High Efficiency Image File Format

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Short description: File format
High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF)
Comparison between JPEG, JPEG 2000, JPEG XR and HEIF.png
Comparison of JPEG, JPEG 2000, JPEG XR and HEIF files at similar file sizes
Filename extension.heif, .heifs; .heic, .heics; .avci, .avcs; .HIF
Internet media typeimage/heif, image/heif-sequence; image/heic, image/heic-sequence; image/avif
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)public.heif, public.heic
Developed byMoving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)
Type of formatImage Container Format
Extended fromISOBMFF
StandardISO/IEC 23008-12 (MPEG-H Part 12)
Website{{{1}}}

High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF) is a container format for storing individual digital images and image sequences. The standard covers multimedia files that can also include other media streams, such as timed text, audio and video.[1]

HEIF can store images encoded with multiple coding formats, for example both SDR and HDR images. HEVC is an image and video encoding format and the default image codec used with HEIF. HEIF files containing HEVC-encoded images are also known as HEIC files. Such files require less storage space than the equivalent quality JPEG.[2][3]

HEIF files are a special case of the ISO Base Media File Format (ISOBMFF, ISO/IEC 14496-12), first defined in 2001 as a shared part of MP4 and JPEG 2000. Introduced in 2015, it was developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) and is defined as Part 12 within the MPEG-H media suite (ISO/IEC 23008-12).

History

The requirements and main use cases of HEIF were defined in 2013.[4][5] The technical development of the specification took about one and a half years and was finalized in the middle of 2015.[6]

Apple was the first major adopter of the format in 2017 with the introduction of iOS 11 using HEIC variant.

Android devices containing the appropriate hardware encoders received support for HEIC files with the release of Android 10 (2019).[7]

On some systems, pictures stored in the HEIC format are converted automatically to the older JPEG format when they are sent outside of the system, although incompatibility has led to problems such as US Advanced Placement test takers failing due to their phones uploading unsupported HEIC images by default,[8] leading the College Board to request students change the settings to send only JPEG files.[9]

Although HEIC is gaining in popularity there are still major issues with compatibility. Although operating systems and applications now generally support HEIC encoded with 8-bit colour (BitDepthChroma : 8), 10-bit colour support is not widely available. Both 8-bit and 10-bit files use the same ".heic" file extension. This can cause confusion when opening 10-bit colour encoded colour files on systems/devices that do not support the higher encoding such as iOS and Windows. Adobe Photoshop is an example of a popular image editing software that only supports 8-bit HEIC.[10]

Camera hardware (including mobile devices) are increasingly adding 10-bit modes to take advantage of the benefits of 10-bit capture.[11]

Features

HEIF files can store the following types of data:[1]

Image items
Storage of individual images, image properties and thumbnails.
Image derivations
Derived images enable non-destructive image editing, and are created on the fly by the rendering software using editing instructions stored separately in the HEIF file. These instructions (rectangular cropping, rotation by one, two or three quarter-turns, timed graphic overlays, etc.) and images are stored separately in the HEIF file, and describe specific transformations to be applied to the input images. The storage overhead of derived images is small.
Image sequences
Storage of multiple time-related and/or temporally predicted images (like a burst-photo shot or cinemagraph animation), their properties and thumbnails. Different prediction options can be used in order to exploit the temporal and spatial similarities between the images. Hence, file sizes can be drastically reduced when many images are stored in the same HEIF file.
Auxiliary image items
Storage of image data, such as an alpha plane or a depth map, which complements another image item. These data are not displayed as such, but used in various forms to complement another image item.
Image metadata
Storage of EXIF, XMP and similar metadata which accompany the images stored in the HEIF file.

Variants

As HEIF is a container format, it can contain still images and image sequences that are coded in different formats. The main filename extensions are .heif for still images and .heifs for sequences, which can both be used with any codec. Generic HEIF image files are typically stored with filename extensions .heif, but they may use a different extension to indicate the specific codec used.

MIAF

The Multi-Image Application Format (MIAF) is a restricted subset of HEIF specified as part of MPEG-A. It defines a set of additional constraints to simplify format options, specific alpha plane formats, profiles and levels as well as metadata formats and brands, and rules for how to extend the format.[12]

HEIC: HEVC in HEIF

High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC, ITU-T H.265)[13] is an encoding format for graphic data, first standardized in 2013. It is the primarily used and implied default codec for HEIF as specified in the normative Annex B to ISO/IEC 23008-12 HEVC Image File Format.

