IEEE 802.11ac-2013
IEEE 802.11ac-2013 or 802.11ac is a wireless networking standard in the IEEE 802.11 set of protocols (which is part of the Wi-Fi networking family), providing high-throughput wireless local area networks (WLANs) on the 5 GHz band.[lower-alpha 1] The standard has been retroactively labelled as Wi-Fi 5 by Wi-Fi Alliance.[1][2]
The specification has multi-station throughput of at least 1.1 gigabit per second (1.1 Gbit/s) and single-link throughput of at least 500 megabits per second (0.5 Gbit/s).[3] This is accomplished by extending the air-interface concepts embraced by 802.11n: wider RF bandwidth (up to 160 MHz), more MIMO spatial streams (up to eight), downlink multi-user MIMO (up to four clients), and high-density modulation (up to 256-QAM).[4][5]
The Wi-Fi Alliance separated the introduction of ac wireless products into two phases ("waves"), named "Wave 1" and "Wave 2".[6][7] From mid-2013, the alliance started certifying Wave 1 802.11ac products shipped by manufacturers, based on the IEEE 802.11ac Draft 3.0 (the IEEE standard was not finalized until later that year).[8] Subsequently in 2016, Wi-Fi Alliance introduced the Wave 2 certification, which includes additional features like MU-MIMO (down-link only), 160 MHz channel width support, support for more 5 GHz channels, and four spatial streams (with four antennas; compared to three in Wave 1 and 802.11n, and eight in IEEE's 802.11ax specification).[9] It meant Wave 2 products would have higher bandwidth and capacity than Wave 1 products.[10]
New technologies
New technologies introduced with 802.11ac include the following:[5][11]
- Extended channel binding
- Optional 160 MHz and mandatory 80 MHz channel bandwidth for stations; cf. 40 MHz maximum in 802.11n.
- More MIMO spatial streams
- Support for up to eight spatial streams (vs. four in 802.11n)
- Downlink multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO, allows up to four simultaneous downlink MU-MIMO clients)
- Multiple STAs, each with one or more antennas, transmit or receive independent data streams simultaneously.
- Space-division multiple access (SDMA): streams not separated by frequency, but instead resolved spatially, analogous to 11n-style MIMO.
- Downlink MU-MIMO (one transmitting device, multiple receiving devices) included as an optional mode.
- Multiple STAs, each with one or more antennas, transmit or receive independent data streams simultaneously.
- Modulation
- 256-QAM, rate 3/4 and 5/6, added as optional modes (vs. 64-QAM, rate 5/6 maximum in 802.11n).
- Some vendors offer a non-standard 1024-QAM mode, providing 25% higher data rate compared to 256-QAM
- Other elements/features
- Beamforming with standardized sounding and feedback for compatibility between vendors (non-standard in 802.11n made it hard for beamforming to work effectively between different vendor products)
- MAC modifications (mostly to support above changes)
- Coexistence mechanisms for 20, 40, 80, and 160 MHz channels, 11ac and 11a/n devices
- Adds four new fields to the PPDU header identifying the frame as a very high throughput (VHT) frame as opposed to 802.11n's high throughput (HT) or earlier. The first three fields in the header are readable by legacy devices to allow coexistence
- DFS was mandated between channels 52 - 144 for 5 Ghz to reduce interference with weather stations using the same frequency band.
Features
Mandatory
- Borrowed from the 802.11a/802.11g specifications:
- 800 ns regular guard interval
- Binary convolutional coding (BCC)
- Single spatial stream
- Newly introduced by the 802.11ac specification:
- 80 MHz channel bandwidths
Optional
- Borrowed from the 802.11n specification:
- Two to four spatial streams
- Low-density parity-check code (LDPC)
- Space–time block coding (STBC)
- Transmit beamforming (TxBF)
- 400 ns short guard interval (SGI)
- Newly introduced by the 802.11ac specification:
- five to eight spatial streams
- 160 MHz channel bandwidths (contiguous 80+80)
- 80+80 MHz channel bonding (discontiguous 80+80)
- MCS 8/9 (256-QAM)
New scenarios and configurations
The single-link and multi-station enhancements supported by 802.11ac enable several new WLAN usage scenarios, such as simultaneous streaming of HD video to multiple clients throughout the home, rapid synchronization and backup of large data files, wireless display, large campus/auditorium deployments, and manufacturing floor automation.[12]
To fully utilize their WLAN capacities, 802.11ac access points and routers have sufficient throughput to require the inclusion of a USB 3.0 interface to provide various services such as video streaming, FTP servers, and personal cloud services.[13] With storage locally attached through USB 2.0, filling the bandwidth made available by 802.11ac was not easily accomplished.
