Engineering:Skyactiv

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Short description: Mazda motor vehicle engine
Skyactiv
Mazda SkyActiv Logo.jpg
Mazda Skyactiv logo from 2011 to 2019
Overview
ManufacturerMazda

Skyactiv (branded as SKYACTIV) is a brand name for a series of automobile technologies developed by Mazda that increase fuel efficiency and engine output. The initial announcement of the Skyactiv technologies included new engines, transmissions, body, and chassis, which appeared in Mazda products from 2011 onwards.[1][2][3][4]

The Mazda Sky concept

The precursor of Skyactiv, which featured a Mazda Sky-G 2.3-liter direct injection gas engine, a Mazda Sky-D 2.2-liter diesel engine, a Sky-Drive automatic transmission, a Mazda Kiyora with Sky-G 1.3 engine and Sky-Drive automatic transmission, was unveiled at the 40th Tokyo Motor Show in 2008.[5][6] The Skyactiv concept features a revised suspension geometry, improved automatic and manual transmission, and various improvements to Mazda's L- engine such as direct injection, upgraded exhaust manifold, increased compression ratio for cleaner burn and higher thermal efficiency, among other improvements. Mazda's previous chassis for the Mazda3 and Mazda6 were carried over to the new vehicles.

Skyactiv-G

Skyactiv-G
Mazda SKY-G in Tokyo Motor Show 2009.jpg
Overview
Also called
  • Sky-G
  • Skyactiv-P
Production2012-present
Layout
Configuration
Displacement
  • 1,298 cc (79.2 cu in)
  • 1,496 cc (91.3 cu in)
  • 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)
  • 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in)
  • 3,283 cc (200.3 cu in)
Cylinder bore
  • 71.0 mm (2.80 in)
  • 74.5 mm (2.93 in)
  • 83.5 mm (3.29 in)
  • 89.0 mm (3.50 in)
  • 86.0 mm (3.39 in)
Piston stroke
  • 82.0 mm (3.23 in)
  • 85.8 mm (3.38 in)
  • 91.2 mm (3.59 in)
  • 100.0 mm (3.94 in)
  • 94.2 mm (3.71 in)
Block materialAluminum
Head materialAluminum
ValvetrainDOHC
Compression ratio
  • 13.0:1
  • 14.0:1
  • 10.5:1 (2.5 L I4 Turbo)
  • 12.0:1 (3.3 L I6 Turbo)
Combustion
TurbochargerSingle with dynamic pressure anti-lag device and air-to-air or air-to-liquid intercooler (PY-VPTS)
Fuel systemPetrol direct injection
Fuel typePetrol / Petrol Flexifuel (Some Version)
Oil systemWet sump
Cooling systemWater-cooled
Chronology
Predecessor
  • Mazda Z engine
  • Mazda L engine

The Skyactiv-G[7] is a family of direct injection petrol engines. The engine compression ratio is increased to 14.0:1. To reduce the risk of engine knock at high compression, residual gas is reduced by using 4-2-1 engine exhaust systems, implementing a piston cavity, and optimizing fuel injection. In addition, combustion duration is shortened by intensifying air flow, increasing injection pressure, and using multi-hole injectors.

It features an all-aluminum construction with chain-driven dual overhead camshafts with VVT and gasoline direct injection; with direct ignition, it meets ULEV emission standards. Skyactiv-G engines for the U.S. market have a lower compression ratio of 13:1, allowing them to operate on standard instead of premium fuel with an approximate 3-5 percent reduction in torque and fuel economy.[8]

1.3 L

The Skyactiv-G 1.3 (P3-VPS) is a naturally aspirated variant with 1,298 cc (79.2 cu in) engine displacement and features a 71.0 mm (2.80 in) bore and an 82.0 mm (3.23 in) stroke. The engine was unveiled at the 2011 Automotive Engineering Exposition.[9][10]

Five Mazda engineers were awarded the 2011 Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Medal on April 20, 2012 specifically for the "development of a petrol engine (1.3 L) with a super-high compression ratio and achieving fuel efficiency of 30 km per litre (under Japan's 10-15 cycle)".[11] The engine was first used in the Mazda Demio 1.3-Skyactiv, being the only Skyactiv engine to be paired with a CVT.[12][13]

It is rated at 62 kW (84 PS; 83 hp) and 113 N⋅m (83 lbf⋅ft).[14]

Applications:

1.5 L

The Skyactiv-G 1.5, or (PR-VP RS) for RWD applications and (P5 VPS F-P5) for FWD applications, is a 1,496 cc (91.3 cu in) naturally aspirated engine with a 74.5 mm (2.93 in) bore and an 85.8 mm (3.38 in) stroke.