While not introduced formally in the standard, the acronym HEIC (High-Efficiency Image Codec) is used as a brand and in the MIME subtypes image/heic and image/heic-sequence. If the content conforms to certain HEVC profiles, more specific brands can be used: HEIX for Main 10 of HEVC, HEIM for (Multiview) Main profile and HEIS for (Scalable) Main (10) profile of L-HEVC.

A HEIC photo takes up about half the space of an equivalent quality JPEG file.[14] The initial HEIF specification already defined the means of storing HEVC-encoded intra images (i-frames) and HEVC-encoded image sequences in which inter prediction is applied in a constrained manner.

HEVC image players are required to support rectangular cropping and rotation by one, two and three quarter-turns. The primary use case for the mandatory support for rotation by 90 degrees is for images where the camera orientation is incorrectly detected or inferred. The rotation requirement makes it possible to manually adjust the orientation of a still image or an image sequence without needing to re-encode it. Cropping enables the image to be re-framed without re-encoding. The HEVC file format also includes the option to store pre-derived images.[15]

Samples in image sequence tracks must be either intra-coded images or inter-picture predicted images with reference to only intra-coded images. These constraints of inter-picture prediction reduce the decoding latency for accessing any particular image within a HEVC image sequence track.

The .heic and .heics file name extensions are conventionally used for HEVC-coded HEIF files.[16] Apple products, for instance,[17] will only produce files with these extensions, which indicate clearly that the data went through HEVC encoding.[2]

AVCI: AVC in HEIF

Advanced Video Coding (AVC, ITU-T H.264) is an older encoding format for video and images, first standardized in 2003. It is also specified as a codec to be supported in HEIF in normative Annex 5 to ISO/IEC 23008-12. The registered MIME types are image/avci for still images and image/avcs for sequences. The format is simply known as AVCI.

Apple products support playback of AVC-encoded .avci still image files and .avcs image sequence files[17] but will only generate .heic files.

AVIF: AV1 in HEIF

AV1 is a video encoding format that is intended to be royalty free developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia). AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) is an image format based on this codec.[18]

The registered MIME type is image/avif for both still images and image sequences, and .avif is the file name extension.[19]

JPEG compression formats in HEIF files

The original JPEG standard is the most commonly used and widely supported lossy image coding format, first released in 1992 by ITU-T and ISO/IEC. Although Annex H to ISO/IEC 23008-12 specifies JPEG (and indirectly Motion JPEG) as a possible format for HEIF coded image data, it is used in HEIF only for thumbnails and other secondary images. Therefore, neither a dedicated MIME subtype nor a special file extension is available for storage of JPEG files in HEIF container files.

Several other compression formats defined by the JPEG group can be stored in HEIF files:

  • Part 16 of the JPEG 2000 standard suite (ISO/IEC 15444-16 and ITU-T Rec. T.815) defines how to store JPEG 2000 images in HEIF container files.[20][21] Part 2 of the JPEG 2000 suite (ISO/IEC 15444-2 and ITU-T Rec. T.801)[22][23] also defines a different format for storing JPEG 2000 images in files that is also based on ISOBMFF.
  • Annex F of the JPEG XR image coding standard (ISO/IEC 29199-2 and ITU-T Rec. T.832) defines how to store JPEG XR images in HEIF container files.[24][25] Annex A of JPEG XR also defines a different file format for storing JPEG XR images in files that is TIFF-based, and Part 2 of the JPEG 2000 suite (ISO/IEC 15444-2 and ITU-T Rec. T.801) also supports a third file format for storing JPEG XR images in files that is based on ISOBMFF.
  • JPEG XS has its HEIF container support defined in ISO/IEC 21122-3.[26]

In 2017, Apple announced that it would adopt HEIC as the default image format in its new operating systems, gradually replacing JPEG.[27]

Both AVIF and HEIC are currently being considered as possible replacements for the universal JPEG format because, among other technical contributions, both can reduce file size by about 50% while maintaining equivalent quality.[dubious – discuss]

WXAM, SharpP

The proprietary image format WXAM or wxHEPC developed by Tencent and used e.g. within WeChat is apparently based upon HEVC,[28] as is SharpP, which was developed by their SNG (Social Network Group) division.[29][30] However, their container format may not be HEIF-compatible. In March 2017, SharpP switched to AVS2[31] and was renamed TPG (Tiny Portable Graphics).[30][32]