Example configurations
All rates assume 256-QAM, rate 5/6:
Scenario | Typical client form factor |
PHY link rate | Aggregate capacity (speed) |
---|---|---|---|
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 80 MHz | Handheld | 433 Mbit/s | 433 Mbit/s |
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 80 MHz | Tablet, laptop | 867 Mbit/s | 867 Mbit/s |
One-antenna AP, one-antenna STA, 160 MHz | Handheld | 867 Mbit/s | 867 Mbit/s |
Three-antenna AP, three-antenna STA, 80 MHz | Laptop, PC | 1.30 Gbit/s | 1.30 Gbit/s |
Two-antenna AP, two-antenna STA, 160 MHz | Tablet, laptop | 1.73 Gbit/s | 1.73 Gbit/s |
Four-antenna AP, four one-antenna STAs, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO) |
Handheld | 867 Mbit/s to each STA | 3.39 Gbit/s |
Eight-antenna AP, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO)
|
Digital TV, Set-top Box, Tablet, Laptop, PC, Handheld |
|
6.93 Gbit/s |
Eight-antenna AP, four 2-antenna STAs, 160 MHz (MU-MIMO) |
Digital TV, tablet, laptop, PC | 1.73 Gbit/s to each STA | 6.93 Gbit/s |
Wave 1 vs. Wave 2
Wave 2, referring to products introduced in 2016, offers a higher throughput than legacy Wave 1 products, those introduced starting in 2013. The maximum physical layer theoretical rate for Wave 1 is 1.3 Gbit/s, while Wave 2 can reach 2.34 Gbit/s. Wave 2 can therefore achieve 1 Gbit/s even if the real world throughput turns out to be only 50% of the theoretical rate. Wave 2 also supports a higher number of connected devices.[10]
Data rates and speed
MCS index[lower-alpha 2] |
Spatial Streams |
Modulation type |
Coding rate |
Data rate (Mbit/s)[14] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 MHz channels | 40 MHz channels | 80 MHz channels | 160 MHz channels | ||||||||
800 ns GI | 400 ns GI | 800 ns GI | 400 ns GI | 800 ns GI | 400 ns GI | 800 ns GI | 400 ns GI | ||||
0 | 1 | BPSK | 1/2 | 6.5 | 7.2 | 13.5 | 15 | 29.3 | 32.5 | 58.5 | 65 |
1 | 1 | QPSK | 1/2 | 13 | 14.4 | 27 | 30 | 58.5 | 65 | 117 | 130 |
2 | 1 | QPSK | 3/4 | 19.5 | 21.7 | 40.5 | 45 | 87.8 | 97.5 | 175.5 | 195 |
3 | 1 | 16-QAM | 1/2 | 26 | 28.9 | 54 | 60 | 117 | 130 | 234 | 260 |
4 | 1 | 16-QAM | 3/4 | 39 | 43.3 | 81 | 90 | 175.5 | 195 | 351 | 390 |
5 | 1 | 64-QAM | 2/3 | 52 | 57.8 | 108 | 120 | 234 | 260 | 468 | 520 |
6 | 1 | 64-QAM | 3/4 | 58.5 | 65 | 121.5 | 135 | 263.3 | 292.5 | 526.5 | 585 |
7 | 1 | 64-QAM | 5/6 | 65 | 72.2 | 135 | 150 | 292.5 | 325 | 585 | 650 |
8 | 1 | 256-QAM | 3/4 | 78 | 86.7 | 162 | 180 | 351 | 390 | 702 | 780 |
9 | 1 | 256-QAM | 5/6 | N/A | N/A | 180 | 200 | 390 | 433.3 | 780 | 866.7 |
0 | 2 | BPSK | 1/2 | 13 | 14.4 | 27 | 30 | 58.5 | 65 | 117 | 130 |
1 | 2 | QPSK | 1/2 | 26 | 28.9 | 54 | 60 | 117 | 130 | 234 | 260 |
2 | 2 | QPSK | 3/4 | 39 | 43.3 | 81 | 90 | 175.5 | 195 | 351 | 390 |
3 | 2 | 16-QAM | 1/2 | 52 | 57.8 | 108 | 120 | 234 | 260 | 468 | 520 |
4 | 2 | 16-QAM | 3/4 | 78 | 86.7 | 162 | 180 | 351 | 390 | 702 | 780 |
5 | 2 | 64-QAM | 2/3 | 104 | 115.6 | 216 | 240 | 468 | 520 | 936 | 1040 |
6 | 2 | 64-QAM | 3/4 | 117 | 130.3 | 243 | 270 | 526.5 | 585 | 1053 | 1170 |
7 | 2 | 64-QAM | 5/6 | 130 | 144.4 | 270 | 300 | 585 | 650 | 1170 | 1300 |
8 | 2 | 256-QAM | 3/4 | 156 | 173.3 | 324 | 360 | 702 | 780 | 1404 | 1560 |
9 | 2 | 256-QAM | 5/6 | N/A | N/A | 360 | 400 | 780 | 866.7 | 1560 | 1733.3 |
0 | 3 | BPSK | 1/2 | 19.5 | 21.7 | 40.5 | 45 | 87.8 | 97.5 | 175.5 | 195 |
1 | 3 | QPSK | 1/2 | 39 | 43.3 | 81 | 90 | 175.5 | 195 | 351 | 390 |
2 | 3 | QPSK | 3/4 | 58.5 | 65 | 121.5 | 135 | 263.3 | 292.5 | 526.5 | 585 |
3 | 3 | 16-QAM | 1/2 | 78 | 86.7 | 162 | 180 | 351 | 390 | 702 | 780 |
4 | 3 | 16-QAM | 3/4 | 117 | 130 | 243 | 270 | 526.5 | 585 | 1053 | 1170 |
5 | 3 | 64-QAM | 2/3 | 156 | 173.3 | 324 | 360 | 702 | 780 | 1404 | 1560 |
6 | 3 | 64-QAM | 3/4 | 175.5 | 195 | 364.5 | 405 | N/A | N/A | 1579.5 | 1755 |
7 | 3 | 64-QAM | 5/6 | 195 | 216.7 | 405 | 450 | 877.5 | 975 | 1755 | 1950 |
8 | 3 | 256-QAM | 3/4 | 234 | 260 | 486 | 540 | 1053 | 1170 | 2106 | 2340 |
9 | 3 | 256-QAM | 5/6 | 260 | 288.9 | 540 | 600 | 1170 | 1300 | 2340 | 2600 |
0 | 4 | BPSK | 1/2 | 26 | 28.8 | 54 | 60 | 117.2 | 130 | 234 | 260 |
1 | 4 | QPSK | 1/2 | 52 | 57.6 | 108 | 120 | 234 | 260 | 468 | 520 |
2 | 4 | QPSK | 3/4 | 78 | 86.8 | 162 | 180 | 351.2 | 390 | 702 | 780 |