This 4 cylinder engine was introduced in the 14MY Mazda3 for the Asian and European markets. It develops 85 kW (114 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 111 lb⋅ft (150 N⋅m) of torque at 4,000 rpm (Asian markets). This petrol engine in the Skyactiv line-up achieves a high compression ratio of 13.0:1 (14.0:1 in some markets). It greatly improves dynamic performance and fuel economy over the MZR 1.5 engine of the previous model.

Applications:

2.0 L

The Skyactiv-G 2.0 (PE-VPS) was the first engine in the Skyactiv-G family to be produced.

This naturally aspirated engine features an engine displacement of 1,998 cc (2.0 L; 121.9 cu in), with a bore X stroke of 83.5 mm × 91.2 mm (3.29 in × 3.59 in). The U.S. version has a compression ratio of 13.0:1 producing 155 bhp (157 PS; 116 kW) at 6000 rpm and 200 N⋅m (148 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 4600 rpm.[15] In some markets, a variant with Flexifuel E85 is available, producing 162 bhp (164 PS; 121 kW) and 210 N⋅m (155 lbf⋅ft) of torque.

According to Mazda, it is more fuel efficient than the engine it replaces. Versus the engine in the 2011 Mazda3 (with an automatic transmission), fuel economy improved from 10.2 L/100 km (23 mpg‑US) to 8.4 L/100 km (28 mpg‑US) in city driving, and from 7.1 L/100 km (33 mpg‑US) to 5.8 L/100 km (41 mpg‑US) in highway driving, as compared to the 2011 model.[16]

Mazda Skyactiv 2.0

The MX-5's 2019 "ND2" revision received an updated engine producing 181 bhp (184 PS; 135 kW) with maximum RPM raised from 6800 to 7500 rpm and includes a larger intake manifold, increased injection pressure and a new exhaust system that scavenges the cylinders more quickly.[17]

Applications:

2.5 L

The Skyactiv-G 2.5 (PY-VPS) is a 2,488 cc (151.8 cu in) naturally aspirated engine first used in the 2013 Mazda 6 and features an 89.0 mm (3.50 in) bore and a 100.0 mm (3.94 in) stroke.

The U.S. version with a 13.0:1 compression ratio produces 187 hp (190 PS; 139 kW) at 6,000 rpm and 252 N⋅m (186 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,000 rpm.[18] In 2023, the engine's power output was increased to 191 hp (194 PS; 142 kW), although the torque remained the same.[19]

Skyactiv-G 2.5 engines manufactured from 2018 onwards feature cylinder deactivation to improve fuel efficiency.[20] In July 2019, approximately 262,000 Mazda vehicles using the engine were recalled for a faulty powertrain control module that may cause a misfire or a loss in power.[21]

The turbocharged version (PY-VPTS) operates with a 10.5:1 compression ratio,[22] and produces 250 hp (250 PS; 190 kW) at 5,000 rpm and 430 N⋅m (320 lb⋅ft) at 2,500 rpm on 93 AKI octane (98 RON) gasoline, and 227 hp (230 PS; 169 kW) at 5,000 rpm and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm on 87 AKI octane (91 RON).[23] Maximum boost pressure is 17.4 psi. A specially-designed set of passages and butterfly valves act at low engine RPMs to force exhaust gases through smaller orifices, spooling the turbo more quickly and minimizing turbo lag. Additionally, the engine has a unique 4-3-1 exhaust manifold to improve exhaust scavenging and a cooled exhaust gas recirculation system, both designed to reduce combustion chamber temperatures and allow for increased boost with better fuel economy.[24] On the CX-9 and CX-5, the engine is equipped with an air-to-air intercooler, while on the Mazda3 and CX-30, an air-to-liquid intercooler is instead integrated into the intake manifold to save space.

For the CX-60, the engine is paired with a plug-in hybrid system which includes a 134 hp (136 PS; 100 kW) electric motor and a 17.8 kWh lithium-ion battery. Combined outputs are 323 hp (327 PS; 241 kW) and 500 N⋅m (51.0 kg⋅m; 369 lb⋅ft) of torque.[25]

Applications:

3.3 L

The Skyactiv-G 3.3 is a longitudinally-positioned, inline-six 3.3-litre turbocharged petrol engine and features a 86.0 mm (3.39 in) bore and an 94.2 mm (3.71 in) stroke. It was introduced in the Mazda CX-90 in 2023 and comes in two outputs. It produces 209–253.5 kW (280–340 hp; 284–345 PS) and 450–500 N⋅m (332–369 lb⋅ft).[27]

