Physics:Pareidolia
Pareidolia (/ˌpærɪˈdoʊliə, ˌpɛər-/;[1] also US: /ˌpɛəraɪ-/)[2] is the tendency for perception to impose a meaningful interpretation on a nebulous stimulus, usually visual, so that one sees an object, pattern, or meaning where there is none. It is a type of apophenia.
Common examples are perceived images of animals, faces, or objects in cloud formations, seeing faces in inanimate objects, or lunar pareidolia like the Man in the Moon or the Moon rabbit. The concept of pareidolia may extend to include hidden messages in recorded music played in reverse or at higher- or lower-than-normal speeds, and hearing voices (mainly indistinct) or music in random noise, such as that produced by air conditioners or fans.[3][4]
Etymology
The word derives from the Greek words pará (παρά, "beside, alongside, instead [of]") and the noun eídōlon (εἴδωλον, "image, form, shape").[5]
The German word Pareidolie was used in articles by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum—for example in his 1866 paper "Die Sinnesdelierien"[6] ("On Delusion of the Senses"). When Kahlbaum's paper was reviewed the following year (1867) in The Journal of Mental Science, Volume 13, Pareidolie was translated into English as "pareidolia", and noted to be synonymous with the terms "...changing hallucination, partial hallucination, [and] perception of secondary images."[7]
Link to other conditions
Pareidolia is frequent among patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies.[8] Pareidolia correlates with age but not autism traits.[9]
Explanations
Pareidolia can cause people to interpret random images, or patterns of light and shadow, as faces.[10] A 2009 magnetoencephalography study found that objects perceived as faces evoke an early (165 ms) activation of the fusiform face area at a time and location similar to that evoked by faces, whereas other common objects do not evoke such activation. This activation is similar to a slightly faster time (130 ms) that is seen for images of real faces. The authors suggest that face perception evoked by face-like objects is a relatively early process, and not a late cognitive reinterpretation phenomenon.[11]
A functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in 2011 similarly showed that repeated presentation of novel visual shapes that were interpreted as meaningful led to decreased fMRI responses for real objects. These results indicate that the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli depends upon processes similar to those elicited by known objects.[12]
These studies help to explain why people generally identify a few lines and a circle as a "face" so quickly and without hesitation. Cognitive processes are activated by the "face-like" object which alerts the observer to both the emotional state and identity of the subject, even before the conscious mind begins to process or even receive the information. A "stick figure face", despite its simplicity, can convey mood information, and be drawn to indicate emotions such as happiness or anger. This robust and subtle capability is hypothesized to be the result of natural selection favoring people most able to quickly identify the mental state, for example, of threatening people, thus providing the individual an opportunity to flee or attack pre-emptively.[13] This ability, though highly specialized for the processing and recognition of human emotions, also functions to determine the demeanor of wildlife.[14][self-published source?]
Examples
Mimetoliths
![](/wiki/images/7/77/Martian_face_viking_cropped.jpg)
A mimetolithic pattern is a pattern created by rocks that may come to mimic recognizable forms through the random processes of formation, weathering and erosion. A well-known example is the Face on Mars, a rock formation on Mars that resembled a human face in certain satellite photos. Most mimetoliths are much larger than the subjects they resemble, such as a cliff profile which looks like a human face.
Picture jaspers exhibit combinations of patterns such as banding from flow or depositional patterns (from water or wind), or dendritic or color variations, resulting in what appear to be miniature scenes on a cut section, which is then used for jewelry.
