations could be made.[25] The probe has been confirmed to be in orbit, however, its status is not known.[26]

According to NATA, Kim Jong Un oversaw the launch.[25]

Status

North Korean state media reported that from 25–28 November 2023, Kim Jong Un received images captured by Malligyong-1, including images of the White House, The Pentagon, United States's army base in South Korea and Guam, as well as the images of five United States and British aircraft carriers docked near Naval Station Norfolk and Newport News Shipbuilding.[27][28]

On 27 February 2024, South Korean Defense Minister, Shin Won-sik stated that there were no signs of Malligyong-1 being operational. He also noted the possibility of a satellite launch by North Korea in March 2024.[29]

According to Dutch astronomer Marco Langbroek, between 19 and 24 February 2024, Malligyong-1 had made orbital raising maneuvers to prolong time in orbit and to circularize its orbit, this has demonstrated that the satellite has on-board propulsion and is communicating with ground communication stations in North Korea.[30][31][32] Commands for orbit raising maneuvers were transmitted from North Korea.[33] Further orbital raising maneuvers were made from 3–7 June 2024, 6–10 September 2024 and 16–18 January 2025.[34][35][36]

Fourth attempt

A fourth launch attempt of a new satellite, called Malligyong-1-1 (《만리경-1-1》호; lit. Telescope-1-1), took place on 27 May 2024, onboard an unnamed new launch vehicle using liquid-oxygen and petroleum propellants. The launch resulted again in a failure with the loss of the satellite.[37] This designation may indicate an improved version of the original Malligyong-1 satellite.[1]