3 | 4 | 16-QAM | 1/2 | 104 | 115.6 | 216 | 240 | 468 | 520 | 936 | 1040 |
4 | 4 | 16-QAM | 3/4 | 156 | 173.2 | 324 | 360 | 702 | 780 | 1404 | 1560 |
5 | 4 | 64-QAM | 2/3 | 208 | 231.2 | 432 | 480 | 936 | 1040 | 1872 | 2080 |
6 | 4 | 64-QAM | 3/4 | 234 | 260 | 486 | 540 | 1053.2 | 1170 | 2106 | 2340 |
7 | 4 | 64-QAM | 5/6 | 260 | 288.8 | 540 | 600 | 1170 | 1300 | 2340 | 2600 |
8 | 4 | 256-QAM | 3/4 | 312 | 346.8 | 648 | 720 | 1404 | 1560 | 2808 | 3120 |
9 | 4 | 256-QAM | 5/6 | N/A | N/A | 720 | 800 | 1560 | 1733.3 | 3120 | 3466.7 |
Several companies are currently offering 802.11ac chipsets with higher modulation rates: MCS-10 and MCS-11 (1024-QAM), supported by Quantenna and Broadcom. Although technically not part of 802.11ac, these new MCS indices became official in the 802.11ax standard, ratified in 2021.
160 MHz channels are unavailable in some countries due to regulatory issues that allocated some frequencies for other purposes.
Advertised speeds
802.11ac-class device wireless speeds are often advertised as AC followed by a number, that number being the highest link rates in Mbit/s of all the simultaneously-usable radios in the device added up. For example, an AC1900 access point might have 600 Mbit/s capability on its 2.4 GHz radio and 1300 Mbit/s capability on its 5 GHz radio. No single client device could connect and achieve 1900 Mbit/s of throughput, but separate devices each connecting to the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radios could achieve combined throughput approaching 1900 Mbit/s. Different possible stream configurations can add up to the same AC number.
Type | 2.4 GHz band[lower-alpha 1] Mbit/s |
2.4 GHz band config [all 40 MHz] |
5 GHz band Mbit/s |
5 GHz band config [all 80 MHz] |
---|---|---|---|---|
AC450[15] | - | - | 433 | 1 stream @ MCS 9 |
AC600 | 150 | 1 stream @ MCS 7 | 433 | 1 stream @ MCS 9 |
AC750 | 300 | 2 streams @ MCS 7 | 433 | 1 stream @ MCS 9 |
AC1000 | 300 | 2 streams @ MCS 7 | 650 | 2 streams @ MCS 7 |
AC1200 | 300 | 2 streams @ MCS 7 | 867 | 2 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC1300 | 400 | 2 streams @ 256-QAM | 867 | 2 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC1300[16] | - | - | 1,300 | 3 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC1350[17] | 450 | 3 streams @ MCS 7 | 867 | 2 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC1450 | 450 | 3 streams @ MCS 7 | 975 | 3 streams @ MCS 7 |
AC1600 | 300 | 2 streams @ MCS 7 | 1,300 | 3 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC1700 | 800 | 4 streams @ 256-QAM | 867 | 2 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC1750 | 450 | 3 streams @ MCS 7 | 1,300 | 3 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC1900 | 600[lower-alpha 3] | 3 streams @ 256-QAM | 1,300 | 3 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC2100 | 800 | 4 streams @ 256-QAM | 1,300 | 3 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC2200 | 450 | 3 streams @ MCS 7 | 1,733 | 4 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC2300 | 600 | 4 streams @ MCS 7 | 1,625 | 3 streams @ 1024-QAM |
AC2400 | 600 | 4 streams @ MCS 7 | 1,733 | 4 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC2600 | 800[lower-alpha 3] | 4 streams @ 256-QAM | 1,733 | 4 streams @ MCS 9 |
AC2900 | 750[lower-alpha 4] | 3 streams @ 1024-QAM | 2,167 | 4 streams @ 1024-QAM |
AC3000 | 450 | 3 streams @ MCS 7 | 1,300 + 1,300 | 3 streams @ MCS 9 x 2 |
AC3150 | 1000[lower-alpha 4] | 4 streams @ 1024-QAM | 2,167 | 4 streams @ 1024-QAM |
AC3200 | 600[lower-alpha 3] | 3 streams @ 256-QAM | 1,300 + 1,300[lower-alpha 5] | 3 streams @ MCS 9 x 2 |
AC5000 | 600 | 4 streams @ MCS 7 | 2,167 + 2,167 | 4 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2 |
AC5300[20] | 1000[lower-alpha 4] | 4 streams @ 1024-QAM | 2,167 + 2,167 | 4 streams @ 1024-QAM x 2 |
Products
Commercial routers and access points
Quantenna released the first 802.11ac chipset for retail Wi-Fi routers and consumer electronics on November 15, 2011.[21] Redpine Signals released the first low power 802.11ac technology for smartphone application processors on December 14, 2011.[22] On January 5, 2012, Broadcom announced its first 802.11ac Wi-Fi chips and partners[23] and on April 27, 2012, Netgear announced the first Broadcom-enabled router.[24] On May 14, 2012, Buffalo Technology released the world’s first 802.11ac products to market, releasing a wireless router and client bridge adapter.[25] On December 6, 2012, Huawei announced commercial availability of the industry's first enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point.[26]
