Social:Dynasty

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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,[1] usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A "house" is an imperial, royal or noble family, not always ruling. Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as the Roman Empire (27 BCE – 1453 CE), Imperial Iran (678 BCE – 1979 CE), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BCE), and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BCE – 1912 CE), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned.

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world were traditionally reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female.

Terminology

The word "dynasty" (from the Greek: δυναστεία, dynasteía "power", "lordship", from dynástes "ruler")[2] is sometimes used informally for people who are not rulers but are, for example, members of a family with influence and power in other areas, such as a series of successive owners of a major company, or any family with a legacy, such as a dynasty of poets or actors. It is also extended to unrelated people, such as major poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team.[3]

The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a "noble house",[4] which may be styled as "imperial", "royal", "princely", "ducal", "comital" or "baronial", depending upon the chief or present title borne by its members, but it is more often referred by adding the name afterwards, as in "House of Habsburg".

Dynast

The Spanish royal family of the House of Bourbon dates its roots to the Capetian dynasty of the 9th century, thus making it the oldest still reigning dynasty in Europe (photograph of King Felipe VI, Queen Letizia, the Princess of Asturias and her younger sister Infanta Sofía, in 2019)

A ruler from a dynasty is sometimes referred to as a "dynast", but this term is also used to describe any member of a reigning family who retains a right to succeed to a throne. For example, King Edward VIII ceased to be a dynast of the House of Windsor following his abdication.

In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a "dynast" is a family member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchy's rules still in force. For example, after the 1914 assassinations of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his morganatic wife, their son Maximilian, Duke of Hohenberg, was bypassed for the Austro-Hungarian throne because he was not a Habsburg dynast. Even after the abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Duke Maximilian and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position.

The term "dynast" is sometimes used only to refer to agnatic descendants of a realm's monarchs, and sometimes to include those who hold succession rights through cognatic royal descent. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people. For example, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, a nephew of Queen Elizabeth II, is in the line of succession to the British crown, making him a British dynast. On the other hand, since he is not a patrilineal member of the British royal family, he is not a dynast of the House of Windsor.

Comparatively, the German aristocrat Prince Ernst August of Hanover, a male-line descendant of King George III, possesses no legal British name, titles or styles (although he is entitled to reclaim the former royal dukedom of Cumberland). He was born in the line of succession to the British throne and was bound by Britain's Royal Marriages Act 1772 until it was repealed when the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 took effect on 26 March 2015.[5] Thus, he requested and obtained formal permission from Queen Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco in 1999. Yet, a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time, stipulating that dynasts who marry Roman Catholics are considered "dead" for succession to the British throne.[6] That exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts before triggering it by marriage to a Roman Catholic.[5]

Dynastic marriage

Family portrait of Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty, surrounded by her children who were married into various European dynasties. Marriage policy amongst dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca.

A "dynastic marriage" is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, so that the descendants are eligible to inherit the throne or other royal privileges.[7] For example, the marriage of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, making their eldest child, Princess Catharina-Amalia, the heir apparent to the Crown of the Netherlands. The marriage of his younger brother, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, in 2003 lacked government support and parliamentary approval. Thus, Prince Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession to the Dutch throne, and consequently lost his title as a "Prince of the Netherlands", and left his children without dynastic rights.

The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 was an edict issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI on 19 April 1713 to ensure that the Habsburg monarchy could be inherited by his daughter undivided (see agnatic-cognatic primogeniture).[8] In 1736, Francis Stephen of Lorraine married Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, the sole heir of Emperor Charles VI. With the marriage of Maria Theresa, the only offspring of the House of Austria, she became together with her husband the founder of the new dynasty of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Since 1740 he was her co-regent in the Habsburg hereditary lands and from 1745 he was Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I, but was hardly involved in government affairs.[9] Francis was as Duke of Lorraine the last non-Habsburg monarch of the Holy Roman Empire. The couple were the founders of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, which ruled until 1918. Empress Maria Theresa of the Habsburg dynasty had her children married into various European dynasties. Habsburg marriage policy amongst European dynasties led to the Pax Austriaca.[10][11]

History

Historians periodize the histories of many states and civilizations, such as Ancient Iran (3200 BCE – 1979 CE), Ancient Egypt (3100–30 BCE) and Ancient and Imperial China (2070 BCE – 1912 CE), using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the term "dynasty" may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, and also to describe events, trends and artefacts of that period (e.g., "a Ming dynasty vase"). Until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty: that is, to expand the wealth and power of his family members.[12]