Chert nodules, concretions, or pebbles may in certain cases be mistakenly identified as skeletal remains, egg fossils, or other antiquities of organic origin by amateur enthusiasts.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese researcher Chonosuke Okamura self-published a series of reports titled Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory, in which he described tiny inclusions in polished limestone from the Silurian period (425 mya) as being preserved fossil remains of tiny humans, gorillas, dogs, dragons, dinosaurs and other organisms, all of them only millimeters long, leading him to claim, "There have been no changes in the bodies of mankind since the Silurian period... except for a growth in stature from 3.5 mm to 1,700 mm."[15][16] Okamura's research earned him an Ig Nobel Prize (a parody of the Nobel Prizes) in biodiversity in 1996.[17][18]
Some sources describe various mimetolithic features on Pluto, including a heart-shaped region.[19][20][21]
Seeing shapes in cloud patterns is another example of this phenomenon. Rogowitz and Voss (1990) showed a relationship between seeing shapes in cloud patterns and fractal dimension. They varied the fractal dimension of the boundary contour from 1.2 to 1.8, and found that the lower the fractal dimension, the more likely people were to report seeing namable shapes of animals, faces, and fantasy creatures. [22]
Mars canals
A notable example of pareidolia occurred in 1877, when observers using telescopes to view the surface of Mars thought that they saw faint straight lines, which were then interpreted by some as canals (see Martian canals). It was theorized that the canals were possibly created by sentient beings. This created a sensation. In the next few years better photographic techniques and stronger telescopes were developed and applied, which resulted in new images in which the faint lines disappeared, and the canal theory was debunked as an example of pareidolia.[23][24]
Projective tests
The Rorschach inkblot test uses pareidolia in an attempt to gain insight into a person's mental state. The Rorschach is a projective test that elicits thoughts or feelings of respondents that are "projected" onto the ambiguous inkblot images.[25] Rorschach inkblots have low-fractal-dimension boundary contours, which may elicit general shape naming behaviors, serving as the vehicle for projected meanings.[26]
Banknotes
Owing to the way designs are engraved and printed, occurrences of pareidolia have occasionally been reported in banknotes.
One example is the 1954 Canadian Landscape Canadian dollar banknote series, known among collectors for the "Devil's Head" variety of the initial print runs. The obverse of the notes features what appears to be an exaggerated grinning face formed from patterns in the hair of Queen Elizabeth II. The phenomenon generated enough attention for revised designs to be issued in 1956 which removed the effect.[27]
Literature
Renaissance authors have shown a particular interest in pareidolia. In William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, for example, the titular character points at the sky and "demonstrates" his supposed madness in this exchange with Polonius:[28][29]
HAMLET
Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in the shape of a camel?
POLONIUS
By th'Mass and 'tis, like a camel indeed.
HAMLET
Methinks it is a weasel.
POLONIUS
It is backed like a weasel.
HAMLET
Or a whale.
POLONIUS
Very like a whale.
Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a short story called The Great Stone Face in which a face seen in the side of a mountain is revered by a village.[30]
Art
Renaissance artists often used pareidolia in paintings and drawings: Andrea Mantegna, Leonardo da Vinci, Giotto, Hans Holbein, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, and many more have shown images—often human faces—that due to pareidolia appear in objects or clouds.[31]
In his notebooks, Leonardo da Vinci wrote of pareidolia as a device for painters, writing:
If you look at any walls spotted with various stains or with a mixture of different kinds of stones, if you are about to invent some scene you will be able to see in it a resemblance to various different landscapes adorned with mountains, rivers, rocks, trees, plains, wide valleys, and various groups of hills. You will also be able to see divers combats and figures in quick movement, and strange expressions of faces, and outlandish costumes, and an infinite number of things which you can then reduce into separate and well conceived forms.[32]
In twentieth century art Salem, a 1908 painting by Sydney Curnow Vosper, gained notoriety due to a rumour that it contained a hidden face, that of the devil. This led many commentators to visualize a demonic face depicted in the shawl of the main figure, despite the artist's denial that any faces had deliberately been painted into the shawl.[33][34]
Surrealist artists such as Salvador Dalí would intentionally use pareidolia in their works, often in the form of a hidden face.
Architecture
thumb|Illusory woman in the Niğde Alaaddin Mosque portal Two 13th-century edifices in Turkey display architectural use of shadows of stone carvings at the entrance. Outright pictures are avoided in Islam but tessellations and calligraphic pictures were allowed, so designed "accidental" silhouettes of carved stone tessellations became a creative escape.