Support

  • Nokia provides an open source Java HEIF decoder.[15]
  • The open source library "libheif" supports reading and writing HEIF files.[33][34] From version 1.8.0, both reading and writing HEIC and AVIF are supported.[33]
  • An image codec called CopyTrans HEIC, which is free for personal use and available for Windows versions 7 through 10, supports opening HEIF files in Windows Photo Viewer without the Microsoft codec installed. (The Microsoft HEIC codec is only available for Windows 10, version 1803 and up in the Photos UWP app.)[35]

Operating systems

Web browsers

(As of September 2023), only Safari supports HEIC format natively.[48]

For AVIF, Chrome, Firefox and Opera for desktop and Android support it. Safari on iOS 16 and iPadOS 16 supports AVIF format.[49]

Image editing software

Hardware

  • The Canon EOS-1D X Mark III, Canon EOS R5, Canon EOS R6 and Canon EOS R8 cameras use the HEIF format to capture images in an HDR display format that use the PQ tone curve, BT.2100 color primaries and 10-bit.[60][61] "We've moved on to HEIF files," Canon said in 2019.[62]
  • The Sony α1[63] and Sony α7 IV[64] offer capturing images in 10-bit HEIF format with an HDR format that uses HLG.
  • The Fujifilm X-H2S,[65] Fujifilm X-H2,[66] and Fujifilm X-T5[67] offers a choice of JPEG or 10-bit HEIF file formats.
  • The Nikon Z9 and Nikon Z8 offer 10-bit HEIF file formats.
  • Multiple Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs support capturing images in HEIC format (e.g. Snapdragon 888,[68] Snapdragon 662[69]). Some of their latest SoCs also support capturing in HEIC with HDR (e.g. Snapdragon 8 Gen 1,[70] Snapdragon 780[71]).
  • The iPhone 7 and later devices from Apple can capture media in HEIF or HEVC format.[72]
  • Android smartphones like Xiaomi 12, OPPO Reno 7 5G, Samsung Galaxy S21 5G can capture images in HEIF format. Android 13 and higher support 10-bit camera output.[46]

Websites

  • During May 2020, online Advanced Placement exams allowed students to submit photos of handwritten responses. Because the website was unable to process HEIF images, students whose phones defaulted to this image format were considered to have not submitted any response and often failed to complete the exam. College Board, which administers the exams, later provided a system for users to submit photos of answers via email. Because the iOS Mail app automatically converts HEIF images to JPEG, this mitigated the problem.[73]
  • Facebook supports the upload of HEIC but converts to JPEG or WEBP on display.[74]
  • Discord does not support HEIC at all.[75]

Patent licensing

HEIF itself is a container that may not be subject to additional royalty fees for commercial ISOBMFF licensees. Note however that Nokia also grants its patents on a royalty-free basis for non-commercial purposes.[76] When containing images and image sequences encoded in a particular format (e.g. HEVC or AVC) its use becomes subject to the licensing of patents on the coding format.[77][78][79]

See also

  • Better Portable Graphics (BPG) – another image file format using HEVC encoding, published by Fabrice Bellard in 2014
  • JPEG XL – an image file format developed since 2019 (standardization completed since 2022) and based on Google PIK ({{{2}}}) and Cloudinary FLIF (itself based upon Free Universal Image Format ({{{2}}})) claiming to outperform PNG, WebP, BPG and JPEG 2000 for lossless encoding at least
  • WebP – an image file format based on the VP8 and VP9 video formats