Before the 18th century, most dynasties throughout the world had traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as those that followed the Frankish Salic law. In polities where it was permitted, succession through a daughter usually established a new dynasty in her husband's family name. This has changed in all of Europe's remaining monarchies, where succession law and conventions have maintained dynastic names de jure through a female. For instance, the House of Windsor is maintained through the children of Queen Elizabeth II, as it did with the monarchy of the Netherlands, whose dynasty remained the House of Orange-Nassau through three successive queens regnant. The earliest such example among major European monarchies was in the Russian Empire in the 18th century, where the name of the House of Romanov was maintained through Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna. This also happened in the case of Queen Maria II of Portugal, who married Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry, but whose descendants remained members of the House of Braganza, per Portuguese law;, since the 1800s, the only female monarch in Europe who had children belonging to a different house was Queen Victoria and that was due to disagreements over how to choose a non German house. In Limpopo Province of South Africa, Balobedu determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mother's dynasty when coming into her inheritance. Less frequently, a monarchy has alternated or been rotated, in a multi-dynastic (or polydynastic) system—that is, the most senior living members of parallel dynasties, at any point in time, constitute the line of succession.[citation needed]

Longevity

King Tupou VI of Tonga and Queen Nanasipau'u, head of one of the oldest still ruling royal dynasties in the world, dating back to c. 950 CE of the Tuʻi Tonga Empire

Dynasties lasting at least 200 years include the following.

