List of open letters by academics

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This article lists notable open letters that were initiated by scientists or other academics or have a substantial share of academic signees.

Open letters that are not open for signing by other academics or the public in general and have not received both a large number of signatures – in specific no less than 10 before 2000 and no less than 40 after 2010 – and substantial media attention are not included, nor are petitions. With the advent of the Internet and World Wide Web, such open letters may have become far more frequent.

Open letters targeting or defending individual academics or small groups of scholars[1][2] as well as letters calling for retractions of specific studies are not included.

Name Year Signatures Scope / topic Demands Organized by Demand achieved Criticized
2023 42 42 academics


Global All editors at NeuroImage and NeuroImage: Reports resigned because they oppose the large fee ($3450) that the journal owner, publishing giant Elsevier, charges authors to make their scientific papers open access (OA). As Elsevier refused to reduce the fee, they launch a new OA journal Imaging Neuroscience hosted by the non-profit publisher MIT Press.[3] They commit to make the new journal replace their abandoned one as "the top journal in [their] field" and hope they demonstrate "the way forward in non-profit publishing".[4][3] (Group action of full editors-team) DA No
Pause Giant AI Experiments[5][6][7][8] 2023 1000 >1,000 incl. prominent figures in software & tech and risk researchers


Global "AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4" due to "profound risks to society and humanity".[9] Future of Life Institute Yes

[10][11][12][13]

Open Letter to the European Commission on the Cyber Resilience Act[14][15] 2023 x Many open source software organizations incl. OSI and TDF


European Union / Global Changes to the proposed Cyber Resilience Act due to "unnecessary economic and technological risk to the EU" and improving engagement with the under-represented open source software community as "more than 70% of the software in Europe [open source/FOSS] is about to be regulated without an in-depth consultation" and potential chilling effects of OSS development. The Eclipse Foundation
An open letter regarding research on reflecting sunlight to reduce the risks of climate change[16] 2023 110 >110 academics


Global Acceleration of research on "atmospheric aerosols and their potential to increase the reflection of sunlight from the atmosphere to address climate risk". Yes
Open Letter calling for an International Non-Use Agreement on Solar Geoengineering[17][18] 2022 380 >380 academics


Global "[I]mmediate political action from governments, the United Nations , and other actors to prevent the normalization of solar geoengineering as a climate policy option". 16 scholars[19] No Yes
2022 800 >800 incl. Nobel laureates & IPCC authors


Global Universities should stop accepting funding from fossil fuel companies to conduct climate research. Fossil Free Research[20] No
2022 open letter from Nobel laureates in support of Ukraine 2022 200 Nobel >200 Nobel laureates


Russia, Ukraine Independence of the Ukrainian people and freedom of the Ukrainian state (in face of the 2022 Russian invasion of the country). Roald Hoffmann, Richard J. Roberts No
An open letter of Russian scientists and science journalists against the war in Ukraine[21][22][23] 2022 8000 >8,000 academics and science journalists of Russia


Russia, Ukraine Condemnation of the war against Ukraine with "responsibility for unleashing a new war in Europe [lying] entirely with Russia".[24] NA
Montreal Declaration on Animal Exploitation[25] 2022 500 >500 academics (moral and political philosophy)


Global "Insofar as it involves unnecessary violence and harm, [they] declare that animal exploitation is unjust and morally indefensible". NA Yes
Fulfil the NPT: From nuclear threats to human security 2022 1000 >1,000 incl. many academics


Global Four steps towards a nuclear-weapon-free world to take by the Tenth Review Conference of the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2022. NoFirstUse Global
Statement by other Academics in support of Bill No. 28 of 2022[26] 2022 100 >100 academics


Malta Passage of abortion law changes Bill No. 28 of 2022 as is.
Scientists to President Biden: Follow the Science, Stop Fossil Fuels[27] 2022 275 275 academics