Skyactiv-X

Skyactiv-X
Mazda SkyActiv-X at the Tokyo Motor Show 2019.jpg
Overview
Also called
  • Sky-X
Production2019-present
Layout
Configuration
Displacement
  • 1,998 cc (121.9 cu in)
  • 2,998 cc (182.9 cu in)
Cylinder bore83.5 mm (3.29 in)
Piston stroke91.2 mm (3.59 in)
Block materialAluminum
Head materialAluminum
ValvetrainDOHC
Compression ratio16.3:1
Combustion
SuperchargerLean Supercharged Operation
Fuel systemPetrol direct injection
Fuel typePetrol
Oil systemWet sump
Cooling systemWater-cooled

Skyactiv-X is the first commercial petrol engine to use homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), in which the fuel-air mixture ignites spontaneously when compressed by a smaller, separately ignited charge of fuel. This allows it to reach a compression ratio of 16:1, an improvement over the 14.0:1 ratio of the Skyactiv-G. The engine can operate much leaner than a conventional spark ignition engine, reducing fuel consumption and emissions.[28][29]

This engine targets 20-30% greater fuel efficiency by utilising HCCI technology. In order to handle ignition problems caused by compression ignition, each cylinder also incorporates a spark plug featuring Spark Controlled Compression Ignition (SPCCI) technology.[30][better source needed] A small Roots-type supercharger further expands the compression ignition operating window by feeding more air into the engine, leaning out the mixture sufficiently for compression ignition even at higher speeds.[31]

SPCCI works by drawing in a lean, homogeneous air-fuel mixture, it then compresses the mixture until it approaches the point at which it would spontaneously detonate. A second injector then adds a secondary charge of fuel directly on the spark plug. This secondary charge is ignited by the spark plug, causing the cylinder pressure to very quickly rise to a point where the rest of the fuel undergoes compression ignition. The presence of the spark plug allows the engine to also operate as a spark-ignition engine under some operating conditions, such as high-speed high-load situations. Revealed June 5, 2019, the output is 132 kW (177 hp) and 224 N⋅m (165 lbf⋅ft).[30]

Mazda is developing an inline-six variant of the Skyactiv-X, with displacements of 3.0 and 3.3 liters and a rear-wheel-drive layout. It was believed that production of the new engine would begin in 2022 with the Mazda CX-60 and possibly a fourth generation rear-wheel drive Mazda6.[32][33][25] However, according to Road & Track magazine, in the March 2022 edition of Autocar magazine Mazda Europe's Development & Engineering Senior Manager Joachim Kunz stated that there were no plans for a Mazda rear drive sedan, since Mazda was prioritizing SUV sales.[34]

2.0 L

Applications:

3.0 L

Applications:

Skyactiv-D

Skyactiv-D
MAZDA SH-VPTS DIESEL 1.JPG
Overview
Also calledSky-D
Production2014-present
Layout
Configuration
Displacement
  • 1,497 cc (91.4 cu in)
  • 1,759 cc (107.3 cu in)
  • 2,191 cc (133.7 cu in)
  • 3,283 cc (200.3 cu in)
Cylinder bore
  • 76 mm (3.0 in)
  • 79 mm (3.1 in)
  • 86 mm (3.4 in)
Piston stroke
  • 82.5 mm (3.25 in)
  • 89.7 mm (3.53 in)
  • 94.3 mm (3.71 in)
Block materialAluminium
ValvetrainDOHC
Compression ratio
  • 14.8:1 (1.5L / 1.8L)
  • 14.0:1 / 14.4:1 (2.2L)
  • 15.2:1 (3.3L)
Combustion
Fuel systemCommon rail
Fuel typeDiesel
Oil systemWet sump
Cooling systemWater-cooled
Chronology
PredecessorMazda R engine
Skyactiv-D (SH-VPTR) Diesel engine (For Mazda 6)

Skyactiv-D is a family of turbocharged diesel engines, designed to comply with global emissions regulations.

To eliminate the need of NOx and particulate treatment in contemporary diesel engines, the cylinder compression ratio is reduced to 14.0:1. Cold engine start is achieved via multi-hole piezo injectors with 3 programmable injection patterns, and adoption of ceramic glow plugs. Engine misfiring is prevented via variable valve lift at exhaust, which opens exhaust valves during the intake stroke, which in turn increases engine air temperature. The Skyactiv-D also uses a two-stage turbocharger, in which one small and one large turbo are selectively operated, according to driving conditions.