- Niğde Alaaddin Mosque in Niğde, Turkey (1223), with its "mukarnas" art where the shadows of three-dimensional ornamentation with stone masonry around the entrance form a chiaroscuro drawing of a woman's face with a crown and long hair appearing at a specific time, at some specific days of the year.[35][36][37]
- Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital in Sivas, Turkey (1229), shows shadows of the three-dimensional ornaments of both entrances of the mosque part, to cast a giant shadow of a praying man that changes pose as the sun moves, as if to illustrate what the purpose of the building is. Another detail is the difference in the impressions of the clothing of the two shadow-men indicating two different styles, possibly to tell who is to enter through which door.[38]
Religion
There have been many instances of perceptions of religious imagery and themes, especially the faces of religious figures, in ordinary phenomena. Many involve images of Jesus,[25] the Virgin Mary,[39] the word Allah,[40] or other religious phenomena: in September 2007 in Singapore, for example, a callus on a tree resembled a monkey, leading believers to pay homage to the "Monkey god" (either Sun Wukong or Hanuman) in the monkey tree phenomenon.[41]
Publicity surrounding sightings of religious figures and other surprising images in ordinary objects has spawned a market for such items on online auctions like eBay. One famous instance was a grilled cheese sandwich with the face of the Virgin Mary.[42]
During the September 11 attacks, television viewers supposedly saw the face of Satan in clouds of smoke billowing out of the World Trade Center after it was struck by the airplane.[43] Another example of face recognition pareidolia originated in the fire at Notre Dame Cathedral, when a few observers claimed to see Jesus in the flames.[44]
While attempting to validate the imprint of a crucified man on the Shroud of Turin as Jesus Christ, a variety of objects have been described as being visible on the linen. These objects include a number of plant species, a coin with Roman numerals, and multiple insect species.[45] In an experimental setting using a picture of plain linen cloth, participants told that there could possibly be visible words in the cloth collectively saw 2 religious words, those told that the cloth was of some religious importance saw 12 religious words, and those who were also told that it was of religious importance, but also given suggestions of possible religious words, saw 37 religious words.[46] The researchers posit that the reason the Shroud has been said to have so many different symbols and objects is because it was already deemed to have the imprint of Jesus Christ prior to the search for symbols and other imprints in the cloth, and therefore it was simply pareidolia at work.[45]
Computer vision
![](/wiki/images/thumb/6/6b/Aurelia-aurita-3-0049_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Aurelia-aurita-3-0049_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Pareidolia can occur in computer vision,[47] specifically in image recognition programs, in which vague clues can spuriously detect images or features. In the case of an artificial neural network, higher-level features correspond to more recognizable features, and enhancing these features brings out what the computer sees. These examples of pareidolia reflect the training set of images that the network has "seen" previously.
Striking visuals can be produced in this way, notably in the DeepDream software, which falsely detects and then exaggerates features such as eyes and faces in any image. The features can be further exaggerated by creating a feedback loop where the output is used as the input for the network. (The adjacent image was created by iterating the loop 50 times.) Additionally the output can be modified such as slightly zooming in to create an animation of the images perspective flying through the surrealistic imagery.
Auditory
In 1971 Konstantīns Raudive wrote Breakthrough, detailing what he believed was the discovery of electronic voice phenomena (EVP). EVP has been described as auditory pareidolia.[25] Allegations of backmasking in popular music, in which a listener claims a message has been recorded backward onto a track meant to be played forward, have also been described as auditory pareidolia.[25][48] In 1995, the psychologist Diana Deutsch invented an algorithm for producing phantom words and phrases with the sounds coming from two stereo loudspeakers, one to the listener's left and the other to his right, producing a phase offset in time between the speakers. After listening for a while, phantom words and phrases suddenly emerge, and these often appear to reflect what is on the listener's mind.[49][50]
Deliberate practical use
Medical education, radiology images
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ascaris_male_200x_section.jpg/250px-Ascaris_male_200x_section.jpg)
Medical educators sometimes teach medical students and resident physicians (doctors in training) to use pareidolia and patternicity to learn to recognize human anatomy on radiology imaging studies.