USA / Global Halting recent moves towards increasing fossil fuel production and instead take bold action to rapidly reduce fossil fuel extraction and infrastructure by President Biden. Scientists Bob Howarth, Mark Jacobson, Michael Mann, Sandra Steingraber, and Peter Kalmus No
Scientists & Experts Want Climate Action – An Open Letter to the White House[28] 2021 1500 >1,500 academics incl. 5 senior/lead IPCC authors


USA / Global "President Joe Biden and his administration to commit to reducing U.S. heat-trapping emissions by at least 50 percent below 2005 levels by 2030". Union of Concerned Scientists
It is essential to Remove Climate-Harming Logging and Fossil Fuel Provisions from Reconciliation and Infrastructure Bills[29][30] 2021 100 >100 academics


USA / Global Removal of logging and fossil fuel provisions from reconciliation and infrastructure bills by President Biden and members of Congress.[31]
Scientists and Engineers Letter to President Biden on the Nuclear Posture Review[32][33] 2021 700 ~700 scientists and engineers incl. 21 Nobel laureates


USA / Global President Biden to "use his forthcoming declaration of a new national strategy for managing nuclear weapons as a chance to cut the U.S. arsenal by a third, and to declare, for the first time, that the United States would never be the first to use nuclear weapons in a conflict".
An Open Letter from U.S. Scientists Imploring President Biden to End the Fossil Fuel Era[34] 2021 330 >330 academics


USA / Global Biologist Dr. Sandra Steingraber, climate scientist Dr. Peter Kalmus, advocacy groups Center for Biological Diversity and Food & Water Watch
Stop attempts to criminalise nonviolent climate protest[38] 2021 400 >400 academics


Global End of the criminalization of non-violent civil disobedience from direct action climate activist groups. Oscar Berglund, others
Academic Open Letter in Support of the TRIPS Intellectual Property Waiver Proposal[39] 2021 100 >100 academics (international intellectual property)


Global A "temporary TRIPS waiver – as proposed by India and South Africa and supported by more than 100 countries – [as a] necessary and proportionate legal measure towards the clearing of existing intellectual property barriers to scaling up of production of COVID-19 health technologies in a direct, consistent and effective fashion". No
WTO must ban harmful fisheries subsidies[40][41][42] 2021 296 296 academics

[43]

Global WTO to eliminate increasing harmful fisheries subsidies.
It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)[44] 2020 239 >239 academics

[45]

Global WHO, medical community and relevant national and other international bodies to "recognize the potential for airborne spread" of COVID-19 by around the time of the letter. Lidia Morawska, Donald K Milton No
Call to stop "Chain of Killings"[46] 2020 100 >100 academics


Philippine End to President Rodrigo Duterte's "bloody war on drugs" and the creation of a Truth Commission. No
A Letter on Justice and Open Debate 2020 153 153; mostly scholars and writers


Global Condemnation of cancel culture and liberal intolerance and defending free speech, making an argument that hostility to free speech was becoming widespread on what could be described as "the political left" as well. Thomas Chatterton Williams, Robert Worth, George Packer, David Greenberg, Mark Lilla NA Yes

[47][48]

A warning on climate and the risk of societal collapse[49] 2020 258 258 mostly academics


Global Engagement with the risk of disruption and even collapse of societies due to climate change by policymakers. Gesa Weyhenmeyer, Will Steffen NA
We declare our support for Extinction Rebellion[50] 2019 250 >250 academics at Australian universities


Global Declaration of support for Extinction Rebellion and sufficient change of Australian government's inaction on the climate crisis. It is based on a 2018 open letter. NA
School climate strike children’s brave stand has our support[51] 2019 224 224 academics


Global Declaration of support for School Strikes for Climate. NA
The EU needs a stability and wellbeing pact, not more growth[52][53] 2018 238 238 academics


Global "Plan[ning]" for a post-growth future in which human and ecological wellbeing is prioritised over GDP by the European Union and its member states. Wellbeing Economy Alliance and others NA
An Open Letter from Scientists to President-Elect Trump on Climate Change[54] 2016 800 >800 academics (Earth science and energy)


USA / Global Six steps of immediate and sustained action to take by Donald Trump against human-caused climate change. No
Science and the Public Interest – An Open Letter to President-Elect Trump and the 115th Congress[55] 2016 2000 >2,000 academics