1.5 L

The Skyactiv-D 1.5 (S5-DPTS/S5-DPTR) is a 1,497 cc (91.4 cu in) engine first introduced in the fourth generation Mazda Demio/Mazda2. It features a compression ratio of 14:1.[35]

Applications:

1.8 L

The Skyactiv-D 1.8 (S8-DPTS/S8-DPTR) is a 1,759 cc (107.3 cu in) that was introduced in the 2018 facelifted Mazda CX-3.[36]

Applications:

2.2 L

The Skyactiv-D 2.2 (SH-VPTS/SH-VPTR) is a 2,191 cc (133.7 cu in) engine that was the first Skyactiv-D engine used in production vehicles. It was first used in the Mazda CX-5.[37][38] In the Mazda6, it produces 129 kW (173 hp) and 420 N⋅m (310 lb⋅ft).[39] An upgraded version of the Skyactiv-D was run in the 2013 Rolex Sports Car Series season and helped Mazda win the GX manufacturer's championship. The engine is slated to be used again in two Lola LMP2s in the United SportsCar Series.

Applications:

3.3 L

The Skyactiv-D 3.3 is a longitudinally-positioned, inline-six 3,283 cc (200.3 cu in) engine that was introduced in the Mazda CX-60 in 2022.[40]

Applications:

Unique technology

The Skyactiv-D is the first low compression diesel in a production car, having a significantly lower compression in the first generation of 14:1 rather than typical compression ratios of 16:1 and beyond.[42] Numerous university studies have investigated the benefits of low compression diesel for decades, with the major benefit, noted in single cylinder university tests, being a drastic reduction in NOx emissions while also reducing particulate matter and combustion noise.[43][44] These studies all concluded that while there were noticeable reductions in emissions, this came at the expense of difficult cold starts. Mazda resolved this in the Skyactiv-D by using piezoelectric fuel injectors with multiple nozzles that change their pattern depending on operating conditions. Furthermore, exhaust valves are left slightly open as the engine starts, causing exhaust gases to be sucked into the cylinders and help the engine warm up quickly.[42]

Early issues

The CX-5 with Skyactiv-D engines were reported to have oil levels rising earlier than expected upon release, which required owners to check the vehicle's engine oil every 1000 kilometres or every month and return to the dealer if the oil appeared over the level of the dipstick.[45] This procedure was initiated by Mazda worldwide as a precaution. Mazda resolved the issue in the first few months of the engine's availability via a software revision and a new dipsticks with a corrected level.[citation needed]

Emission standards and tests

At launch in 2012, Mazda claimed the Skyactiv-D engine would only comply with Euro 5 emission standards (NOx of 0.18 g/km), and further work was required to achieve stricter emission standards.[citation needed]

In the aftermath of the Volkswagen emissions scandal, the Japanese government performed testing of all diesel engines produced in Japan to ensure Japanese manufacturers were not falsifying emissions as had been done by Volkswagen. It was determined that the Skyactiv-D engine was the only engine which tested at or near the standard.[46]

Achieving US EPA emission standards

At the 2019 New York Motor show, Mazda announced that it would commence pre-sales of the 2019 CX-5 with the Skyactiv-D 2.2L engine.[47] Changes required to achieve the US EPA emissions standards, however, resulted in significant performance and economy penalties when compared with the Euro 5 compliant engine, as illustrated below.

The Euro stage V compliant Australian Skyactiv-D 2.2L has the following specifications:[48]

  • Power: 140 kW (190 hp) @ 4,500 rpm
  • Torque: 450 N⋅m (330 lbf⋅ft) @ 2,000 rpm
  • Fuel consumption (Australian ADR 81/02)
    • Combined 5.7 L/100 km (41.3 mpg)
    • City 6.5 L/100 km (36.2 mpg)
    • Highway 5.2 L/100 km (45.2 mpg)

The US EPA compliant US Skyactiv-D 2.2l has the following specifications:[49]

  • Power: 168 hp @ 4,000 rpm
  • Torque: 290 lb-ft @ 2,000 rpm
  • EPA Estimated fuel economy:
    • City 27 mpg
    • Highway 30 mpg

Recall

In September 2016, Mazda recalled 130,000 vehicles in Japan over a defect that could lead to diesel engine failure.[50]

Although most problems were fixed later on, the 2.2 suffered from bad carbon build up that would block the intake manifold. Other faults include a turbo diversion valve failure that required replacement of the complete twin turbo unit.