Dynasty Years ruled Corrected length of rule Notes
Pandya c. 400 BCE – 1618 CE c. 2018 years Non-continuous; disappeared from historical record during Kalabhra dynasty rule from around 361–560 CE. Excluding the Kalabhra interlude, the Pandyas ruled for c. 1819 years.[13][14]
Imperial House of Japan c. 500 – present c. 1,500+ years Continuous, mostly ceremonial since 12th century; since 1947 not as heads of state but as "symbols" formally subject to popular sovereignty; pre-500 CE emperors legendary and mythological, exact start uncertain[15][16][lower-alpha 1]
Wessex/England/United Kingdom c. 520 – present c. 1,500 years Non-continuous; deposed in 1066, de facto interregnum 1649–1660; survived through marriages and cadet branches[lower-alpha 2]
Guhila / Sisodia c. 525 – 1971 c. 1,500 years Agnatic dynasty of the Kingdom of Mewar; ceremonial after 1949[19][20]
Chera c. 200 BCE – 1100 CE c. 1,300 years Estimation; fragmented early records, gaps likely[21][22]
Velir c. 50–1300; 1400–1751; 1803–1948 c. 1,250 years Non-continuous; independently ruling Malyaman branch ended in 1300 CE; cadets survived until 1751 CE under Nayaka suzerainty;[23] surviving descendant Pāri family, ceremonial zamins 1803–1948 CE under British paramountcy[24](dynasty in power for 1,746 years)[25][26]
Tonga c. 950 – present c. 1,075 years Estimation; title changed in 1865, now constitutional[27][28]
Capetian 987–present 1,038 years Continuous through cadet branches (e.g., Bourbon); active in Spain[29]
Bagrationi 780–1801 c. 1,021 years Georgian royal house; ended with Russian annexation[30]
Silla 57 BCE – 935 CE 992 years Korean kingdom; estimate for early start[31]
Adaside c. 1700 – 722 BCE 978 years Neo-Assyrian period; estimation[32]
Eastern Ganga 498–1434 c. 936 years Odisha rulers; diminished after 1434[33][34]
Baduspanids 665–1598 933 years Rulers of Tabaristan[35]
Chola c. 300 BCE – 200 CE; 848–1279 CE c. 929 years Non-continuous; interregnum c. 200–848; early period semi-legendary[36][37]
Borjigin c. 1130–1930 c. 800 years Continuous through cadet branches (e.g., Taichiud, Tughlugh-Timurids);[38][39] rulers of the Mongol Empire and successor states
Zhou 1046–256 BCE 790 years Nominal rule in later Warring States period; traditional dates[40]
Abbasid 750–1258, 1261–1517 764 years Non-continuous; caliphal rule, ceremonial after 1258[41]
Rurikid 862–1598 736 years Kievan Rus' to Tsardom of Russia[42]
Sayfawa c. 1085 – 1846 c. 761 years Kanem–Bornu Empire; estimation[43]
Grimaldi 1297–present 729 years Reigning Princes of Monaco
Goguryeo 37 BCE – 668 CE 705 years Korean kingdom; well documented[44]
Solomon 1270–1975 705 years Ethiopian emperors; restored in 1270[45]
Bavand dynasty 651–1349 698 years Rulers of Tabaristan[46]
Kachhwaha 1128–1818 690 years Jaipur rajputs; effective rule ended with British control[47][48]
Bolkiah c. 1360 – present c. 665 years Sultans of Brunei; estimation for early start[49]
Ottoman 1299–1922 623 years Sultans of the eponymous beylik, later empire[50]
Vijaya 543 BCE – 66 CE 609 years Sri Lankan kings; traditional dates[51]
Ahom 1228–1826 598 years Assamese kingdom[52]
Oldenburg 1448–present 577 years Danish/Norwegian monarchs; active in Denmark[53]
Rathore 1243–1818 575 years Marwar/Jodhpur rajputs; ended with British control[54][55]
Bohkti c. 1330 – 1855 c. 525 years Kurdish principality; adjusted start date[56]
Joseon and Korean Empire 1392–1910 518 years Korean rulers[57]
Habsburg 1278–1780 502 years Agnatic line; all are extinct after the death of Maria Theresa.
Shang 1600–1046 BCE 496 years Chinese royal rulers[58]
Goryeo 918–1392 474 years Korean kingdom[59]
Arsacid 247 BCE – 224 CE 471 years Parthian Empire[60]
Nabhani 1154–1624 470 years Omani imams[61]
Han and Shu Han 202 BCE – 9 CE, 25–220 CE 448 years Non-continuous; Chinese emperors[62]
Árpád 858–1301 443 years Kings of Hungary[63]
Mataram 1586–present c. 439 years Indonesian sultans; estimation for continuity[64]
Přemyslid 870–1306 c. 436 years Czech dukes and kings of Bohemia
Sassanian 224–651 427 years Persian Empire[65]
Davidic c. 1010–586 BCE c. 424 years Kingdom of Judah; traditional dates[66]
Jafnid 220–638 418 years Arab kingdom[67]
Piast 960–1370 410 years Dukes and kings of Poland[68]
Argead c. 700 – 309 BCE c. 391 years Macedonian kings; adjusted start[69]
Copán 426–810 384 years Maya city-state[70]
Siri Sanga Bo 1220–1597 377 years Kandy kingdom, Sri Lanka[71]
Umayyad 661–750, 756–1031 364 years Non-continuous; caliphs[72]
Yuan and Northern Yuan 1271–1635 364 years Mongol China[73]
Komnenos 1057–1059, 1081–1185, 1204–1461 363 years Byzantine emperors; non-continuous[74]
Later Lê (Primitive and Revival Lê) 1428–1527, 1533–1789 355 years Vietnamese emperors; non-continuous[75]
Estridsen 1047–1375, 1387–1412 353 years Kings of Denmark; non-continuous[76]
Aryacakravarti 1277–1619 342 years Jaffna kingdom[77]
Lakhmid c. 268–602 c. 334 years Arab kingdom[78]
Stuart 1371–1651, 1660–1714 334 years Scottish/British monarchs; de jure continuous[79]
Mughal 1526–1857 331 years Mughal Empire; cadet branch of Timurid dynasty[80][81]
Plantagenet 1154–1485 331 years Kings of England[82]
Jiménez 905–1234 329 years Monarchs of Navarre and Aragon[83]
Bendahara 1699–present c. 326 years Pahang/Malaysia sultans; estimation[84]
Song 960–1279 319 years Chinese emperors[85]
Romanov 1613–1917 304 years Tsars of Russia[86]
Liao and Western Liao 916–1218 302 years Khitan rulers[87]
Later Jin and Qing 1616–1912 296 years Jurchen/Manchu emperors of China[88]
Ming and Southern Ming 1368–1662 294 years Chinese emperors[89]
Babenberg 962–1246 284 years Dukes of Austria[90]
Ptolemaic 305–30 BCE 275 years Final (Hellenistic) dynasty of independent Egypt[91]
Tang 618–690, 705–907 274 years Chinese emperors; non-continuous[92]
Fatimid 909–1171 262 years Caliphs[93]
Nasrid 1230–1492 262 years Emirs of Granada[94]
Rajasa 1222–1478 256 years Javanese rulers[95]
Thutmosid c. 1550 – c. 1295 BCE c. 255 years Eighteenth Dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs[96]
Dunkeld 1034–1286 252 years Kings of Scotland[97]
Bubastite c. 945 – c. 715 BCE c. 230 years Twenty-second Dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs[96]
Achaemenid 550–330 BCE 220 years Persian Empire; adjusted start[98][99]
Bernadotte 1818–present 208 years Swedish monarchs; Norwegian monarchs 1818–1905[100]

Extant sovereign dynasties

There are 43 sovereign states with a monarch as head of state, of which 41 are ruled by dynasties.[lower-alpha 3] There are currently 26 sovereign dynasties.