USA / Global Sufficient funding of scientific research as well as "support[ing] and rely[ing] on science as a key input for crafting public policy" by the incoming administration. Union of Concerned Scientists No
Open Letter to Google From 80 Internet Scholars: Release RTBF Compliance Data[56] 2015 80 80 academics


Global – Google More transparency of Google's right to be forgotten (RTBF) processes.
Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence 2015 150 >150 incl. Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, and many AI experts


Global
This section is an excerpt from Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence § Purpose[ edit ]
The letter highlights both the positive and negative effects of artificial intelligence.[57] According to Bloomberg Business, Professor Max Tegmark of MIT circulated the letter in order to find common ground between signatories who consider super intelligent AI a significant existential risk, and signatories such as Professor Oren Etzioni, who believe the AI field was being "impugned" by a one-sided media focus on the alleged risks.[58] The letter contends that:
[...] 		Future of Life Institute NA
An Open Letter From Internet Engineers to the U.S. Congress[59] 2011 83 83 prominent Internet inventors and engineers


USA, Canada / Global Stoppage of SOPA and PIPA Internet blacklist bills.[60] Electronic Frontier Foundation Yes No
Open letter from ten Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences to the President 2007 10 10 members of the Russian Academy of Sciences


Russia
This section is an excerpt from Academicians' letter § Main issues[ edit ]
 No Yes[61]
Open letter to Gorbachev 1990 30 30 academics incl. Nobel laureates


Russia Preventing privatisation of land itself, instead of a Georgist system of common ownership and the collection of public revenue through land-value taxation.

