Engineering:Chollima-1

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Chollima-1[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2] (Korean: 《천리마-1》형) is a North Korean launch vehicle. It will be used by North Korea to launch satellites into orbit. The rocket is launched from a coastal launch platform in the Sohae Satellite Launching Station. The rocket has been developed to compete with the South Korean Nuri rocket.

Description

Chollima-1 is a three-stage rocket. This new rocket, based on images released by North Korea, appears to be a different launcher from those of the previous Unha family. It appears to be abandoning the Scud heritage and take a design based on the recent Hwasong-15 and 17 ICBMs with advanced rocket engines based on the suspiciously acquired Soviet RD-250.[2][3] According to 38 North, the Chollima-1's first stage is based on the Hwasong-17.[4] Although the capabilities of the launch vehicle are not public, Chollima-1 appears to be a medium-lift launch vehicle for launching small satellites into low Earth orbit, and the payload mass for its maiden flight was estimated to be around 200 kilograms (440 lb) to 300 kilograms (660 lb).[5]

Similarly, analysts believe that if North Korea still manages to supply itself with foreign components despite the sanctions, it manages to increasingly master local construction, becoming autonomous.[5]

History

First orbital flight

On 30 May 2023, Chollima-1 made its first orbital launch attempt, from Sohae Satellite Launching Station, carrying the military reconnaissance satellite Malligyong-1.[6] However, the launch failed to achieve orbit when the second stage ignited too early in the mission,[7] due to engine unreliability and fuel instability according to officials.[8] The launch vehicle crashed into the Yellow Sea.[9]

The South Korean Ministry of National Defense identified and recovered an object that appears to be a rocket stage or an interstage in the sea about 200 kilometres (120 mi) west of Eocheong Island.[9] This debris, identified as being the second stage of the launcher, nevertheless sank, complicating its recovery.[10][11][12][13] Other recovery operations followed for 36 days and made it possible to find the third stage of the launcher as well as the Malligyong-1 satellite, which were thus analyzed jointly with the United States, both to verify the origin of its components (and identify supply subsidiaries and foreign suppliers) and to assess the performance of the satellite, which was considered to be very low for military use.[14][15][16]

Although North Korea hardly ever communicates in advance about its missile tests, it does when it wants to launch satellites, to present itself as respectful space power.[17] The country had therefore warned Japan but not South Korea that it would carry out a space launch between 31 May and 11 June after having mentioned the finalization of the satellite a few weeks earlier.[18][19]

However, despite the fears publicly expressed by these two countries of a possible disguised missile launch, South Korean maritime patrols were quickly set up in the fallout zones of the rocket stages, which allowed them to quickly recover debris.

Missile alerts (sirens and SMS) were mistakenly triggered in Seoul and Okinawa Prefecture.[20]

Second orbital flight

On 22 August 2023, North Korea announced to Japan about the second attempt to launch a new copy of Malligyong-1, which was scheduled between 24 and 31 August.[21] The second launch attempt took place on 23 August 2023. The launch resulted again in a failure with the loss of the satellite, this time caused by an error in the emergency blasting system during the third-stage flight.[22]

Third orbital flight

North Korea announced a new attempt for October 2023. However, due to undisclosed technical delays the launch was later rescheduled for late November.[23] The third launch attempt took place on 21 November 2023 and resulted in the first successful launch of Chollima-1.[24]

Launch history

Satellite Launch Date

(UTC)

Launch Site Status Purpose
Malligyong-1 #1 30 May 2023 Sohae Satellite Launching Station Launch failure Military reconnaissance satellite
Malligyong-1 #2 23 August 2023 Sohae Satellite Launching Station Launch failure Military reconnaissance satellite
Malligyong-1 #3 21 November 2023 Sohae Satellite Launching Station Success Military reconnaissance satellite
Source:[1]