Examples include assessing radiographs (X-ray images) of the human vertebral spine. Patrick Foye, M.D., professor of physical medicine and rehabilitation at Rutgers University, New Jersey Medical School, has written that pareidolia is used to teach medical trainees to assess for spinal fractures and spinal malignancies (cancers).[51] When viewing spinal radiographs, normal bony anatomic structures resemble the face of an owl. (The spinal pedicles resemble an owl's eyes and the spinous process resembles an owl's beak.) But when cancer erodes the bony spinal pedicle, the radiographic appearance changes such that now that eye of the owl seems missing or closed, which is called the "winking owl sign". Another common pattern is a "Scottie dog sign" on a spinal X-ray.[52]
In 2021, Foye again published in the medical literature on this topic, in a medical journal article called "Baby Yoda: Pareidolia and Patternicity in Sacral MRI and CT Scans".[53] Here, he introduced a novel way of visualizing the sacrum when viewing MRI magnetic resonance imaging and CT scans (computed tomography scans). He noted that in certain image slices the human sacral anatomy resembles the face of "Baby Yoda" (also called Grogu), a fictional character from the television show The Mandalorian. Sacral openings for exiting nerves (sacral foramina) resemble Baby Yoda's eyes, while the sacral canal resembles Baby Yoda's mouth.[54]
In popular culture
In January 2017, an anonymous user placed an eBay auction of a Cheeto that looked like the gorilla Harambe. Bidding began at US$11.99, but the Cheeto was eventually sold for US$99,000.[55]
Starting from 2021, an internet meme emerged around Among Us, where users presented everyday items such as dogs, statues, garbage cans, big toes, and pictures of the Boomerang Nebula that looked like the game's "crewmate" protagonists.[56][57] In May 2021, an eBay user named Tav listed a Chicken McNugget shaped like a crewmate from Among Us for online auction. The Chicken McNugget was sold for US$99,997 to an anonymous buyer.[58]
Related phenomena
A shadow person (also known as a shadow figure, shadow being or black mass) is often attributed to pareidolia. It is the perception of a patch of shadow as a living, humanoid figure, particularly as interpreted by believers in the paranormal or supernatural as the presence of a spirit or other entity.[59]
Pareidolia is also what some skeptics believe causes people to believe that they have seen ghosts.[60]
See also
- Clustering illusion
- Eigenface
- Hitler teapot
- Madonna of the Toast
- Mondegreen
- Musical ear syndrome – similar to auditory pareidolia, but with hearing loss
- Optical illusion
- Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena
- Signal-to-noise ratio
References
- ↑ "pareidolia". pareidolia. Oxford University Press. http://www.lexico.com/en/definition/pareidolia.
- ↑ "Pareidolia". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pareidolia. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ↑ Jaekel, Philip (2017-01-29). "Why we hear voices in random noise". Nautilus. http://nautil.us/blog/why-we-hear-voices-in-random-noise.
- ↑ Bauman, Neil (2015-07-09). "Apophenia, Audio Pareidolia and Musical Ear Syndrome". https://hearinglosshelp.com/blog/apophenia-audio-pareidolia-and-musical-ear-syndrome/#:~:text=Musical%20Ear%20Syndrome%20is%20a,like%20music%2C%20singing%20or%20voices.&text=The%20fan%20is%20not%20producing,is%20just%20producing%20fan%20noise..
- ↑ Rosen, Rebecca J. (August 7, 2012). "Pareidolia: A Bizarre Bug of the Human Mind Emerges in Computers". The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/08/pareidolia-a-bizarre-bug-of-the-human-mind-emerges-in-computers/260760/.
- ↑ Kahlbaum, Karl Ludwig (1866). "Die Sinnesdelirien". Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medizin 23: 1–86. https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10087039?.