Mazda recalled the 2012 to 2018 model year diesel Mazda 3, Mazda 6 and CX-5 because of a build-up of carbon deposits.[51]

Skyactiv-Hybrid

The Skyactiv-Hybrid technology is an electric hybrid engine technology using Skyactiv-G engine with technology from Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive, originally licensed for use with the Sky engine for vehicles sold in 2013.[52][53]

The first retail Mazda Skyactiv-Hybrid vehicle, a Mazda3 Skyactiv-Hybrid with Skyactiv-G 2.0 engine with 14:1 compression, was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.[54][55]

Skyactiv-CNG

The Skyactiv-CNG engine is powered by compressed natural gas. The first retail Mazda Skyactiv-CNG prototype vehicle, a Mazda3 Skyactiv-CNG Concept, was unveiled in 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.[54][55][56][57]

Skyactiv-R

The Skyactiv-R engine is Mazda's new generation rotary engine.

The Mazda RX-Vision Concept, powered by a Skyactiv-R rotary engine, was unveiled in 2015 Tokyo Motor Show.[58]

In 2023, Mazda unveiled the first production version of this generation of rotary engines. Used in the Mazda MX-30 R-EV, the engine provides 75hp at 4500rpm and has a displacement of 830cc in a single-rotor design.[59]

e-Skyactiv

e-Skyactiv is the battery-electric powertrain.[60]

Applications:

e-Skyactiv-G

e-Skyactiv-G is the first Mild Hybrid powertrain.

Applications:

Skyactiv-Drive

Skyactiv-Drive is a family of automatic transmissions named SKY-Drive. Mazda rejected dual-clutch technology in automatic transmissions because the dual-clutch behavior in certain situations was sub-optimal.[61] Instead, Mazda chose to re-design the conventional automatic transmission, making the torque converter take less duty while a multi-plate clutch disengages the torque converter most of the time. The new Skyactiv automatic transmission is designed to have six or eight gears forward, one reverse gear, a short torque converter, and a clutch integrated with the torque converter.[62][25]

Skyactiv-MT

Skyactiv-MT is a family of manual transmissions. To achieve lighter shift effort with a short shift lever stroke, the lever ratio is increased. However, to overcome the shorter internal stroke, a small module spline is used. Shift throws are reduced by 15 percent, making it the shortest shifting of any passenger car.[63]

To reduce weight, the triple-shafted gear train is designed with the reverse and first gears on the same shaft, and uses a shorter secondary shaft.

Skyactiv-Body

Skyactiv-Body is a next-generation, lightweight, highly-rigid car body, with improved crash safety performance. It is 8% lighter and 30% more rigid than previous generations.[64][better source needed]

Applications:

Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture

The Skyactiv Multi-Solution Scalable Architecture is a car platform that supports both front-wheel drive models with a transverse engine layout (under the Small Product Group) and rear-wheel drive cars with a longitudinal engine layout (under the Large Product Group).[65]

Small Product Group

The Small Product Group is a front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive car platform designed with a transverse engine layout.[66][67]

Applications:

Large Product Group

The Large Product Group is a rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive car platform designed with a longitudinal engine layout.[68]

Applications:

References

  1. ↑ "Mazda groups suite of new technologies under the "Skyactiv" umbrella". http://www.autoblog.com/2010/10/21/mazda-groups-suite-of-new-technologies-under-the-skyactiv-umbr/. 
  2. ↑ "【MAZDA】ニュース". Mazda. http://www.mazda.co.jp/corporate/publicity/release/2010/201010/101020a.html. 
  3. ↑ "Mazda Reveals Next-Generation 'SKYACTIV' Technologies - News Releases". Mazda. http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2010/201010/101020a.html. 
  4. ↑ "【MAZDA】ニュース". Mazda. http://www.mazda.co.jp/corporate/publicity/release/2010/201010/101020a.html. 
  5. ↑ "MAZDA: Mazda Global Premiere of Eco-Friendly and Powerful Next Generation 'SKY-G' and 'SKY-D' Engines at Tokyo Motor Show 2009 - News Releases". Mazda. http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2009/200909/090929a.html. 
  6. ↑ "【MAZDA】ニュース". Mazda. http://www.mazda.co.jp/corporate/publicity/release/2009/200909/090929a.html. 
  7. ↑ "Prototype Mazda3 with 2.0L Sky-G engine gets 30/40 mpg". http://www.autoblog.com/2010/09/01/report-prototype-mazda3-with-2-0l-sky-g-engine-gets-30-40-mpg/. 
  8. ↑ "Mazda Skyactiv-G and Skyactiv-D Engines in Detail". Car and Driver. 30 August 2010. http://www.caranddriver.com/news/mazda-engine-news-mazda-sky-gas-and-diesel-details. Retrieved 13 July 2018. 
  9. ↑ "Mazda Develops Highly Efficient "SKYACTIV-G 1.3" Direct-Injection Gasoline Engine - News Releases". Mazda. http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2011/201105/110518a.html. 
  10. ↑ "【MAZDA】ニュース". Mazda. http://www.mazda.co.jp/corporate/publicity/release/2011/201105/110518a.html. 
  11. ↑ "Skyactiv Tech Wins 2011 Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Medal". http://integrityexports.com/2012/04/20/mazda-engineers-win-medal-for-skyactiv-tech/. 
  12. ↑ "Pre-Orders Start for Facelifted Mazda Demio in Japan - News Releases". Mazda. http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2011/201106/110609a.html. 
  13. ↑ "【MAZDA】ニュース". Mazda. http://www.mazda.co.jp/corporate/publicity/release/2011/201106/110609a.html. 
  14. ↑ "Mazda 2 with New 1.3-liter SKYACTIV-G Engine Gets Claimed 50-Percent Mileage Boost". Car and Driver. http://blog.caranddriver.com/mazda-2-with-new-1-3-liter-skyactiv-g-engine-gets-claimed-50-percent-mileage-boost/. Retrieved 13 July 2018. 
  15. ↑ "Mazda MX-5 Miata RF Club, 2017 MY US". February 22, 2017. https://www.carfolio.com/specifications/models/car/?car=511236. 
  16. ↑ "Turning Up the Pressure to Keep Gas in the Game". New York Times. 11 November 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/automobiles/turning-up-the-pressure-to-keep-gas-in-the-game.html?_r=1&ref=science. "But the most daring advance is the 2-litre Skyactiv-G gasoline engine. That 4-cylinder power plant made its North American debut in the 2012 Mazda 3, where it raised the fuel economy rating to 8.5 L/100km in town and 5.8 on the highway with an automatic transmission, from 24/33 for the 2011 model sedan with a 2-litre engine. ..." 
  17. ↑ "New Mazda MX-5 2018 facelift review". Auto Express. 30 August 2018. https://www.autoexpress.co.uk/mazda/mx-5/104467/new-mazda-mx-5-2018-facelift-review. Retrieved 12 February 2019. 
  18. ↑ "2021 MAZDA3: WELL-SUITED WITH ADDED POWERTRAINS". Mazda USA. 8 July 2020. https://news.mazdausa.com/2020-07-08-2021-mazda3-well-suited-with-added-powertrains. 
  19. ↑ "2023 Mazda3 Review | The premium performance sweet spot" (in en). https://www.autoblog.com/article/2023-mazda3-review/. 
  20. ↑ "Mazda's New Technology Makes Skyactiv-G Even Better". Mazda. 20 December 2017. https://insidemazda.mazdausa.com/the-mazda-way/technology/mazdas-new-cylinder-deactivation/. 
  21. ↑ Krok, Andrew (11 July 2019). "Mazda recalls 262,000 cars and SUVs for cylinder deactivation issues". https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/mazda-recall-262000-cars-suvs-cylinder-deactivation-issues/. 
  22. ↑ "2020 Mazda CX-9 Digital Owner's Manual". Mazda USA. https://www.mazdausa.com/static/manuals/2020/cx-9/contents/10020100.html?kw=specifications&hw=specifications. 
  23. ↑ "2021 MAZDA3 2.5 TURBO: REFINED PERFORMANCE". 8 July 2021. https://news.mazdausa.com/2020-07-08-2021-Mazda3-2-5-Turbo-Refined-Performance. 