Dynasty Realm Reigning monarch Dynastic founder[lower-alpha 4] Dynastic place of origin[lower-alpha 5]
Windsor[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7]  Antigua and Barbuda King Charles III King-Emperor George V[lower-alpha 8] Thuringia and Bavaria
(in modern Germany)
 Commonwealth of Australia[lower-alpha 9]
 Bahamas
 Belize
 Canada
 Grenada
 Jamaica
New Zealand[lower-alpha 10]
 Papua New Guinea
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Solomon Islands
 Tuvalu
 United Kingdom[lower-alpha 11]
Khalifa  Bahrain King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Sheikh Khalifa bin Mohammed Najd
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Belgium[lower-alpha 12]  Belgium King Philippe King Albert I[lower-alpha 13] Thuringia and Bavaria
(in modern Germany)
Wangchuck  Bhutan Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Druk Gyalpo Ugyen Wangchuck Trongsa, Bhutan
Bolkiah  Brunei Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Sultan Muhammad Shah Tarim in Hadhramaut[lower-alpha 14]
(in modern Yemen)
Norodom[lower-alpha 15]  Cambodia King Norodom Sihamoni King Norodom Prohmbarirak Cambodia
Glücksburg[lower-alpha 16] Denmark[lower-alpha 17] King Frederik X Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg Glücksburg
(in modern Germany)
 Norway[lower-alpha 18] King Haakon VIII
Dlamini  Eswatini King Mswati III Chief Dlamini I East Africa
Yamato  Japan[lower-alpha 19] Emperor Naruhito Emperor Jimmu[lower-alpha 20] Nara
(in modern Japan)
Hashim[lower-alpha 21]  Jordan King Abdullah II King Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi Hejaz
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Sabah  Kuwait Emir Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Sheikh Sabah I bin Jaber Najd
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Moshesh  Lesotho King Letsie III Paramount Chief Moshoeshoe I Lesotho
Liechtenstein  Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II Prince Karl I Lower Austria
(in modern Austria)
Luxembourg-Nassau[lower-alpha 22]  Luxembourg Grand Duke Guillaume V Grand Duke Adolphe Nassau
(in modern Germany)
Temenggong[lower-alpha 23]  Malaysia[lower-alpha 24] Sultan Ibrahim III Sultan Abu Bakar Johor
(in modern Malaysia)
Grimaldi  Monaco Prince Albert II François Grimaldi Genoa
(in modern Italy)
Alawi  Morocco King Mohammed VI Sultan Abul Amlak Sidi Muhammad as-Sharif ibn 'Ali Tafilalt
(in modern Morocco)
Orange-Nassau[lower-alpha 25]  Netherlands[lower-alpha 26] King Willem-Alexander Prince William I Nassau
(in modern Germany)
Busaid  Oman Sultan Haitham bin Tariq Sultan Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi Oman
Thani  Qatar Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Sheikh Thani bin Mohammed Najd
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Saud  Saudi Arabia King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Emir Saud I Diriyah
(in modern Saudi Arabia)
Bourbon-Anjou[lower-alpha 27]  Spain King Felipe VI King Philip V Bourbon-l'Archambault
(in modern France)
Bernadotte  Sweden King Carl XVI Gustaf King Charles XIV John Pau
(in modern France)
Chakri  Thailand King Vajiralongkorn King Rama I Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
(in modern Thailand)
Tupou  Tonga King Tupou VI King George Tupou I Tonga
Nahyan[lower-alpha 28]  United Arab Emirates[lower-alpha 29] President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan Sheikh Dhiyab bin Isa Al Nahyan Liwa Oasis
(in modern United Arab Emirates)

Political families

Main articles: Social:Political family and List of political families

Though in elected governments, rule does not pass automatically by inheritance, political power often accrues to generations of related individuals in the elected positions of republics and constitutional monarchies. Eminence, influence, tradition, genetics, and nepotism may contribute to the phenomenon.