- ↑ [1] Sibbald, M.D. "Report on the Progress of Psychological Medicine; German Psychological Literature", The Journal of Mental Science, Volume 13. 1867. p. 238
- ↑ Kurumada, Kentaro; Sugiyama, Atsuhiko; Hirano, Shigeki; Yamamoto, Tatsuya; Yamanaka, Yoshitaka; Araki, Nobuyuki; Yakiyama, Masatsugu; Yoshitake, Miki et al. (2021). "Pareidolia in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Atrophy". Parkinson's Disease 2021: 2704755. doi:10.1155/2021/2704755. ISSN 2090-8083. PMID 34754412.
- ↑ Rahman, Muhammad; van Boxtel, Jeroen J. A. (2022-10-01). "Seeing faces where there are none: Pareidolia correlates with age but not autism traits" (in en). Vision Research 199: 108071. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2022.108071. ISSN 0042-6989. PMID 35609357.
- ↑ Sagan, Carl (1995). The Demon-Haunted World – Science as a Candle in the Dark. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-53512-8. https://archive.org/details/demonhauntedworl0000unse.
- ↑ Hadjikhani, Nouchine; Kveraga, Kestutis; Naik, Paulami; Ahlfors, Seppo P. (2009). "Early (M170) activation of face-specific cortex by face-like objects". NeuroReport 20 (4): 403–07. doi:10.1097/WNR.0b013e328325a8e1. PMID 19218867.
- ↑ Voss, J. L.; Federmeier, K. D.; Paller, K. A. (2012). "The Potato Chip Really Does Look Like Elvis! Neural Hallmarks of Conceptual Processing Associated with Finding Novel Shapes Subjectively Meaningful". Cerebral Cortex 22 (10): 2354–64. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr315. PMID 22079921.
- ↑ Svoboda, Elizabeth (2007-02-13). "Facial Recognition – Brain – Faces, Faces Everywhere". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/13/health/psychology/13face.html.
- ↑ "Dog Tips – Emotions in Canines and Humans". Partnership for Animal Welfare. http://www.paw-rescue.org/PAW/PETTIPS/DogTip_EmotionsInCaninesAndHumans.php.
- ↑ Spamer, E.. "Chonosuke Okamura, Visionary". Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences. http://improbable.com/airchives/paperair/volume6/v6i6/okamura-6-6.html. archived at Improbable Research.
- ↑ Berenbaum, May (2009). The earwig's tail: a modern bestiary of multi-legged legends. Harvard University Press. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-0-674-03540-9. https://archive.org/details/earwigstailmoder00bere.
- ↑ Abrahams, Marc (2004-03-16). "Tiny tall tales: Marc Abrahams uncovers the minute, but astonishing, evidence of our fossilised past". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/mar/16/highereducation.research.
- ↑ Conner, Susan; Kitchen, Linda (2002). Science's most wanted: the top 10 book of outrageous innovators, deadly disasters, and shocking discoveries. Brassey's. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-57488-481-4. https://archive.org/details/sciencesmostwant0000conn.
- ↑ Miller, Ross (2015-07-14). "Pluto the dog can, like, totally be seen on Pluto the dwarf planet" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2015/7/14/8962367/pluto-disney-whoa-dude-what.
- ↑ "Pluto's icy heart makes winds blow | EarthSky.org" (in en-US). 9 February 2020. https://earthsky.org/space/plutos-icy-heart-makes-winds-blow.
- ↑ Gary (2015-07-15). "Pluto annotated (by xkcd)" (in en-US). https://dgarygrady.com/2015/07/15/pluto-annotated-by-xkcd/.
- ↑ Rogowitz, Bernice E.; Voss, R. (1990-10-01). "<title>Shape perception and low-dimension fractal boundary contours</title>". Human Vision and Electronic Imaging: Models, Methods, and Applications (SPIE) 1249: 387–394. doi:10.1117/12.19691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.19691.