Motorola Solutions is selling 802.11ac access points including the AP 8232.[27] In April 2014, Hewlett-Packard started selling the HP 560 access point in the controller-based WLAN enterprise market segment.[28]
Commercial laptops
On June 7, 2012, it was reported that Asus had unveiled its ROG G75VX gaming notebook, which would be the first consumer-oriented notebook to be fully compliant with 802.11ac[29] (albeit in its "draft 2.0" version).
Apple began implementing 802.11ac starting with the MacBook Air in June 2013,[30][31] followed by the MacBook Pro and Mac Pro later that year.[32][33]
(As of December 2013) Hewlett-Packard incorporates 802.11ac compliance in laptop computers.[34]
Commercial handsets (partial list)
Vendor | Model | Release Date | Chipset | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
HTC | One (M7) | March 22, 2013 | BCM4335 [35] | First 802.11ac-enabled handset announced February 19, 2013[36] |
Samsung | Galaxy S4 | April 26, 2013 | BCM4335 [37] | |
Samsung | Galaxy Note 3 | September 25, 2013 | BCM4339 [38] | Subsequent Devices Include 802.11ac |
LG | LG Nexus 5 | October 2013[39] | BCM4339 [40] | BCM4339 is the updated version of the BCM4335 |
Nokia | Lumia 1520 | November 2013[41] | WCN3680 | First 802.11ac-enabled Windows Phone |
Nokia | Lumia Icon | February 20, 2014[42] | WCN3680 | Lumia 930 is Europe version of the same phone, also with 802.11ac |
HTC | One (M8) | March 25, 2014 | WCN3680 [43] | |
Samsung | Galaxy S5 | April 11, 2014 | BCM4354[44] | |
LG | G2 | September 18, 2013 | AWL9581 [45] | |
LG | G3 | May 23, 2014 | BCM4339 [46] | |
Amazon.com | Fire Phone | July 25, 2014 [47] | WCN3680 [48] | |
Samsung | Galaxy S5 Prime/SM-G906S | June 18, 2014 | QCA6174 | |
Samsung | Galaxy Alpha | September 7, 2014 | E702A7[49] | |
Apple | iPhone 6/Plus | September 19, 2014 | BCM4345[50] | First 802.11ac-enabled iOS devices |
Motorola | Nexus 6 | October 16, 2014 | BCM4356[51] | |
Samsung | Galaxy Note 4 | October 10, 2014 | BCM4358[52] | |
Samsung | Galaxy Note 5 | August 21, 2015 | BCM4359 [53] |
Commercial tablets
Vendor | Model | Release Date | Chipset | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Microsoft | Surface Pro 3 | June 20, 2014 | Avastar 88W8897 | 802.11ac-enabled touchscreen computing device |
Apple | iPad Air 2 | October 24, 2014 | Broadcom BCM4350 | First 802.11ac-enabled iOS tablet device |
Nexus 9 | November 3, 2014 | Nvidia Tegra K1 | 2x2 MIMO |
Chipsets
Vendor | Part # | Streams | LDPC | TxBF | 256-QAM | Applications |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Broadcom | BCM43602 | 3 | routers, laptops | |||
Broadcom | BCM4360 | 3 | routers, laptops | |||
Broadcom | BCM43569 | 2 | DTV | |||
Broadcom | BCM4352 | 2 | tablets | |||
Broadcom | BCM4350 | 2 | tablets | |||
Broadcom | BCM4356 | 2 | handsets, tablets | |||
Broadcom | BCM4354 | 2 | handsets, tablets | |||
Broadcom | BCM4339 | 1 | handsets | |||
Broadcom | BCM4335 | 1 | handsets | |||
Broadcom | BCM4359 | 2 | handsets | |||
Broadcom | BCM43455 | 1 | handsets | |||
Marvell | Avastar 88W8897 | 2 | tablets | |||
Marvell | Avastar 88W8864 | 3 | routers | |||
Qualcomm | WCN3680 | 1 | handsets | |||
Qualcomm | 2 | tablets | ||||
Qualcomm | QCA9880 | 3 | home routers | |||
Qualcomm | 3 | enterprise routers | ||||
Qualcomm | QCA9892 | 2 | tablets, PtP Links | |||
Qualcomm | 4 | enterprise access points | ||||
Qualcomm | QCA9992 | 3 | enterprise access points | |||
MediaTek | MT7610 | 1 | ? | ? | ? | PC (PCIe or USB) |
MediaTek | MT7650 | 1 | ? | handsets | ||
MediaTek | MT7612E | 2 | laptops (PCIe 2.0) | |||
MediaTek | 2 | laptops (USB 3.0) | ||||
Quantenna | QAC2300 | 4 | routers | |||
Redpine Signals | RS9117 | 1 | ? | handsets | ||
Redpine Signals | RS9333 | 3 | ? | routers | ||
Realtek | RTL8811AU | 1 | ? | ? | ? | adapter (USB 2.0) |
Realtek | RTL8812AU | 2 | ? | ? | ? | adapter (USB 3.0) |
Intel | AC-3160 | 1 | ? | ? | ? | laptops |
Intel | AC-7260 | 2 | ? | ? | ? | laptops |
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.