Hereditary dictatorship

See also: Personalist dictatorship and Absolute monarchy

Hereditary dictatorships are characterized by the dictator keeping political power within their family due to personal choice.[101] The successor may be groomed during their lifetime, as was the case for Bashar al-Assad and his brother Bassel,[102] or a member of their family may manoeuvre to take control of the dictatorship after the dictator's death, similar to the case of Ramfis Trujillo.[103]

Current hereditary dictatorships
Dynasty Regime Dynastic founder Current leader Year founded[lower-alpha 30] Length of rule
Kim family[104][105]  North Korea Kim Il Sung Kim Jong Un 1948 78 years, 45 days
Gnassingbé family[106]  Togo Gnassingbé Eyadéma Faure Gnassingbé 1967 59 years, 193 days
Bongo family[107][108]  Gabon Omar Bongo Brice Oligui Nguema[lower-alpha 31] 1967 58 years, 330 days
Nguema family[109][110]  Equatorial Guinea Francisco Macías Nguema Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo 1968 58 years, 12 days
Gouled-Guelleh family[109]  Djibouti Hassan Gouled Aptidon Ismaïl Omar Guelleh 1977 49 years, 119 days
Hun family[111][112][113]  Cambodia Hun Sen Hun Manet 1985 41 years, 283 days
Déby family[114]  Chad Idriss Déby Mahamat Déby 1991 35 years, 238 days
Aliyev family[115]  Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev Ilham Aliyev 1993 33 years, 122 days
Berdimuhamedow family[116]  Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Serdar Berdimuhamedow 2006 19 years, 307 days
Former hereditary dictatorships
Dynasty Regime Dynastic founder Last leader Year founded Year ended Length of rule
Cromwell family  Great Britain Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell 1653 1659 5 years, 150 days
López family[117]  Paraguay Carlos Antonio López Francisco Solano López 1844 1870 25 years, 293 days
Rana family    Nepal Jung Bahadur Rana Mohan Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana 1846 1951 105 years, 58 days
Chiang family[lower-alpha 32]  Taiwan[lower-alpha 33] Chiang Kai-shek Chiang Ching-kuo 1928 1988 59 years, 95 days
Trujillo family Template:Country data Third Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo Ramfis Trujillo 1930 1961 31 years, 93 days
Somoza family[118]  Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza García Anastasio Somoza Debayle 1936 1979 43 years, 39 days
Duvalier family  Haiti François Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier 1957 1986 28 years, 108 days
Castro family  Cuba Fidel Castro Raul Castro 1959 2021 62 years, 62 days
Assad family[119][120] Template:Country data Ba'athist Syria Hafez al-Assad Bashar al-Assad 1970 2024 54 years, 25 days
Kabila family  DR Congo Laurent-Désiré Kabila Joseph Kabila 1997 2019 21 years, 252 days