See also

Policy
In the media and public awareness
Similar documents

References

  1. ↑ ""Academic mobbing" undermines open inquiry and destroys the soul of universities". The Economist. https://www.economist.com/open-future/2019/07/23/academic-mobbing-undermines-open-inquiry-and-destroys-the-soul-of-universities. 
  2. ↑ Carl, Noah (11 February 2021). "A List of Academic Petitions and Open Letters" (in en). https://noahcarl.medium.com/a-list-of-academic-petitions-and-open-letters-995fadc0a088. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "News at a glance: A new malaria vaccine, a Parkinson's test, and editors resign" (in en). Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/news-glance-new-malaria-vaccine-parkinson-s-test-and-editors-resign. 
  4. ↑ "Elsevier: NeuroImage transition - all editors have resigned over the high publication fee, and are starting a new non-profit journal, Imaging Neuroscience". https://imaging-neuroscience.org/Announcement.pdf. 
  5. ↑ Metz, Cade; Schmidt, Gregory (2023-03-29). "Elon Musk and Others Call for Pause on A.I., Citing 'Profound Risks to Society'" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/29/technology/ai-artificial-intelligence-musk-risks.html. 
  6. ↑ "Elon Musk among experts urging a halt to AI training" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2023-03-29. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65110030. 
  7. ↑ Kelly, Samantha Murphy (2023-03-29). "Elon Musk and other tech leaders call for pause in 'out of control' AI race | CNN Business" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/29/tech/ai-letter-elon-musk-tech-leaders/index.html. 
  8. ↑ Narayan, Jyoti; Hu, Krystal; Coulter, Martin; Mukherjee, Supantha; Hu, Krystal (2023-04-05). "Elon Musk and others urge AI pause, citing 'risks to society'" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/musk-experts-urge-pause-training-ai-systems-that-can-outperform-gpt-4-2023-03-29/. 
  9. ↑ "Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter" (in en-US). https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/. 
  10. ↑ Paul, Kari (2023-04-01). "Letter signed by Elon Musk demanding AI research pause sparks controversy" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/31/ai-research-pause-elon-musk-chatgpt. "Among the research cited was “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots”, a well-known paper co-authored by Margaret Mitchell, who previously oversaw ethical AI research at Google. Mitchell, now chief ethical scientist at AI firm Hugging Face, criticised the letter, telling Reuters it was unclear what counted as “more powerful than GPT4”.
    “By treating a lot of questionable ideas as a given, the letter asserts a set of priorities and a narrative on AI that benefits the supporters of FLI,” she said. “Ignoring active harms right now is a privilege that some of us don’t have.”"     
  11. ↑ "Musk's AI letter is a 'hot mess' of hype, say critics" (in en). 2023-03-30. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230330-musk-s-ai-letter-is-a-hot-mess-of-hype-say-critics. "But Timnit Gebru, whose academic paper was cited to support that claim, wrote on Twitter on Thursday that her article actually warns against making such inflated claims about AI.
    "They basically say the opposite of what we say and cite our paper," she wrote.
    Her co-author Emily Bender said the letter was a "hot mess" and was "just dripping with AI hype"."     
  12. ↑ Goswami, Rohan (2023-04-14). "OpenAI CEO Sam Altman addresses letter from Musk and other tech leaders calling for A.I. pause" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/14/openai-ceo-altman-addresses-letter-from-musk-wozniak-calling-for-ai-pause.html. 
  13. ↑ "News at a glance: Benin Bronze's source, a supermassive black hole, and Aboriginal knowledge" (in en). www.science.org. https://www.science.org/content/article/news-glance-benin-bronze-s-source-supermassive-black-hole-and-aboriginal-knowledge. 
  14. ↑ Sawers, Paul (18 April 2023). "In letter to EU, open source bodies say Cyber Resilience Act could have 'chilling effect' on software development". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/18/in-letter-to-european-commission-open-source-bodies-say-cyber-resilience-act-could-have-chilling-effect-on-software-development/. 
  15. ↑ Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J.. "EU attempts to secure software could hurt open source" (in en). www.theregister.com. https://www.theregister.com/2023/05/12/eu_cyber_resilience_act/. 
  16. ↑ Milman, Oliver (2023-03-01). "Deflecting sun's rays to cool overheating Earth needs study, scientists say" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/mar/01/sun-rays-cool-overheating-earth-james-hansen-scientists-letter. 
  17. ↑ Milman, Oliver (2022-12-25). "Can geoengineering fix the climate? Hundreds of scientists say not so fast" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/dec/25/can-controversial-geoengineering-fix-climate-crisis. 