  24. ↑ Witzenburg, Gary (2017-11-09). "Mazda's Innovative 4-Cyl. Engine Pulls Like Big V-6". Ward's. https://www.wardsauto.com/engines/mazda-s-innovative-4-cyl-engine-pulls-big-v-6. Retrieved 2021-06-05. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 Wong, James (8 March 2022). "2023 Mazda CX-60 officially revealed". https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/2023-mazda-cx-60-officially-revealed. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "2024 Mazda CX-90 debuts - new three-row SUV; 3.3L turbo mild hybrid inline-six, 2.5L PHEV; standard AWD - paultan.org" (in en-US). 2023-02-01. https://paultan.org/2023/02/01/2024-mazda-cx-90-debuts/. 
  27. ↑ Anderson, Brad (2022-10-13). "2023 Mazda CX-60 Gets Three Engines In Australia, 3.3L Turbo Straight-6 Makes Only 340HP" (in en-US). https://www.carscoops.com/2022/10/mazda-cx-60-heading-to-australia-with-three-electrified-powertrains/. 
  28. ↑ "Mazda Announces Long-Term Vision for Technology Development, 'Sustainable Zoom-Zoom 2030' - News Releases". Mazda. http://www2.mazda.com/en/publicity/release/2017/201708/170808a.html. 
  29. ↑ "Next-Generation Skyactiv-X gasoline engine". Mazda. http://www2.mazda.com/en/next-generation/technology/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Engineering Explained (2017-08-13), Mazda Creates The Holy Grail Of Gasoline Engines - HCCI SkyActiv-X, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KhzMGbQXmY, retrieved 2017-08-13 
  31. ↑ "Driving Mazda's Next Mazda 3 with Its Skyactiv-X Compression-Ignition Gas Engine". Car and Driver. https://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/a15081390/2019-mazda-3-with-skyactiv-x-compression-ignition-gas-engine-prototype-drive-review/. Retrieved 29 January 2021. 
  32. ↑ Hsu, Ben (7 January 2021). "Mazda's upcoming inline-six, rear-wheel-drive platform detailed by suppliers". https://www.autoblog.com/2021/01/07/mazda-inline-six-rear-wheel-drive-platform/. 
  33. ↑ Gall, Jared (13 April 2021). "Next-Gen Mazda 6 Switching to RWD Layout, Inline-Six Power". Car and Driver. https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a32109038/mazda-6-rwd-confirmed-2022/. Retrieved 27 May 2021. 
  34. ↑ Perkins, Chris (21 March 2022). "The Rear-Drive I-6 Mazda6 Isn't Happening". Road & Track. https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a39493743/rear-drive-mazda-6-not-happening/#:~:text=The%20old%20Mazda6%20was%20discontinued,company's%20new%20rear%2Ddrive%20platform.. Retrieved 21 July 2022. 
  35. ↑ "Next Mazda2 will Feature New SKYACTIV-D 1.5 Small-Displacement Clean Diesel Engine". Mazda. 2014-06-10. http://www2.mazda.com/en/publicity/release/2014/201406/140610a.html. 
  36. ↑ Beckwith, Jimi (2018-08-22). "Facelifted Mazda CX-3 arrives with first 1.8 Skyactiv-D engine". Autocar. https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/facelifted-mazda-cx-3-arrives-first-18-skyactiv-d-engine. Retrieved 2018-11-12. 
  37. ↑ "Mazda to Introduce Next-Generation Clean Diesel Vehicles in Japan - News Releases". Mazda. http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2011/201110/111025a.html. 
  38. ↑ "【MAZDA】ニュース". Mazda. http://www.mazda.co.jp/corporate/publicity/release/2011/201110/111025a.html. 
  39. ↑ "2014 Mazda 6 2.5L / 2.2L Diesel". Car and Driver. 5 October 2012. http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2014-mazda-6-sedan-first-drive-review. Retrieved 13 July 2018. 
  40. ↑ "新型クロスオーバーSUV「MAZDA CX-60」の日本仕様を初公開" (in ja). 5 May 2019. https://newsroom.mazda.com/ja/publicity/release/2022/202204/220407a.html. 
  41. ↑ "GLOBAL DEBUT FOR FIRST-EVER MAZDA CX-90". https://www.mazda.com.au/mazda-news/global-debut-for-first-ever-mazda-cx-90/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Difference Engine: Born again". The Economist. 2013-07-08. ISSN 0013-0613. https://www.economist.com/babbage/2013/07/08/difference-engine-born-again. 
  43. ↑ Pacaud, P.; Perrin, H.; Laget, O. (2009). "Cold Start on Diesel Engine: Is Low Compression Ratio Compatible with Cold Start Requirements?". SAE International Journal of Engines 1 (1): 831–849. ISSN 1946-3936. 
  44. ↑ "A survey on low compression ratio diesel engine". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290496580. 
  45. ↑ "Backlash over Mazda CX-5 diesel oil issues". http://news.drive.com.au/drive/motor-news/backlash-over-mazda-cx5-diesel-oil-issues-20120821-24k6w.html. 
  46. ↑ Schmitt, Bertel (5 March 2016). "Japan Releases (Nasty) Diesel Test Results, Germany Sits On Them". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/bertelschmitt/2016/03/05/japan-releases-nasty-diesel-test-results-germany-sits-on-them/. Retrieved 2 May 2019. 