Influential wealthy families

See also

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Notes

  1. ↑ Emperor Jimmu is said to have founded the kingdom of Yamato in the year 660 BCE, but this is a much later tradition. In fact, the first Japanese written records date to the 8th century CE, over a thousand years later (see Kojiki and Nihon Shoki). The first attested emperor is Yūryaku, who lived c. 500 CE. He is attested in the Inariyama and Eta Funayama Swords, both made during reign of "the Great king Waka Takiru" (Wakatakeru). The first sword is dated to the "Year of the Metal Pig", which could mean 471 or 534.[17]
  2. ↑ Cerdic of Wessex is ultimately the ancestor of all English and British monarchs, since Henry I's wife, Margaret, was a granddaughter of Edward the Exile (see Family tree of English monarchs).[18]
  3. ↑ Existing sovereign entities ruled by non-dynastic monarchs include:
  4. ↑ The founder of a dynasty need not necessarily equate to the first monarch of a particular realm. For example, while William I was the dynastic founder of the House of Orange-Nassau, which currently rules over the Kingdom of the Netherlands, he was never a monarch of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
  5. ↑ Not to be confused with dynastic seat.
  6. ↑ The House of Windsor is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Windsor" in 1917.
  7. ↑ A sovereign state with Charles III as its monarch and head of state is known as a Commonwealth realm.
  8. ↑ George V was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before 1917.
  9. ↑ Including:
  10. ↑ The Realm of New Zealand consists of:
    •  Cook Islands
    •  New Zealand
    •  Niue
    • Ross Dependency
    •  Tokelau
  11. ↑ Including:
    •  Anguilla
    •  Bailiwick of Guernsey (Crown dependency)
    •  Bailiwick of Jersey (Crown dependency)
    •  Bermuda
    • Template:Country data British Antarctic Territory
    •  British Indian Ocean Territory
    •  Cayman Islands
    •  Falkland Islands
    •  Gibraltar
    •  Isle of Man (Crown dependency)
    •  Montserrat
    •  Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands
    • Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
    •  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
    • Akrotiri and Dhekelia
    •  Turks and Caicos Islands
    •  British Virgin Islands
    The crown dependencies of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, the Bailiwick of Jersey, and the Isle of Man are neither part of the United Kingdom nor British overseas territories.
  12. ↑ The House of Belgium is descended from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is a branch of the House of Wettin. The dynastic name was changed from "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Belgium" in 1920.
  13. ↑ Albert I was formerly a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha before 1920.
  14. ↑ Claimed by the royal house, but the historicity is questionable.
  15. ↑ The House of Norodom is a branch of the Varman dynasty.
  16. ↑ The House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  17. ↑ The Danish Realm consists of:
    •  Denmark
    •  Faroe Islands
    •  Greenland
  18. ↑ Including:
  19. ↑ The 1947 constitution of Japan reduced the status of the emperor from a head of state (元首, genshu) to a "symbol" (象徴, shōchō) without any political authority and formally subject to popular sovereignty. Many constitutional scholars do not consider Japan to have a monarchical form of government.
  20. ↑ Most historians regard Emperor Jimmu to have been a mythical ruler. Emperor Ōjin, traditionally considered the 15th emperor, is the first who is generally thought to have existed, while Emperor Kinmei, the 29th emperor according to traditional historiography, is the first monarch for whom verifiable regnal dates can be assigned.
  21. ↑ The House of Hashim is descended from Banu Qatada, which was a branch of the House of Ali.
  22. ↑ The House of Luxembourg-Nassau is descended from the House of Nassau-Weilburg, which is a branch of the House of Nassau and the House of Bourbon-Parma.
  23. ↑ The Temenggong dynasty is the ruling dynasty of Johor and a cadet branch of the Bendahara dynasty. The Sultan of Johor is the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
  24. ↑ The throne of Malaysia rotates among the nine constituent monarchies of Malaysia, each ruled by a dynasty. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected by the Conference of Rulers.
  25. ↑ The House of Orange-Nassau is a branch of the House of Nassau. Additionally, Willem-Alexander is also linked to the House of Lippe through Beatrix of the Netherlands.
  26. ↑ The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of:
    •  Aruba
    •  Curaçao
    •  Netherlands
    •  Sint Maarten
  27. ↑ The House of Bourbon-Anjou is a branch of the House of Bourbon.
  28. ↑ The House of Nahyan is the ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The Emir of Abu Dhabi is the incumbent President of the United Arab Emirates.
  29. ↑ The President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council. The office has been held by the Emir of Abu Dhabi since the formation of the United Arab Emirates in 1971.
  30. ↑ Year authoritarian system began
  31. ↑ maternal cousin of Ali Bongo
  32. ↑ Chiang Kai-shek position was briefly occupied by Li Zongren between 1949 and 1950, his son, Chiang Ching-kuo served as his premier in 1972 until his death in 1975, Chiang Ching-kuo would later took the presidency of Yen Chia-kan after both finished serving their terms as President and Premier
  33. ↑ Taiwan between 1949 and 1988.