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Overview of the High Efficiency Image File Format". document JCTVC-V0072. October 2015. http://phenix.int-evry.fr/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=10265. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shankland, Stephen (June 16, 2017). "How Apple is squeezing more photos into your iPhone – FAQ: Apple's newest iPhone software attempts to move the world out of the JPEG era.". CNET. https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-ios-boosts-heif-photos-over-jpeg-wwdc. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Shu, Les (September 19, 2017). "Here's what HEIF and HEVC are, and why they'll improve your iPhone with iOS 11". https://www.digitaltrends.com/photography/heif-and-hevc-ios-11-macos-high-sierra/. 
  4. ↑ "Requirements for still image coding using HEVC". 2013-07-29. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/mpeg-h/high-efficiency-video-coding/requirements-still-image-coding-using-hevc. 
  5. ↑ "Requirements for HEVC image sequences". 2013-07-29. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/mpeg-h/high-efficiency-video-coding/requirements-hevc-image-sequences. 
  6. ↑ "Evidence motivates MPEG to launch new standardization effort for HDR". 2015-06-26. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/sites/default/files/files/meetings/docs/w15328.docx. 
  7. ↑ "HEIF Imaging" (in en). https://source.android.com/docs/core/camera/heif. 
  8. ↑ Monica Chin (2020-05-02). "Students are failing AP tests because the College Board can't handle iPhone photos". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21262302/ap-test-fail-iphone-photos-glitch-email-college-board-jpeg-heic. 
  9. ↑ @CollegeBoard. "If you want to submit a photo of a handwritten AP Exam answer from an iPhone or iPad, make sure to change your camera settings so your photos are saved as JPEGs, not HEICs.". https://twitter.com/CollegeBoard/status/1260208235132436480.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  10. ↑ "File formats in Adobe Photoshop". https://helpx.adobe.com/au/photoshop/using/file-formats.html. 
  11. ↑ "A bit confused: what's a HEIF and why do we need 10-bit stills and video?". https://www.dpreview.com/learn/6184595294/10-bit-stills-a-look-at-raw-log-and-the-future-of-photography. 
  12. ↑ ISO/IEC 23000-22. Multimedia application format (MPEG-A) — Part 22: Multi-image application format (MIAF), ISO/IEC MPEG, https://www.iso.org/standard/74417.html, retrieved 2020-04-29 
  13. ↑ Fleishman, Glenn (26 June 2020). "What the HEIC? Apple's Highly Compressed Image Format Still Confuses". TidBITS. https://tidbits.com/2020/06/26/what-the-heic-apples-highly-compressed-image-format-still-confuses/. 
  14. ↑ Lainema, Jani; Ugur, Kemal (2012-04-20). "On HEVC still picture coding performance". JCT-VC. http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/current_document.php?id=5721. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "HEIF Technical Information". Nokia. Images in HEIF Files. https://nokiatech.github.io/heif/technical.html. 
  16. ↑ "Working with HEIF and HEVC - WWDC 2017 - Videos". https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2017/511. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "High Efficiency Image File Format". Apple. June 2017. https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2017/513. 
  18. ↑ "Apple wants to shrink your photos, but a new format from Google and Mozilla could go even farther". CNET. 2018-01-19. https://www.cnet.com/news/google-mozilla-av1-photo-format-could-outdo-aging-jpeg/. 
  19. ↑ "AV1 Image File Format (AVIF)". https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-avif/. 
  20. ↑ "ISO/IEC 15444-16:2021 - Information technology — JPEG 2000 image coding system — Part 16: Encapsulation of JPEG 2000 images into ISO/IEC 23008-12". ISO. 2020-01-22. https://www.iso.org/standard/80620.html. 
  21. ↑ tsbmail (2021-11-11). "T.815 : Information technology - JPEG 2000 image coding system - Encapsulation of JPEG 2000 images into ISO/IEC 23008-12". Itu.int. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.815. 
  22. ↑ "ISO/IEC 15444-2:2021 - Information technology — JPEG 2000 image coding system — Part 2: Extensions". ISO. 2020-07-29. https://www.iso.org/standard/81547.html. 
  23. ↑ tsbmail (2021-10-29). "T.801 : Information technology-JPEG 2000 image coding system - Extensions". Itu.int. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.801. 
  24. ↑ "ISO/IEC 29199-2:2020 - Information technology — JPEG XR image coding system — Part 2: Image coding specification". ISO. 2019-08-29. https://www.iso.org/standard/79414.html. 