  18. ↑ Bokat-Lindell, Spencer (2023-01-11). "Opinion | Should We Block the Sun to Counter Climate Change?" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/11/opinion/geoengineering-climate-change-solar.html. 
  19. ↑ "Signatories" (in en-US). https://www.solargeoeng.org/non-use-agreement/signatories/. 
  20. ↑ "Fossil Free Research" (in en). https://fossilfreeresearch.org/. 
  21. ↑ Fazackerley, Anna (2022-04-02). "'No hope for science in Russia': the academics trying to flee to the west" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/02/no-hope-science-russia-academics-trying-flee-to-west. 
  22. ↑ "Russia-West scientific collaboration a casualty of Ukraine war" (in en). France 24. 26 March 2022. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220326-russia-west-scientific-collaboration-a-casualty-of-ukraine-war. 
  23. ↑ Chawla, Dalmeet Singh (2022-05-27). "Russian Academics Aim to Punish Colleagues Who Backed Ukraine Invasion" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/27/science/russia-ukraine-science-academy.html. 
  24. ↑ "Открытое письмо российских ученых и научных журналистов против войны с Украиной" (in ru-RU). 24 February 2022. https://www.t-invariant.org/2022/02/we-are-against-war/. 
  25. ↑ "Four hundred philosophers declare animal exploitation 'unjust and morally indefensible'" (in en). Le Monde.fr. 6 October 2022. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/opinion/article/2022/10/06/four-hundred-philosophers-declare-animal-exploitation-unjust-and-morally-indefensible_5999321_23.html. 
  26. ↑ "Over 100 academics support proposed changes to Malta's abortion laws" (in en-gb). 5 December 2022. https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/100-academics-support-proposed-changes-maltas-abortion-laws.999646. 
  27. ↑ Schlosberg, Mark (2022-04-07). "Scientists to Biden: Don't Ramp Up Fossil Fuels" (in en-US). https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/2022/04/07/biden-fossil-fuels-scientists/. 
  28. ↑ "UCS Delivers Letter to White House Signed by More Than 1,500 Scientists Urging Biden to Cut Emissions by at Least Half by 2030 | Union of Concerned Scientists" (in en). https://www.ucsusa.org/about/news/ucs-delivers-letter-white-house-signed-more-1500-scientists-urging-biden-cut-emissions-0. 
  29. ↑ Ketcham, Christopher (2022-06-29). "Logging is destroying southern forests — and dividing US environmentalists" (in en-us). https://grist.org/energy/logging-biomass-nature-conservancy/. 
  30. ↑ "Scientists urge Biden to remove logging, fossil fuels, biomass from budget bills" (in en-US). 2021-11-08. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/11/scientists-urge-biden-to-remove-logging-fossil-fuels-biomass-from-budget-bills/. 
  31. ↑ "Open Letter to President Biden and Members of Congress from Scientists: It is essential to Remove Climate-Harming Logging and Fossil Fuel Provisions from Reconciliation and Infrastructure Bills". https://johnmuirproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ScientistLetterOpposingLoggingProvisionsInBBB_BIF4Nov21.pdf. 
  32. ↑ Sanger, David E. (2021-12-17). "Hundreds of Scientists Ask Biden to Cut the U.S. Nuclear Arsenal" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/16/us/politics/scientists-letter-nuclear-arsenal.html. 
  33. ↑ "Scientists and Engineers Letter to President Biden on the Nuclear Posture Review". https://ucs-documents.s3.amazonaws.com/global-security/letter-POTUS-NPR-dated-12-16-21.pdf. 
  34. ↑ "To Avert 'Uncontrollable Climate Chaos,' Scientists Tell Biden to Stop Backing Fossil Fuels" (in en). https://www.commondreams.org/news/2021/10/07/avert-uncontrollable-climate-chaos-scientists-tell-biden-stop-backing-fossil-fuels. 
  35. ↑ Taylor, Damian Carrington Matthew (6 June 2022). "Revealed: the 'carbon bombs' set to trigger catastrophic climate breakdown" (in en). the Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2022/may/11/fossil-fuel-carbon-bombs-climate-breakdown-oil-gas. 
  36. ↑ Bearak, Max (6 April 2023). "It's Not Just Willow: Oil and Gas Projects Are Back in a Big Way". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/06/climate/oil-gas-drilling-investment-worldwide-willow.html. 
  37. ↑ Lamb, William F.; Mattioli, Giulio; Levi, Sebastian; Roberts, J. Timmons; Capstick, Stuart; Creutzig, Felix; Minx, Jan C.; Müller-Hansen, Finn et al. (2020). "Discourses of climate delay" (in en). Global Sustainability 3: e17. doi:10.1017/sus.2020.13. ISSN 2059-4798. 
  38. ↑ Taylor, Matthew (2021-04-29). "Environment protest being criminalised around world, say experts" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/19/environment-protest-being-criminalised-around-world-say-experts. 
  39. ↑ "Over 100 academic & IP experts sign an open letter in support of TRIPS waiver". The Times of India. 2021-07-14. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/over-100-academic-ip-experts-sign-an-open-letter-in-support-of-trips-waiver/articleshow/84418588.cms. 