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ English Dictionary, 1st ed. "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
  2. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "dynasty". Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/?term=dynasty. 
  3. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
  4. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "house, n.1 and int, 10. b." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Statement by Nick Clegg MP, UK parliament website , 26 March 2015 (retrieved on same date).
  6. ↑ "Monaco royal taken seriously ill". BBC News (London). 8 April 2005. http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4426171.stm. 
  7. ↑ "The Dynastic Marriage" (in de). Leibniz Institute of European History. http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/european-networks/dynastic-networks/heinz-duchhardt-the-dynastic-marriage. 
  8. ↑ "Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/473697/Pragmatic-Sanction-of-Emperor-Charles-VI. Retrieved 21 September 2025. 
  9. ↑ Mutschlechner, Martin. "Franz Stephan as the founder of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty". https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/franz-stephan-founder-habsburg-lorraine-dynasty. Retrieved 21 September 2025. 
  10. ↑ Mutschlechner, Martin. "Maria Theresa as wife and mother". The World of the Habsburgs. https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/maria-theresa-wife-and-mother. Retrieved 2 November 2025. 
  11. ↑ Mitchell, A. Wess (2019). The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire. Princeton University Press. pp. 228. ISBN 978-0-691-19644-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=-ciXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA228. 
  12. ↑ Thomson, David (1961). "The Institutions of Monarchy". Europe Since Napoleon. New York: Knopf. pp. 79–80. https://archive.org/details/europesincenapol00thom. "The basic idea of monarchy was the idea that hereditary right gave the best title to political power ... The dangers of disputed succession were best avoided by hereditary succession: ruling families had a natural interest in passing on to their descendants enhanced power and prestige ... Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, and Maria Theresa of Austria were alike infatuated with the idea of strengthening their power, centralizing government in their own hands as against local and feudal privileges, and so acquiring more absolute authority in the state. Moreover, the very dynastic rivalries and conflicts between these eighteenth-century monarchs drove them to look for ever more efficient methods of government" 
  13. ↑ Harman, William P. (1992). The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–36. ISBN 978-81-208-0810-2. 
  14. ↑ Iyer, Sathyanatha (1924). History of the Nayaks of Madura. pp. 130–140. 
  15. ↑ Brown, Delmer M. (1993). The Cambridge History of Japan. 1: Ancient Japan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–145. ISBN 978-0521223522. 
  16. ↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1915). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 10–20. 
  17. ↑ Seeley, Christopher (1991). A History of Writing in Japan. Brill. pp. 19–23. ISBN 90-04-09081-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=KCZ2ya6cg88C&pg=PA19. 
  18. ↑ McCalman, Archibald Hamilton (1883). A Compact History of England from the Time of the Ancient Britons to the Reign of Queen Victoria (1880): With a Synopsis of England in the Nineteenth Century, Its Government, Institutions, Etc (book review). R. Wrothington. pp. 669. https://books.google.com/books?id=pDtGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA669. 
  19. ↑ Somani, Ram Vallabh (1976). History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D.. Jaipur: C. L. Ranka. p. 34. https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106/mode/2up. 
  20. ↑ "The Constitution (26th Amendment) Act, 1971". India Code. Government of India. 1971. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm. 
  21. ↑ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 100–120. ISBN 978-1138961159. 
  22. ↑ Narayanan, M. G. S. (2013). Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur: CosmoBooks. pp. 50–60. ISBN 978-8188765072. 
  23. ↑ Iravatham Mahadevan Early Tamil Epigraphy From The Earliest Times To The Sixth Century A. D.. http://archive.org/details/iravatham-mahadevan-early-tamil-epigraphy-from-the-earliest-times-to-the-sixth-century-a.-d.. 
  24. ↑ Lethbridge, Roper (1893). The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire. Robarts - University of Toronto. London Macmillan. http://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft. 
  25. ↑ "Publications information". IEE-IERE Proceedings - India 16 (2): 83. 1978. doi:10.1049/iipi.1978.0023. ISSN 0018-9146. https://doi.org/10.1049/iipi.1978.0023. 
  26. ↑ Iqbal, B. (March 1987). "Successful tourism management by P. N. Eth Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 338 pages, 1985". Tourism Management 8 (1): 68–69. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(87)90046-x. ISSN 0261-5177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(87)90046-x. 
  27. ↑ Campbell, I. C. (2001). Island Kingdom: Tonga Ancient and Modern. Canterbury University Press. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0908812141. 
  28. ↑ Wood, A. H. (1932). History of the Kingdom of Tonga. Methodist Mission Press. pp. 15–25. 
  29. ↑ Shennan, J. H. (2007). The Bourbons: The History of a Dynasty. Hambledon Continuum. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-1852855239. 
  30. ↑ Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. pp. 50–70. ISBN 978-1780230306. 
  31. ↑ Lee, Ki-baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 30–40. ISBN 978-0674615762. 
  32. ↑ Grayson, A. K. (1991). The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods. University of Toronto Press. pp. 10–20. ISBN 978-0802059659. 
  33. ↑ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 120–130. ISBN 978-1138961159. 
  34. ↑ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 180–190. 
  35. ↑ Madelung, Wilferd (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–200. ISBN 978-0521200936. 