- ↑ [2] Kitchin, C. R. Astrophysical Techniques, Sixth Edition. Taylor & Francis (2013). ISBN:9781466511156 p. 3
- ↑ Lane, K. Maria. Geographies of Mars: Seeing and Knowing the Red Planet. University of Chicago Press (2011). p. 52-63. ISBN: 9780226470788
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren H (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-0-8058-0508-6. https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0805805087. Retrieved 6 April 2007.
- ↑ Rogowitz, Bernice E.; Voss, R. (1990-10-01). "<title>Shape perception and low-dimension fractal boundary contours</title>". Human Vision and Electronic Imaging: Models, Methods, and Applications (SPIE) 1249: 387–394. doi:10.1117/12.19691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.19691.
- ↑ "1954 series" (in en-US). https://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/bank-note-series/past-series/1954-series/.
- ↑ Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. 3.3.367-73
- ↑ Raber, Karen. Shakespeare and Posthumanist Theory. Arden Shakespeare (2018) pp. 80–1 ISBN:978-1474234436
- ↑ Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1850). The Great Stone Face.
- ↑ Raber, Karen. Shakespeare and Posthumanist Theory. Arden Shakespeare (2018) pp. 81–2 ISBN:978-1474234436
- ↑ Da Vinci, Leonardo (1923). "Note-Books Arranged And Rendered Into English". in John, R; Don Read, J. Empire State Book Co. https://archive.org/stream/leonardodavincis007918mbp/leonardodavincis007918mbp_djvu.txt.
- ↑ "Nostalgic image still fascinates, a hundred years on". Media Wales Ltd. 15 October 2010. http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/nostalgic-image-still-fascinates-hundred-1891687.
- ↑ "Salem painting memories on show at Gwynedd Museum". BBC. 29 June 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-23096491.
- ↑ "Niğde Alaaddin Camii 'nin Kapısındaki Kadın Silüetinin Sırrı?" (in tr). Nevşehir Kentrehberim. 2011. http://www.nevsehirkentrehberim.com/?Bid=1047024.
- ↑ "Camiler, ALÂEDDİN CAMİ" (in tr). Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı. http://www.nigdekulturturizm.gov.tr/TR,74357/camiler.html.
- ↑ "HISTORICAL MONUMENTS OF NIGDE". World Heritage Academy. 2013. http://wha.com.tr/en/world_heritages_of_turkey_tentative_lists_33.php.
- ↑ "DİVRİĞİ ULU CAMİİ'NDE 'NAMAZ KILAN İNSAN' SİLÜETİ" (in tr). Haberler. 14 July 2014. http://fotogaleri.haberler.com/divrigi-ulu-camii-nde-namaz-kilan-insan/.
- ↑ Schweber, Nate (July 23, 2012). "In New Jersey, a Knot in a Tree Trunk Draws the Faithful and the Skeptical". The New York Times: p. 16. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/23/nyregion/in-a-tree-trunk-in-new-jersey-some-see-our-lady-of-guadalupe.html.
- ↑ Ibrahim, Yahaya (2 January 2011). "In Maiduguri, a tree with engraved name of God turns spot to a Mecca of sorts". Sunday Trust (Abuja). http://sundaytrust.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5698:in-maiduguri-a-tree-with-engraved-name-of-god-turns-spot-to-a-mecca-of-sorts&catid=17:community-news-kanem-trust&Itemid=28.
- ↑ Ng, Hui Hui (13 September 2007). "Monkey See, Monkey Do?". The New Paper: pp. 12–13. http://newpaper.asia1.com.sg/printfriendly/0,4139,141806,00.html.
- ↑ "'Virgin Mary' toast fetches $28,000". BBC News (BBC). 23 November 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4034787.stm.
- ↑ Emery, David (2 September 2018). "Does the Devil's Face Appear in the Smoke on 9/11?". ThoughtCo.. https://www.thoughtco.com/satans-face-in-the-smoke-on-911-4075319.