- ↑ MCS 9 is not applicable to all channel width/spatial stream combinations.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 With 802.11n, 600 Mbit/s in the 2.4 GHz band can be achieved by using four spatial streams at 150 Mbit/s each. (As of December 2014), commercially available devices that achieve 600 Mbit/s in the 2.4 GHz band use 3 spatial streams at 200 Mbit/s each.[18][19] This requires the use of 256-QAM modulation, which is not compliant with 802.11n and can be considered a proprietary extension.[19]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 With proprietary extension to 802.11n, using 40MHz channel in 2.4GHz, 400ns guard interval, 1024-QAM, and 4 spatial streams.
- ↑ (As of December 2014), commercially available AC3200 devices use two separate radios with 1,300 Mbit/s each to achieve 2,600 Mbit/s total in the 5 GHz band.
Comparison
IEEE 802.11 network PHY standards
| ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency range, or type |
PHY | Protocol | Release date[54] |
Frequency | Bandwidth | Stream data rate[55] | Allowable MIMO streams |
Modulation | Approximate range[citation needed] | |||
Indoor | Outdoor | |||||||||||
(GHz) | (MHz) | (Mbit/s) | ||||||||||
1–6 GHz | DSSS/FHSS[56] | 802.11-1997 | Jun 1997 | 2.4 | 22 | 1, 2 | N/A | DSSS, FHSS | 20 m (66 ft) | 100 m (330 ft) | ||
HR-DSSS[56] | 802.11b | Sep 1999 | 2.4 | 22 | 1, 2, 5.5, 11 | N/A | DSSS | 35 m (115 ft) | 140 m (460 ft) | |||
OFDM | 802.11a | Sep 1999 | 5 | 5/10/20 | 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 (for 20 MHz bandwidth, divide by 2 and 4 for 10 and 5 MHz) |
N/A | OFDM | 35 m (115 ft) | 120 m (390 ft) | |||
802.11j | Nov 2004 | 4.9/5.0[D][57][failed verification] | ? | ? | ||||||||
802.11p | Jul 2010 | 5.9 | ? | 1,000 m (3,300 ft)[58] | ||||||||
802.11y | Nov 2008 | 3.7[A] | ? | 5,000 m (16,000 ft)[A] | ||||||||
ERP-OFDM(, etc.) | 802.11g | Jun 2003 | 2.4 | 38 m (125 ft) | 140 m (460 ft) | |||||||
HT-OFDM[59] | 802.11n | Oct 2009 | 2.4/5 | 20 | Up to 288.8[B] | 4 | MIMO-OFDM | 70 m (230 ft) | 250 m (820 ft)[60][failed verification] | |||
40 | Up to 600[B] | |||||||||||
VHT-OFDM[59] | 802.11ac | Dec 2013 | 5 | 20 | Up to 346.8[B] | 8 | MIMO-OFDM | 35 m (115 ft)[61] | ? | |||
40 | Up to 800[B] | |||||||||||
80 | Up to 1733.2[B] | |||||||||||
160 | Up to 3466.8[B] | |||||||||||
HE-OFDM | 802.11ax | September 2019 [62] | 2.4/5/6 | 20 | Up to 1147[F] | 8 | MIMO-OFDM | 30 m (98 ft) | 120 m (390 ft) [G] | |||
40 | Up to 2294[F] | |||||||||||
80 | Up to 4804[F] | |||||||||||
80+80 | Up to 9608[F] | |||||||||||
mmWave | DMG[63] | 802.11ad | Dec 2012 | 60 | 2,160 | Up to 6,757[64] (6.7 Gbit/s) |
N/A | OFDM, single carrier, low-power single carrier | 3.3 m (11 ft)[65] | ? | ||
802.11aj | Apr 2018 | 45/60[C] | 540/1,080[66] | Up to 15,000[67] (15 Gbit/s) |
4[68] | OFDM, single carrier[68] | ? | ? | ||||
EDMG[69] | 802.11ay | Est. May 2020 | 60 | 8000 | Up to 20,000 (20 Gbit/s)[70] | 4 | OFDM, single carrier | 10 m (33 ft) | 100 m (328 ft) | |||
Sub-1 GHz IoT | TVHT[71] | 802.11af | Feb 2014 | 0.054–0.79 | 6–8 | Up to 568.9[72] | 4 | MIMO-OFDM | ? | ? | ||
S1G[71] | 802.11ah | Dec 2016 | 0.7/0.8/0.9 | 1–16 | Up to 8.67 (@2 MHz)[73] | 4 | ? | ? | ||||
2.4 GHz, 5 GHz | WUR | 802.11ba[E] | Est. Sep 2020 | 2.4/5 | 4.06 | 0.0625, 0.25 (62.5 kbit/s, 250 kbit/s) | N/A | OOK (Multi-carrier OOK) | ? | ? | ||
Light (Li-Fi) | IR | 802.11-1997 | Jun 1997 | ? | ? | 1, 2 | N/A | PPM | ? | ? | ||
? | 802.11bb | Est. Jul 2021 | 60000-790000 | ? | ? | N/A | ? | ? | ? | |||
802.11 Standard rollups | ||||||||||||
802.11-2007 | Mar 2007 | 2.4, 5 | Up to 54 | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||||