  47. ↑ "Mazda announces CX-5 diesel sales start in North America". Mazda. https://www.mazda-press.com/eu/news/2019/mazda-announces-cx-5-diesel-sales-start-in-north-america/. 
  48. ↑ "Mazda CX-5 | Specs & Prices". Mazda Australia. https://www.mazda.com.au/cars/cx-5/specifications/?bodystyle=Medium%20SUV&drivetrain=AWD&grade=Akera. 
  49. ↑ "Reserve 2019 MAZDA CX-5 SIGNATURE SKYACTIV®-D". Mazda USA. https://www.mazdacx-5diesel.com/. 
  50. ↑ Horie, Masatsugu (1 September 2016). "Mazda Recalls Japan Diesel Models". Bloomberg L.P.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-09-01/mazda-recalls-japan-diesel-models-after-846-consumer-complaints. 
  51. ↑ "Mazda 3, 6, CX-5 recalled". https://www.caradvice.com.au/799235/mazda-3-6-cx-5-recalled/#:~:text=Mazda%20Australia%20has%20issued%20a,wear%20of%20certain%20engine%20components.&text=Potential%20engine%20stall%20with%20no,emit%20from%20the%20engine%20compartment. 
  52. ↑ "トヨタとマツダ、ハイブリッドシステムの技術ライセンス供与に合意". Mazda. http://www.mazda.com/jp/publicity/release/2010/201003/100329b.pdf. 
  53. ↑ "TMC and Mazda Agree to Hybrid System Technology License". Mazda. http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2010/201003/100329b.pdf. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Mazda3 Skyactiv-Hybrid and CNG Concept shown in Japan". 21 November 2013. http://www.autoblog.com/2013/11/21/mazda-mazda3-axela-skyactiv-hybrid-cng-tokyo-2013/. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Mazda3 to showcase CNG, Hybrid versions in Tokyo". 22 October 2013. http://www.autoblog.com/2013/10/22/mazda3-cng-hybrid-tokyo-motor-show/. 
  56. ↑ "【MAZDA】マツダ、東京モーターショーに新型「アクセラ」を出品｜ニュースリリース". Mazda. http://www.mazda.com/jp/publicity/release/2013/201310/131021a.html. 
  57. ↑ "MAZDA: Mazda to Exhibit All-New Mazda3 at Tokyo Motor Show - News Releases". Mazda. http://www.mazda.com/publicity/release/2013/201310/131021a.html. 
  58. ↑ "Mazda Reveals Mazda RX-VISION Concept" (in en). Mazda. 5 May 2019. https://newsroom.mazda.com/en/publicity/release/2015/201510/151028a.html. 
  59. ↑ Aucock, Richard (12 May 2023). "Tech Insider: Mazda, rotary returns". https://www.automotivepowertraintechnologyinternational.com/features/tech-insider-mazda-rotary-returns.html. 
  60. ↑ "Mazda MX-30 – An electric car for the environment…. and the driver". Mazda. 23 October 2019. https://www.mazda-press.com/eu/news/2019/mazda-mx-30--an-electric-car-for-the-environment-and-the-driver/. 
  61. ↑ Swan, Tony (February 2013). "2014 Mazda 6 2.5L – First Drive Review". Car and Driver. http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2014-mazda-6-25l-first-drive-review. Retrieved 2 April 2014. "The engineering team nixed a CVT option early on and then decided against a dual-clutch type a little later in the planning process. The reasoning: A dual-clutch automated manual delivers sportier performance, but Mazda felt it was a little abrupt for everyday urban driving. As a result, the new self-shifter is a conventional automatic, with paddle shifters available in higher trim levels.". 
  62. ↑ Halvorson, Bengt (8 October 2011). "Mazda Rejects DSGs, Redefines Automatic Transmissions Instead". High Gear Media. http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1064742_mazda-rejects-dsgs-redefines-automatic-transmissions-instead. 
  63. ↑ "Mazda: Skyactiv-Mt | Skyactiv Technology". https://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/skyactiv/skyactiv-mt/. 
  64. ↑ Mazda. "MAZDA: SKYACTIV-BODY". High Gear Media. http://www.mazda.com/en/innovation/technology/skyactiv/skyactiv-body/. 
  65. ↑ "Mazda unveils plans for EV architecture, new hybrid and PHEV models" (in en). 17 June 2021. https://www.carexpert.com.au/car-news/mazda-unveils-plans-for-ev-architecture-more-hybrid-and-phev-models. 
  66. ↑ "Mazda News: Mazda Will Add Three All-New SUV Models Added Over Next Two Years". https://www.theautochannel.com/news/2021/10/08/1056189-mazda-news-mazda-wiil-add-three-all-new-suv-models.html. 
  67. ↑ Roberts, Graeme (2022-11-22). "New Mazda PHEV reorientates driveline" (in en-US). https://www.just-auto.com/features/new-mazda-phev-reorientates-driveline/. 
  68. ↑ "Mazda Announces New Technology and Product Policy towards 2030, Based on Sustainable Zoom-Zoom 2030". Mazda. 17 June 2021. https://newsroom.mazda.com/en/publicity/release/2021/202106/210617a.html. 

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