  25. ↑ tsbmail. "T.832 : Information technology - JPEG XR image coding system - Image coding specification". Itu.int. https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.832. 
  26. ↑ "ISO/IEC 21122-3:2019 - Information technology — JPEG XS low-latency lightweight image coding system — Part 3: Transport and container formats". ISO. 2017-08-25. https://www.iso.org/standard/74537.html. 
  27. ↑ Rus, Cristian (2017-06-26). "Así es HEIF, el nuevo formato de imagen con el que Apple quiere acabar con JPEG" (in es). https://www.applesfera.com/ios/asi-es-heif-el-nuevo-formato-de-imagen-con-el-que-apple-quiere-acabar-con-jpeg. 
  28. ↑ Tencent Technology (2018-01-30). "如何节省1Tb图片带宽？解密极致图像压缩！_腾讯技术工程的技术博客_51Cto博客". 51CTO. https://blog.51cto.com/u_13591395/2066880. 
  29. ↑ "图片流量节省大杀器：基于 CDN 的 sharpP 自适应图片技术实践 - 腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云". 2017-06-30. https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1004404. "秒开率达90%：腾讯看点客户端 Gif 转视频优化方案 - 腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云". 2019-12-17. https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1555426. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "腾讯社交网络图片带宽优化技术演进之路 - 腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云". 2017-12-27. https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1029772. "SharpP工具从17年3月开始，已采用AVS2作为新的内核；17年5月正式对外推出基于AVS2的图片格式，联合北大、AVS组织一起完善相关规范，并命名为TPG（Tiny Portable Graphics）" 
  31. ↑ "基于Avs2的图片容器——TPG：现状与改进之路 - 腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云". 2018-02-01. https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1871646. 
  32. ↑ "超越 Google，腾讯推出自研图片编码格式 TPG - 腾讯云开发者社区-腾讯云". 2017-05-10. https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1005004. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "strukturag/libheif". May 17, 2021. https://github.com/strukturag/libheif. 
  34. ↑ "strukturag/libheif". https://github.com/strukturag/libheif/releases. 
  35. ↑ "Open HEIC files on Windows". https://www.copytrans.net/copytransheic/. 
  36. ↑ "Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 17123 for Fast Ring Subscribers". https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2018/03/16/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-17123-for-fast/#UpPIwc3yVgJHc5Q8.97. 
  37. ↑ Hollister, Sean (2017-06-05). "Apple answers iPhone storage woes with smaller photos, videos". CBS Interactive. https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-answers-iphone-storage-woes-with-smaller-photos-videos/. 
  38. ↑ Czachurski, Marcin (2018-06-29). "macOS Mojave dynamic wallpaper". ITNEXT. https://itnext.io/macos-mojave-dynamic-wallpaper-fd26b0698223. 
  39. ↑ Snell, Jason (2017-09-20). "iOS 11: HEVC, HEIF, and what you need to know about these new video and photo formats". Macworld. https://www.macworld.com/article/3226490/ios/ios-11-hevc-heif-and-what-you-need-to-know-about-these-new-video-and-photo-formats.html. 
  40. ↑ "WebKit Features in Safari 16.0". 12 September 2022. https://webkit.org/blog/13152/webkit-features-in-safari-16-0/. 
  41. ↑ "Introducing HEIF and HEVC". Apple. 2017-06-06. https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2017/503. 
  42. ↑ "Supported media formats". https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/media/media-formats. 
  43. ↑ "HEIF Imaging". https://source.android.com/devices/camera/heif. 
  44. ↑ "Previewing Android P". Android Developers Blog. https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2018/03/previewing-android-p.html. 
  45. ↑ "Introducing Android Q Beta". https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2019/03/introducing-android-q-beta.html. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "10-Bit Camera Output" (in en). https://source.android.com/docs/core/camera/10-bit-camera-output. 
  47. ↑ "software recommendation - Any app on Ubuntu to open and/or convert HEIF pictures (.HEIC, High Efficiency Image File Format)?". https://askubuntu.com/questions/958355/any-app-on-ubuntu-to-open-and-or-convert-heif-pictures-heic-high-efficiency-i. 
  48. ↑ "Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc". https://caniuse.com/heif. 
  49. ↑ "AVIF image format | Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc". https://caniuse.com/avif. 
  50. ↑ "HEIC and HEVC media files support in Lightroom and Camera Raw". https://helpx.adobe.com/lightroom-cc/kb/heic-files-support.html. 
  51. ↑ "File formats in Adobe Photoshop". https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/file-formats.html#HEIFHEIC. 
  52. ↑ Pagès, Jehan (2018-05-20). "GIMP 2.10.2 Released". https://www.gimp.org/news/2018/05/20/gimp-2-10-2-released/. 