802.11-2012 | Mar 2012 | 2.4, 5 | Up to 150[B] | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||||
802.11-2016 | Dec 2016 | 2.4, 5, 60 | Up to 866.7 or 6,757[B] | DSSS, OFDM | ||||||||
|
See also
References
- ↑ "Wi-Fi Alliance introduces Wi-Fi 6". https://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-introduces-wi-fi-6.
- ↑ Shankland, Stephen (2018-10-03). "Here Come Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 in Plan to Simplify 802.11 Networking Names – The Wi-Fi Alliance Wants to Make Wireless Networks Easier to Understand and Recognize". https://www.cnet.com/news/wi-fi-alliance-simplifying-802-11-wireless-network-tech-names/.
- ↑ Van Nee, Richard (2011). "Breaking the Gigabit-per-second barrier with 802.11ac". IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine. http://www.jorianvannee.nl/wifi.
- ↑ Kassner, Michael (2013-06-18). "Cheat Sheet: What You Need to Know about 802.11ac". http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/networking/cheat-sheet-what-you-need-to-know-about-80211ac/6689.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "802.11ac: A Survival Guide". http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000001739/ch04.html.
- ↑ "802.11AC WAVE 2 A XIRRUS WHITE PAPER". https://www.xirrus.com/pdf/Wave2_Whitepaper.pdf.
- ↑ "802.11ac Wi-Fi Part 2: Wave 1 and Wave 2 Products". https://www.networkcomputing.com/wireless/80211ac-wi-fi-part-2-wave-1-and-wave-2-products/1614338859.
- ↑ "802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi Technical White Paper". March 2014. https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/282305/Old/New%20Belden.com%20-%20Master%20Resources/blog-pdfs/white_paper_c11-713103.pdf.
- ↑ "Wi-Fi Alliance launches 802.11ac Wave 2 certification". 29 June 2016. https://www.rcrwireless.com/20160629/network-infrastructure/wi-fi/wi-fi-alliance-launches-802-11ac-wave-2-certification-tag6.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "6 things you need to know about 802.11ac Wave 2". 2016-07-13. https://www.techrepublic.com/article/6-things-you-need-to-know-about-802-11ac-wave-2/.
- ↑ Bejarano, Oscar; Knightly, Edward; Park, Minyoung (2013-10-08). "IEEE 802.11ac: from channelization to multi-user MIMO". IEEE Communications Magazine 51 (10): 84–90. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2013.6619570.
- ↑ de Vegt, Rolf (2008-11-10). "802.11ac Usage Models Document". https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/09/11-09-0161-02-00ac-802-11ac-usage-model-document.ppt.
- ↑ "ASUS RT-AC56U & USB-AC56 802.11AC Review". http://www.hardwarecanucks.com/forum/hardware-canucks-reviews/63773-asus-rt-ac56u-usb-ac56-802-11ac-review.html.
- ↑ "IEEE Std 802.11ac™-2013 - 22.5 Parameters for VHT-MCSs". IEEE. 2013-12-11. pp. 323–339. http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11ac-2013.pdf.
- ↑ "AC580 USB Wireless Adapter Roundup". 2014-11-04. https://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-reviews/32545-ac580-usb-wireless-adapter-roundup.
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- ↑ "Archer C59". 2017-03-19. http://www.tp-link.com/us/products/details/cat-5506_Archer-C59.html#specifications.
- ↑ Ganesh, T S (2014-09-02). "Netgear R7500 Nighthawk X4 Integrates Quantenna 4x4 ac Radio and Qualcomm IPQ8064 SoC". http://www.anandtech.com/show/8464/netgear-r7500-nighthawk-x4-integrates-quantenna-4x4-ac-radio-and-qualcomm-ipq8064-soc.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Higgins, Tim (2013-10-08). "AC1900: Innovation or 3D Wi-Fi?". http://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-features/32238-ac1900-innovation-or-3d-wi-fi.