  40. ↑ Jones, Nicola (2023-03-22). "Not enough fish in the sea" (in en). Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-032223-1. https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2023/how-to-stop-overfishing. 
  41. ↑ "Op-ed: It's time to stop subsidizing overfishing | SeafoodSource" (in en). https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/oped-it-s-time-to-stop-subsidizing-overfishing. 
  42. ↑ Australia, University of Western. "Scientists join international push to ban harmful fisheries subsidies" (in en). https://phys.org/news/2021-10-scientists-international-fisheries-subsidies.html. 
  43. ↑ Sumaila, U. Rashid; Skerritt, Daniel J.; Schuhbauer, Anna; Villasante, Sebastian; Cisneros-Montemayor, Andrés M.; Sinan, Hussain; Burnside, Duncan; Abdallah, Patrízia Raggi et al. (2021-10-29). "WTO must ban harmful fisheries subsidies" (in en). Science 374 (6567): 544. doi:10.1126/science.abm1680. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 34709891. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm1680. 
  44. ↑ Sealy, Amanda (2022-04-10). "This invisible Covid-19 mitigation measure is finally getting the attention it deserves" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/10/health/covid-19-ventilation-matters-wellness/index.html. 
  45. ↑ Morawska, Lidia; Milton, Donald K (2020-07-06). "It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (in en). Clinical Infectious Diseases 71 (9): 2311–2313. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa939. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 32628269. 
  46. ↑ "Philippines academics condemn Duterte's deadly war on drugs - Study International". 4 October 2017. https://www.studyinternational.com/news/philippines-academics-condemn-dutertes-deadly-war-drugs/. 
  47. ↑ Yang, Jeff. "The problem with 'the letter'". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/10/opinions/the-letter-harpers-cancel-culture-open-debate-yang/index.html. Retrieved 8 September 2020. 
  48. ↑ Schuessler, Jennifer (July 10, 2020). "An Open Letter on Free Expression Draws a Counterblast". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/arts/open-letter-debate.html. Retrieved July 12, 2020. 
  49. ↑ Ketcham, Christopher; Gibbs, Jeff (31 January 2021). "Op-Ed: Collapseologists are warning humanity that business-as-usual will make the Earth uninhabitable". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2021-01-31/societal-collapse-collapseology-climate-change. 
  50. ↑ Cox, Lisa (19 September 2019). "Hundreds of Australian academics declare support for climate rebellion". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/20/hundreds-of-australian-academics-declare-support-for-climate-rebellion. 
  51. ↑ Taylor, Matthew (13 February 2019). "Academics back UK schools' climate change strikes". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/13/academics-back-uk-schools-climate-change-strikes. 
  52. ↑ Mastini, Riccardo; Kallis, Giorgos; Hickel, Jason (1 January 2021). "A Green New Deal without growth?" (in en). Ecological Economics 179: 106832. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106832. ISSN 0921-8009. 
  53. ↑ "The EU needs a stability and wellbeing pact, not more growth". The Guardian. 16 September 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/16/the-eu-needs-a-stability-and-wellbeing-pact-not-more-growth. 
  54. ↑ Lemonick, Michael D.. "An Open Letter from Scientists to President-Elect Trump on Climate Change" (in en). Scientific American Blog Network. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/an-open-letter-from-scientists-to-president-elect-trump-on-climate-change/. 
  55. ↑ "2,300 Leading Scientists Send Trump A Clear Warning: We're Watching You" (in en). 2016-12-01. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/2300-scientists-letter-donald-trump_n_583f2bcbe4b017f37fe238df. 
  56. ↑ Kiss, Jemima (14 May 2015). "Dear Google: open letter from 80 academics on 'right to be forgotten'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/14/dear-google-open-letter-from-80-academics-on-right-to-be-forgotten. 
  57. ↑ Bradshaw, Tim (12 January 2015). "Scientists and investors warn on AI". The Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3d2c2f12-99e9-11e4-93c1-00144feabdc0.html. "Rather than fear-mongering, the letter is careful to highlight both the positive and negative effects of artificial intelligence." 
  58. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bloomberg
  59. ↑ Sterling, Bruce. "Internet engineers don't like PIPA and SOPA" (in en-US). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/2011/12/internet-engineers-dont-like-pipa-and-sopa/. Retrieved 2023-05-16. 
  60. ↑ Eckersley, Parker Higgins and Peter (2011-12-15). "An Open Letter From Internet Engineers to the U.S. Congress" (in en). https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/12/internet-inventors-warn-against-sopa-and-pipa. 
  61. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in russian). July 24, 2007. http://www.religio.ru/arch/24Jul2007/news/15118.html. Retrieved April 2, 2010. 



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