Notes

  1. ↑ Also transcribed as Manligyeong-1.[1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Malligyong 1". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/malligyong-1.htm. 
  2. ↑ Tingley, Brett (31 May 2023). "North Korea says its rocket launch failed, 1st spy satellite lost" (in en). https://www.space.com/north-korea-first-satellite-launch-failed. 
  3. ↑ Schrader, Adam (3 December 2023). "North Korea officially begins spy satellite program after launch of Malligyong-1". United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2023/12/03/north-korea-officially-begins-satellite-program/7291701624855/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Palmer, Elizabeth (31 May 2023). "Why does North Korea want a spy satellite so badly, and what went wrong with its attempt to launch one?" (in en-US). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/north-korea-spy-satellite-malligyong-1-chollima-1/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ko). Yonhap News Agency. 31 May 2023. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20230531165900001. 
  6. ↑ Vann H. Van Diepen (28 November 2023). "Modest Beginnings: North Korea Launches Its First Reconnaissance Satellite". 38 North (The Henry L. Stimson Center). https://www.38north.org/2023/11/modest-beginnings-north-korea-launches-its-first-reconnaissance-satellite/. 
  7. ↑ Sam, Seun (1 January 2024). "North Korea's Spy Satellite's Impact on ASEAN Countries". Khmer Times. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501415846/north-koreas-spy-satellites-impact-on-asean-countries/. 
  8. ↑ "North Korean spy satellite photographs Rome, White House". ANSA. 28 November 2023. https://www.ansa.it/english/news/2023/11/28/north-korean-spy-satellite-photographs-rome-white-house_f1faed10-aa96-4ab5-944a-98e4272faec6.html. 
  9. ↑ "N. Korea says spy satellite took photos of U.S. bases in San Diego, Japan". Yonhap News Agency. 30 November 2023. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20231130001000315. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Seulkee Jang (15 December 2023). "N. Korea's latest spy satellite equipped with Japanese camera – again". https://www.dailynk.com/english/n-koreas-latest-spy-satellite-equipped-japanese-camera-again/. 
  11. ↑ Shin Kyu-jin (25 November 2023). "N. Korea's Malligyong-1 reportedly incorporates smuggled components". https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20231125/4576882/1. "...indicated the presence of key South Korean parts in the satellite. Experts speculate that North Korea acquired these components by purchasing South Korean electronic devices abroad or smuggling them from China, incorporating them into the development of its military reconnaissance satellites. The procurement of such parts for the manufacturing of spy satellites..." 
  12. ↑ Williams, Martyn (2022-03-18). "A North Korean Satellite Launch: What to Watch For" (in en). https://www.38north.org/2022/03/a-north-korean-satellite-launch-what-to-watch-for/. "In January 2021, however, at the Eighth Congress of the Workers’ Party of Korea, Kim Jong Un disclosed that the design of a military reconnaissance satellite was complete, and the next step would be launching it." 
  13. ↑ Van Diepen, Vann H. (2022-03-09). "North Korea Tests Spy Satellite Components" (in en). https://www.38north.org/2022/03/north-korea-tests-spy-satellite-components/. 
  14. ↑ "NADA Conducts Important Test for Development of Reconnaissance Satellite". 19 December 2022. http://kcna.co.jp/item/2022/202212/news19/20221219-01ee.html.  For images, see 1 and 2.
  15. ↑ Van Diepen, Vann H. (2022-03-16). "Burying the Lede: North Korea Conceals That “Spy Satellite” Tests Are First Launches of New Large ICBM" (in en). https://www.38north.org/2022/03/burying-the-lead-north-korea-conceals-that-spy-satellite-tests-are-first-launches-of-new-large-icbm/. 
  16. ↑ "NADA's small launcher". https://b14643.eu/Spacerockets/Specials/NADA's_small_launcher/index.htm. 
  17. ↑ "Kim orders launch of North Korea's first spy satellite". 19 April 2023. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230419-kim-orders-launch-of-north-korea-s-first-spy-satellite. 
  18. ↑ "Kim Jong Un inspects North Korea's first spy satellite". 17 May 2023. https://www.dw.com/en/kim-jong-un-inspects-north-koreas-first-spy-satellite/a-65651455. 
  19. ↑ Panasovskyi, Maksim (31 May 2023). "DPRK launches Malligyong-1 military satellite to monitor the US and prepare for nuclear strikes, but Chollima-1 rocket falls into the sea" (in en). https://gagadget.com/en/weapons/253008-dprk-launches-malligyong-1-military-satellite-to-monitor-the-us-and-prepare-for-nuclear-strikes-but-chollima-1-ro/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Kim, Hyung-Jim; Kim, Tong-Hyung (30 May 2023). "North Korea spy satellite launch fails as rocket falls into the sea" (in en). https://apnews.com/article/north-korea-launch-military-spy-satellite-db6ce3f08e1ec8e23674aef519d04403. 
  21. ↑ Mahadzir, Dzirhan (31 May 2023). "North Korean Satellite Launch Fails, Debris Crashes in Yellow Sea" (in en-US). https://news.usni.org/2023/05/31/north-korean-satellite-launch-fails-debris-crashes-in-yellow-sea. 
  22. ↑ Kim, Chang-Ran; Shin, Hyonhee (31 May 2023). "North Korea satellite plunges in sea in 'rushed' failure, more launches expected" (in en). https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/north-korea-fires-space-satellite-skorea-military-2023-05-30/. 
  23. ↑ "KCNA Report on Accident in Second Launch of Military Reconnaissance Satellite". 24 August 2023. http://kcna.kp/en/article/q/ced17c79666e3aad1195adac0a9945f0.kcmsf. 
  24. ↑ "[2보 북한 "정찰위성 성공적 발사…궤도에 정확히 진입""] (in korean). Yonhap News Agency. 21 November 2023. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20231122005351504?section=north-korea/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "North Korea claims it has put a spy satellite into orbit in 3rd attempt". 21 November 2023. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/21/1214469462/north-korea-spy-satellite-orbit. 
  26. ↑ Van Diepen, Vann H. (2023-11-28). "Modest Beginnings: North Korea Launches Its First Reconnaissance Satellite" (in en). https://www.38north.org/2023/11/modest-beginnings-north-korea-launches-its-first-reconnaissance-satellite/. 
  27. ↑ "Respected Comrade Kim Jong Un Receives Report on Operational Preparation of Reconnaissance Satellite from NATA Pyongyang General Control Center". 28 November 2023. http://kcna.co.jp/item/2023/202311/news28/20231128-01ee.html. 
  28. ↑ "Vệ tinh Triều Tiên chụp được ảnh Nhà Trắng, Lầu Năm Góc" (in vi). Báo và phát thanh, truyền hình Gia Lai. 29 November 2023. https://gialaitv.vn/tin-tuc/tin-the-gioi/ve-tinh-trieu-tien-chup-duoc-anh-nha-trang-lau-nam-goc/. 
  29. ↑ Lee Hyo-jin (27 February 2024). "N. Korea feared to launch 2nd spy satellite ahead of general elections". https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/05/113_369582.html. 
  30. ↑ "North Korea's first spy satellite is 'alive', can manoeuvre, expert says". 28 February 2024. https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/north-koreas-first-spy-satellite-is-alive-can-manoeuvre-expert-says-2024-02-28/. 
  31. ↑ Vũ Anh (28 February 2024). "Vệ tinh trinh sát Triều Tiên lần đầu thay đổi quỹ đạo" (in vi). https://vnexpress.net/ve-tinh-trinh-sat-trieu-tien-lan-dau-thay-doi-quy-dao-4716322.html. 
  32. ↑ Marco Langbroek (4 March 2024). "A North Korean satellite starts showing signs of life". https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4753/1. 
  33. ↑ Marco Langbroek (8 April 2024). "A North Korean satellite starts showing signs of life (part 2)". https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4772/1. 
  34. ↑ "The North Korean satellite Malligyong-1 raised its orbit again early June". 23 June 2024. https://sattrackcam.blogspot.com/2024/06/the-north-korean-satellite-malligyong-1.html. 
  35. ↑ "The North Korean satellite Malligyong-1 has manoeuvered again". 14 September 2024. https://sattrackcam.blogspot.com/2024/09/the-north-korean-satellite-malligyong-1.html. 
  36. ↑ "The North Korean satellite Malligyong-1 manoeuvered again, and this time it is different". 31 January 2025. https://sattrackcam.blogspot.com/2025/01/the-north-korean-satellite-malligyong-1.html. 
  37. ↑ "North Korea says it tried new fuel in satellite launch that ended in fiery explosion". 28 May 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korea-says-video-shows-north-koreas-failed-satellite-launch-2024-05-28/. 

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