- ↑ Ngo, Dong. "Netgear R8500 Nighthawk X8 AC5300 Smart WiFi Router review". http://www.cnet.com/products/netgear-r8500-nighthawk-x8-ac5300-smart-wifi-router/#!.
- ↑ "Quantenna Launches World's First 802.11ac Gigabit-Wireless Solution for Retail Wi-Fi Routers and Consumer Electronics" (Press release). Quantenna. 2011-11-15.
- ↑ "Redpine Signals Releases First Ultra Low Power 802.11ac Technology for Smartphone Application Processors" (Press release). Redpine Signals. 2011-12-14. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
- ↑ "Broadcom Launches First Gigabit Speed 802.11ac Chips - Opens 2012 CES with 5th Generation (5G) Wi-Fi Breakthrough" (Press release). Broadcom. 2012-01-05. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
- ↑ "Netgear's R6300 router is first to use Broadcom 802.11ac chipset, will ship next month for $200". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/26/netgear-r6300-802-11ac-router.
- ↑ "Buffalo's 802.11ac Wireless Solutions Available Now" (Press release). Austin, Texas: Buffalo Technology (via PRNewswire). May 14, 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
- ↑ "Huawei Announces Commercial Availability of Industry's First Enterprise-level 802.11ac Access Point". Huawei. 6 December 2012. http://enterprise.huawei.com/ilink/enenterprise/news-event/news/news-list/HW_198472?KeyTemps=.
- ↑ "Motorola Modular Access Points Performance Review" (in en). http://broadbandlanding.com/research/mmap/.
- ↑ "HP Launches the HP 560 802.11ac Access Point". HP. 2014-03-31. http://h17007.www1.hp.com/us/en/networking/products/wireless/HP_560_802_11ac_Dual_Radio_Access_Point_Series/index.aspx#tab=TAB1.
- ↑ "Asus gaming notebook first to feature full 802.11ac". Electronista. 2012-06-07. http://www.electronista.com/articles/12/06/07/fifth.generation.wi.fi.standard.finally.reaching.consumers.
- ↑ "Apple unveils new MacBook Air lineup with all-day battery life, 802.11ac Wi-Fi". AppleInsider. 2013-06-11. http://appleinsider.com/articles/13/06/10/apple-unveils-new-macbook-air-lineup-with-all-day-battery-life-80211ac-wi-fi.
- ↑ "Apple - Macbook Air". https://www.apple.com/macbook-air.
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- ↑ "HP ENVY TouchSmart 17-j043cl Notebook PC Product Specifications HP ENVY TouchSmart 17-j043cl Notebook PC". http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=c03904324&tmp_task=prodinfoCategory&cc=us&dlc=en&lc=en&product=5447282#N364.
- ↑ "HTC One Teardown". 25 March 2013. http://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/HTC+One+Teardown/13494/2.
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- ↑ "Cellular, WiFi, Speaker & Noise Rejection - Samsung Galaxy Note 3 Review". http://www.anandtech.com/show/7376/samsung-galaxy-note-3-review/7.
- ↑ "LG Nexus 5 - Full phone specifications". http://www.gsmarena.com/lg_nexus_5-5705.php.
- ↑ "Nexus 5 Teardown". 31 October 2013. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nexus+5+Teardown/19016#s53729.
- ↑ "Nokia Lumia 1520 Specifications - Microsoft - USA". 2014-07-23. http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/mobile/phone/lumia1520/specifications/.
- ↑ "Nokia Lumia Icon". Nokia. http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/mobile/phone/lumia-icon/specifications/.
- ↑ "HTC One (M8) Teardown". 25 March 2014. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/HTC+One+(M8)+Teardown/23615.
- ↑ "Samsung Galaxy S5 Hits Stores, Chock Full of Broadcom Tech - Broadcom Connected". 22 April 2014. http://blog.broadcom.com/wireless-technology/samsung-galaxy-s5-hits-stores-chock-full-of-broadcom-tech/.
- ↑ "LG Electronics G2 Powered by ANADIGICS 802.11ac WiFi FEIC" (Press release). ANADIGICS. 2013-08-15. Archived from the original on 2014-03-04.
- ↑ "First Look: LG G3 Teardown – uBreakiFix Blog". 2014-05-30. http://www.ubreakifix.com/blog/lg-g3-teardown.
- ↑ "Amazon Fire Phone - 13MP Camera, 32GB - Shop Now". https://www.amazon.com/Fire_Phone_13MP-Camera_32GB/dp/B00EOE0WKQ.
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- ↑ "Samsung Note 4 & Alpha Teardown". 2014-09-10. http://www.techinsights.com/teardown.com/samsung-note-4-galaxy-alpha/.
- ↑ "Exclusive Video Teardown: Apple iPhone 6 | Electronics360". 2014-09-23. http://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/4578/exclusive-video-teardown-apple-iphone-6.
- ↑ "Nexus 6 Teardown". November 2014. https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/Nexus+6+Teardown/32877.
- ↑ "WiFi Performance, GNSS, Misc. - The Samsung Galaxy Note 4 Review". http://www.anandtech.com/show/8613/the-samsung-galaxy-note-4-review/9.