- ↑ Moye, David (April 17, 2019). "People Claim To See Jesus In Flames Engulfing Notre Dame Cathedral". Huffington Post. https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/jesus-flames-notre-dame-232759116.html.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Sheen, Mercedes; Jordan, Timothy R. (July 2016). "Believing is Seeing: A Perspective on Perceiving Images of Objects on the Shroud of Turin" (in en). Archive for the Psychology of Religion 38 (2): 232–251. doi:10.1163/15736121-12341320. ISSN 0084-6724. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1163/15736121-12341320.
- ↑ Sheen, Mercedes; Jordan, Timothy R. (December 2015). "Effects of Contextual Information on Seeing Pareidolic Religious Inscriptions on an Artifact: Implications for the Shroud of Turin" (in en). Perception 44 (12): 1427–1430. doi:10.1177/0301006615607156. ISSN 0301-0066. PMID 26562867. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0301006615607156.
- ↑ Chalup, Stephan K., Kenny Hong, and Michael J. Ostwald. "Simulating pareidolia of faces for architectural image analysis." brain 26.91 (2010): 100.
- ↑ Vokey, John R.; Read, J. Don (1985). "Subliminal messages: Between the devil and the media". American Psychologist 40 (11): 1231–9. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.40.11.1231. PMID 4083611.
- ↑ Deutsch, D. (1995). "Musical Illusions and Paradoxes". Philomel Records. http://philomel.com/musical_illusions/.
- ↑ Deutsch, D. (2003). "Phantom Words and Other Curiosities". Philomel Records. http://philomel.com/phantom_words/.
- ↑ Foye, P; Abdelshahed, D; Patel, S (July 2014). "Musculoskeletal pareidolia in medical education.". The Clinical Teacher 11 (4): 251–3. doi:10.1111/tct.12143. PMID 24917091.
- ↑ Hacking, Craig (28 October 2020). "Scottie dog sign (spine)". https://radiopaedia.org/articles/scottie-dog-sign-spine.
- ↑ Foye, PM; Koger, TJ; Massey, HR (February 2021). "Baby Yoda: Pareidolia and Patternicity in Sacral MRI and CT Scans.". PM & R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation 13 (2): 217–218. doi:10.1002/pmrj.12496. PMID 32969166.
- ↑ Foye, Patrick (20 February 2021). "Baby Yoda: Pareidolia and Patternicity in Sacral MRI and CT Scans | Tailbone Doctor". https://tailbonedoctor.com/baby-yoda-pareidolia-and-patternicity-in-sacral-mri-and-ct-scans/.
- ↑ "Burbank man sells Harambe-shaped Cheeto for nearly $100K on eBay". ABC7. ABC News (KABC Television LLC). 8 February 2017. https://abc7.com/harambe-cheeto-ebay-hot-gorilla-cincinnati-zoo/1741673/.
- ↑ Kennedy, Victoria Phillips. "Among Us Everywhere: Things That Look Like Among Us Crewmates". https://screenrant.com/among-us-everywhere-meme-look-like-crewmates-impostors/.
- ↑ Adams, Robert N. (8 February 2022). "The Coldest Spot in Space Looks Like an Among Us Crewmate" (in en). https://techraptor.net/gaming/news/coldest-spot-in-space-looks-like-among-us-crewmate.
- ↑ Kooser, Amanda (2021-06-03). "McDonald's chicken nugget shaped like Among Us crewmate fetching $100,000 on eBay" (in en). Red Ventures. https://www.cnet.com/tech/gaming/among-us-crewmate-shaped-chicken-nugget-from-bts-meal-nears-100000-on-ebay/.
- ↑ Ahlquist, Diane (2007). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Life After Death. US: Penguin Group. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-59257-651-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=0lkscwxGSoAC&q=dark+shadow+entity+corner+eye&pg=PA122.
- ↑ Carroll, Robert Todd (June 2001). "pareidolia". skepdic.com. http://skepdic.com/pareidol.html.
External links
- Skepdic.com Skeptic's Dictionary definition of pareidolia
- A Japanese museum of rocks which look like faces
- Article in The New York Times, 13 February 2007, about cognitive science of face recognition
![]() | Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia.
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