  53. ↑ "GIMP 2.10.2 Released". GIMP News. 2018-05-20. https://www.gimp.org/news/2018/05/20/gimp-2-10-2-released/. 
  54. ↑ "Krita 4.1 Release Notes". https://krita.org/en/krita-4-1-release-notes. 
  55. ↑ "paint.net 4.2 is now available!". 2019-07-13. https://blog.getpaint.net/2019/07/13/paint-net-4-2-is-now-available/. 
  56. ↑ Friday, William Gallagher (2018-11-16). "How to work with, edit, and share HEIC images without data loss". https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/11/16/how-to-work-with-edit-and-share-heic-images-without-data-loss. 
  57. ↑ "Zoner Photo Studio X brings support for the HEIF image format to Windows". DPReview. https://www.dpreview.com/news/2259298719/zoner-photo-studio-x-brings-support-for-the-heif-image-format-to-windows. 
  58. ↑ "HEIF support comes to Windows with Zoner Photo Studio". DIY Photography. 2017-11-28. https://www.diyphotography.net/heif-support-comes-windows-zoner-photo-studio/. 
  59. ↑ Pierre, GOUGELET. "Supported graphic and image formats | XnView.com" (in en). https://www.xnview.com/en/image_formats/. 
  60. ↑ https://media.the-digital-picture.com/Information/Canon-EOS-1D-X-Mark-III-Still-Image-White-Paper.pdf page 45
  61. ↑ "Inside Canon HEIF". 2020-03-16. https://github.com/lclevy/canon_cr3/blob/master/heif.md. 
  62. ↑ Artaius, James (October 29, 2019). "Canon graduates from JPG: 'We've moved on to HEIF files…'". Digital Camera World. https://www.digitalcameraworld.com/news/canon-abandoning-jpg-weve-moved-on-to-heif-files. 
  63. ↑ "Sony Alpha 1 Full-frame Interchangeable Lens Mirrorless Camera | ILCE1/B | Sony US". https://electronics.sony.com/imaging/interchangeable-lens-cameras/full-frame/p/ilce1-b. 
  64. ↑ "ILCE-7M4 Specifications". https://www.sony.com/electronics/support/e-mount-body-ilce-7-series/ilce-7m4/specifications. 
  65. ↑ "Fujifilm X-H2S Specifications". https://fujifilm-dsc.com/en/manual/x-h2s/technical_notes/spec/. 
  66. ↑ "Fujifilm X-H2 Specifications". https://fujifilm-dsc.com/en/manual/x-h2/technical_notes/spec/. 
  67. ↑ "Fujifilm X-T5 Specifications". https://fujifilm-dsc.com/en/manual/x-t5/technical_notes/spec/. 
  68. ↑ "Archived copy". https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/qualcomm-snapdragon-865-5g-mobile-platform-product-brief.pdf. 
  69. ↑ "Snapdragon 662 Mobile Platform". January 14, 2020. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-662-mobile-platform. 
  70. ↑ "Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 5G Mobile Platform | Latest 5G Snapdragon Processor". 2020-11-17. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-888-5g-mobile-platform. 
  71. ↑ "Snapdragon 780G 5G Mobile Platform". 2021-03-25. https://www.qualcomm.com/products/snapdragon-780g-5g-mobile-platform. 
  72. ↑ "Using HEIF or HEVC Media on Apple Devices". https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT207022. 
  73. ↑ Chin, Monica (20 May 2020). "Students are failing AP tests because the College Board can't handle iPhone photos". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21262302/ap-test-fail-iphone-photos-glitch-email-college-board-jpeg-heic. 
  74. ↑ Gallagher, William (2018-11-16). "How to work with, edit, and share HEIC images without data loss". Apple Insider. https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/11/16/how-to-work-with-edit-and-share-heic-images-without-data-loss. 
  75. ↑ Technik (2019-10-27). "Feature Request: Support for HEIF images - Discord Support Community". https://support.discord.com/hc/en-us/community/posts/360054609851-Feature-Request-Support-for-HEIF-images. 
  76. ↑ "Nokia High-Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF) License". https://github.com/nokiatech/heif/blob/master/LICENSE.TXT. 
  77. ↑ "macOS High Sierra tech preview: A quick look at the stuff you can't see". 2017-06-19. https://arstechnica.com/apple/2017/06/macos-high-sierra-tech-preview-a-quick-look-at-the-stuff-you-cant-see/. "If there's one major downside to both HEVC and HEIF, it's that they're covered by patents that may need to be licensed for use in various apps and services." 
  78. ↑ "Converting a JPEG to the new HEIF format". http://jpgtoheif.com/. "HEIF and HEVC are extensively covered by patents, which means there could be legal implications to implementing HEIF support, particularly in paid software or a hardware product." 
  79. ↑ Ozer, Jan; Gill, Dror (2017-06-12). "Apple Endorses New Image Format, HEIF". https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/apple-endorses-new-image-format-heif-jan-ozer. 

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