- ↑ "Video Performance, WiFi Performance, and GNSS Performance - The Samsung Galaxy Note5 and Galaxy S6 edge+ Review". http://www.anandtech.com/show/9558/the-samsung-galaxy-note5-and-galaxy-s6-edge-review/8.
- ↑ "Official IEEE 802.11 working group project timelines". January 26, 2017. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/Reports/802.11_Timelines.htm. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- ↑ "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED n: Longer-Range, Faster-Throughput, Multimedia-Grade Wi-Fi® Networks". Wi-Fi Alliance. September 2009. http://www.wi-fi.org/register.php?file=wp_Wi-Fi_CERTIFIED_n_Industry.pdf.[|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Banerji, Sourangsu; Chowdhury, Rahul Singha. "On IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Technology". arXiv:1307.2661.
- ↑ "The complete family of wireless LAN standards: 802.11 a, b, g, j, n". https://cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/pws/dl_downloads/dl_common_library/dl_news_from_rs/183/n183_lan.pdf.
- ↑ Abdelgader, Abdeldime M.S.; Wu, Lenan (2014). "The Physical Layer of the IEEE 802.11p WAVE Communication Standard: The Specifications and Challenges". World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science. http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2014/WCECS2014_pp691-698.pdf.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Wi-Fi Capacity Analysis for 802.11ac and 802.11n: Theory & Practice
- ↑ Belanger, Phil; Biba, Ken (2007-05-31). "802.11n Delivers Better Range". Wi-Fi Planet. http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/tutorials/article.php/3680781.
- ↑ "IEEE 802.11ac: What Does it Mean for Test?". LitePoint. October 2013. http://litepoint.com/whitepaper/80211ac_Whitepaper.pdf.
- ↑ "Wi-Fi 6 Routers: What You Can Buy Now (and Soon) | Tom's Guide". https://www.tomsguide.com/amp/us/best-wifi-6-routers,review-6115.html.
- ↑ "IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 3: Enhancements for Very High Throughput to Support Chinese Millimeter Wave Frequency Bands (60 GHz and 45 GHz)". IEEE Std 802.11aj-2018. April 2018. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8345727. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8345727.
- ↑ "802.11ad - WLAN at 60 GHz: A Technology Introduction". Rohde & Schwarz GmbH. November 21, 2013. p. 14. https://cdn.rohde-schwarz.com/pws/dl_downloads/dl_application/application_notes/1ma220/1MA220_2e_WLAN_11ad_WP.pdf.
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- ↑ "Understanding IEEE 802.11ad Physical Layer and Measurement Challenges". https://www.keysight.com/upload/cmc_upload/All/22May2014Webcast.pdf.
- ↑ "802.11aj Press Release". https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/18/11-18-0698-01-0000-802-11aj-press-release.docx.
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Hong, Wei; He, Shiwen; Wang, Haiming; Yang, Guangqi; Huang, Yongming; Chen, Jixing; Zhou, Jianyi; Zhu, Xiaowei et al. (2018). "An Overview of China Millimeter-Wave Multiple Gigabit Wireless Local Area Network System". IEICE Transactions on Communications E101.B (2): 262-276. doi:10.1587/transcom.2017ISI0004. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/transcom/E101.B/2/E101.B_2017ISI0004/_pdf.
- ↑ "IEEE 802.11ay: 1st real standard for Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) via mmWave – Technology Blog". https://techblog.comsoc.org/2018/06/15/ieee-802-11ay-1st-real-standard-for-broadband-wireless-access-bwa-via-mmwave/.
- ↑
Sun, Rob; Xin, Yan; Aboul-Maged, Osama; Calcev, George; Wang, Lei; Au, Edward; Cariou, Laurent; Cordeiro, Carlos et al.. "P802.11 Wireless LANs". IEEE. pp. 2,3. Archived from the original. Error: If you specify
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. https://web.archive.org/web/20171206183820/https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/15/11-15-1074-00-00ay-11ay-functional-requirements.docx. Retrieved December 6, 2017. - ↑ 71.0 71.1 "802.11 Alternate PHYs A whitepaper by Ayman Mukaddam". https://www.cwnp.com/uploads/802-11alternatephyswhitepaper.pdf.
- ↑ Lee, Wookbong; Kwak, Jin-Sam; Kafle, Padam; Tingleff, Jens; Yucek, Tevfik; Porat, Ron; Erceg, Vinko; Lan, Zhou et al. (2012-07-10). "TGaf PHY proposal". IEEE P802.11. https://mentor.ieee.org/802.11/dcn/12/11-12-0809-05-00af-tgaf-phy-proposal.docx. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
- ↑ Sun, Weiping; Choi, Munhwan; Choi, Sunghyun (July 2013). "IEEE 802.11ah: A Long Range 802.11 WLAN at Sub 1 GHz". Journal of ICT Standardization 1 (1): 83–108. doi:10.13052/jicts2245-800X.115. http://riverpublishers.com/journal/journal_articles/RP_Journal_2245-800X_115.pdf.
External links
- 802.11ac Technology Introduction white paper
- MIMO 802.11ac Test Architectures
- 802.11ac: The Fifth Generation of Wi-Fi Technical Paper
- 802.11ac primer
- Intel Wireless Products Selection Guide
Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE 802.11ac-2013.
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