Notes

  1. ↑ Also transcribed Cheonlima-1.[1]
  2. ↑ Chollima-1 is named after Chollima, a Korean mythological horse and Chollima Movement, a North Korean Stakhanovite movement.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gunter Dirk Krebs. "Chollima-1". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/chollima-1.htm. 
  2. ↑ Colin Zwirko (June 1, 2023). "Photos show new North Korean space rocket likely used ballistic missile engine". https://www.nknews.org/2023/06/north-korea-releases-first-space-launch-photos-revealing-use-of-new-launchpad/. 
  3. ↑ Vũ Anh (June 2, 2023). "Tên lửa phóng vệ tinh Triều Tiên có thể rơi vì động cơ mới" (in vi). https://vnexpress.net/ten-lua-phong-ve-tinh-trieu-tien-co-the-roi-vi-dong-co-moi-4612353.html. 
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 38northjune23
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Josh Smith (June 1, 2023). "New North Korean space rocket features engine from ICBMs, analysts say" (in en). https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/new-north-korean-space-rocket-features-engine-icbms-analysts-say-2023-06-01/. 
  6. ↑ AP (May 31, 2023). "North Korea spy satellite launch fails as rocket falls into the sea". https://indianexpress.com/article/world/north-korea-first-spy-satellite-launch-fails-8637856/. 
  7. ↑ "Why does North Korea want a spy satellite so badly, and what went wrong with its attempt to launch one?" (in en-US). 2023-05-31. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/north-korea-spy-satellite-malligyong-1-chollima-1/. 
  8. ↑ Park Si-soo (May 31, 2023). "North Korea's spy satellite launch fails with second-stage malfunction". https://spacenews.com/north-koreas-spy-satellite-launch-fails-with-second-stage-malfunction/. .
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "North Korea says satellite launch fails, plans to try again". May 31, 2023. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/30/asia/north-korea-south-korea-projectile-alert-intl-hnk/index.html. 
  10. ↑ Jeongmin Kim (June 16, 2023). "South Korea recovers rocket debris from North Korea's botched satellite launch". https://www.nknews.org/2023/06/south-korea-recovers-rocket-debris-from-north-koreas-botched-satellite-launch/. 
  11. ↑ Yonhap (June 16, 2023). "Des débris de la fusée nord-coréenne ont été repêchés durant la nuit". https://fr.yna.co.kr/view/MYH20230616007900884. 
  12. ↑ Photo of the rocket stage available on: Yonhap (June 16, 2023). "Retrieval of sunken N. Korean space rocket wreckage". https://en.yna.co.kr/view/PYH20230616102900315. 
  13. ↑ Photo of the rocket stage available on: Associated Press (June 19, 2023). "North Korea calls failed spy satellite launch 'the most serious' shortcoming". https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-spy-satellite-launch-serious-shortcoming-rcna89993. 
  14. ↑ Song Sang-ho (July 5, 2023). "(2nd LD) S. Korea retrieves N. Korean spy satellite wreckage, ends salvage operation: military". https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20230705001753325. 
  15. ↑ "North Korea's Failed Spy Satellite Wasn't Ready for Military Use, Seoul Analysis Shows". July 5, 2023. https://www.wsj.com/articles/north-koreas-failed-spy-satellite-wasnt-ready-for-military-use-seoul-analysis-shows-703b0b83. 
  16. ↑ Shweta Sharma (July 5, 2023). "South Korea reveals damning findings after first-ever capture of North Korean satellite". https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/east-asia/south-north-korea-satellite-rocket-b2369572.html. 
  17. ↑ Thomas Guien (May 31, 2023). "Panique à Séoul, débris en mer... ce que l'on sait du lancement d'un satellite espion par la Corée du Nord". https://www.tf1info.fr/international/coree-du-nord-debris-en-mer-panique-a-seoul-ce-que-l-on-sait-du-lancement-rate-d-un-satellite-espion-2258861.html. 
  18. ↑ AFP (May 30, 2023). "La Corée du Nord confirme le lancement d'un satellite militaire espion". https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/05/30/la-coree-du-nord-confirme-le-lancement-d-un-satellite-militaire-espion_6175359_3210.html. 
  19. ↑ Thomas Romanacce (May 17, 2023). "Corée du Nord : quelles sont les capacités du satellite espion que Kim Jong-un s'apprête à lancer ?". https://www.capital.fr/economie-politique/coree-du-nord-quelles-sont-les-capacites-du-satellite-espion-que-kim-jong-un-sapprete-a-lancer-1468822. 
  20. ↑ AFP (May 31, 2023). "La Corée du Nord annonce l'échec du lancement d'un satellite espion" (in fr). https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/05/31/un-lancement-nord-coreen-met-brievement-le-japon-et-la-coree-du-sud-en-alerte_6175489_3210.html. 
  21. ↑ Nguyễn Tiến (2023-08-24). "Triều Tiên phóng vệ tinh quân sự thất bại" (in vi). https://vnexpress.net/trieu-tien-phong-ve-tinh-quan-su-that-bai-4645298.html. 
  22. ↑ "KCNA Report on Accident in Second Launch of Military Reconnaissance Satellite". 24 August 2023. http://kcna.co.jp/item/2023/202308/news24/20230824-02ee.html. 
  23. ↑ "Defense chief says N. Korea could launch spy satellite in late Nov. with Russian aid". Yonhap News Agency. 3 November 2023. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20231103006300315?section=national/defense. 
  24. ↑ "[2보 북한 "정찰위성 성공적 발사…궤도에 정확히 진입""] (in korean). Yonhap News Agency. 21 November 2023. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20231122005351504?section=north-korea/. 

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