  36. ↑ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 100–120. ISBN 978-1138961159. 
  37. ↑ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 140–160. 
  38. ↑ Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb; Thackston, W. M. (1998) (in en). Rashiduddin Fazlullah's Jamiʻuʼt-tawarikh = Compendium of chronicles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. pp. 121–123. OCLC 41120851. 
  39. ↑ Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang. Columbia University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&q=maqsud+shah&pg=PA190. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  40. ↑ Li, Feng (2013). Early China: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–130. ISBN 978-0521895521. 
  41. ↑ Kennedy, Hugh (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Routledge. pp. 150–170. ISBN 978-1138787612. 
  42. ↑ Martin, Janet (2007). Medieval Russia, 980–1584. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–50. ISBN 978-0521859165. 
  43. ↑ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2012). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 126–129. ISBN 978-0-7486-2137-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=maQxEAAAQBAJ. 
  44. ↑ Byington, Mark E. (2016). The Ancient State of Goguryeo. Korea Institute, Harvard University. pp. 40–60. ISBN 978-0674737198. 
  45. ↑ Marcus, Harold G. (2002). A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0520224797. 
  46. ↑ Madelung, Wilferd (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran. 4. Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–200. ISBN 978-0521200936. 
  47. ↑ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 200–210. ISBN 978-1138961159. 
  48. ↑ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–210. 
  49. ↑ Saunders, Graham (2002). A History of Brunei. Routledge. pp. 30–40. ISBN 978-0700716982. 
  50. ↑ Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire. Basic Books. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0465023967. 
  51. ↑ Geiger, Wilhelm (1912). Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Ceylon. Pali Text Society. pp. 50–60. OCLC 635511441. 
  52. ↑ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 180–190. ISBN 978-1138961159. 
  53. ↑ Oakley, Stewart (1972). Scandinavian History, 1520–1970. University of Chicago Press. pp. 40–50. ISBN 978-0226613789. 
  54. ↑ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2016). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 200–210. ISBN 978-1138961159. 
  55. ↑ Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1955). A History of South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 200–210. 
  56. ↑ van Bruinessen, Martin (1992). Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. Zed Books. pp. 50–60. ISBN 978-1856490184. 
  57. ↑ Lee, Ki-baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 200–220. ISBN 978-0674615762. 
  58. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in zh-CN). https://www.ccc-paris.org/zh/%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D/. 
  59. ↑ Lee, Ki-baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 100–120. ISBN 978-0674615762. 
  60. ↑ Brosius, Maria (2006). The Persians: An Introduction. Routledge. pp. 90–100. ISBN 978-0415320894. 
  61. ↑ Rentz, George (2001). Oman and the Persian Gulf. Stacey International. pp. 30–40. ISBN 978-0905743813. 
  62. ↑ Loewe, Michael (2006). The Government of the Qin and Han Empires. Hackett. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0872208193. 
  63. ↑ Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary. I. B. Tauris. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-1860640612. 
  64. ↑ Ricklefs, M. C. (2008). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1200. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 40–50. ISBN 978-0230546868. 
  65. ↑ Daryaee, Touraj (2009). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I. B. Tauris. pp. 10–20. ISBN 978-1850438984. 
  66. ↑ Finkelstein, Israel (2001). The Bible Unearthed. Free Press. pp. 200–210. ISBN 978-0684869131. 
  67. ↑ Fisher, Greg (2011). Between Empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–60. ISBN 978-0199599271. 
  68. ↑ Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground: A History of Poland. 1. Columbia University Press. pp. 30–40. ISBN 978-0231128179. 
  69. ↑ Worthington, Ian (2004). Alexander the Great: Man and God. Routledge. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-1405801621. 
  70. ↑ Martin, Simon (2020). Ancient Maya Politics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-1108483889. 
  71. ↑ Geiger, Wilhelm (1912). Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Ceylon. Pali Text Society. pp. 200–210. OCLC 635511441. 
  72. ↑ Kennedy, Hugh (2016). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Routledge. pp. 80–100. ISBN 978-1138787612. 
  73. ↑ Rossabi, Morris (2012). The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 50–60. ISBN 978-0199840892. 
  74. ↑ Haldon, John (2002). Byzantium: A History. Tempus. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-0752423432. 
  75. ↑ Whitmore, John K. (1985). Vietnam, Ho Quy Ly, and the Ming. Yale University Press. pp. 30–40. ISBN 978-0300033687. 
  76. ↑ Oakley, Stewart (1972). Scandinavian History, 1520–1970. University of Chicago Press. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0226613789. 
  77. ↑ Geiger, Wilhelm (1912). Mahavamsa: The Great Chronicle of Ceylon. Pali Text Society. pp. 220–230. OCLC 635511441. 
  78. ↑ Fisher, Greg (2011). Between Empires: Arabs, Romans, and Sasanians. Oxford University Press. pp. 60–70. ISBN 978-0199599271. 
  79. ↑ Wormald, Jenny (1981). Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0748602766. 
  80. ↑ Sartore, Melissa. "The Largest Empires In History, By The Numbers" (in en). https://www.ranker.com/list/biggest-empires-ever-history/melissa-sartore. 
  81. ↑ "Timurid Dynasty" . Encyclopædia Britannica (online ed.). 1 April 2025. Retrieved 23 February 2026. "Although the last Timurid of Herāt, Badīʿ al-Zamān, finally fell to the armies of the Uzbek Muḥammad Shaybānī in 1507, the Timurid ruler of Fergana, Ẓahīr al-Dīn Bābur, survived the collapse of the dynasty and established the line of Mughal emperors in India in 1526."
  82. ↑ Weir, Alison (1995). The Wars of the Roses. Ballantine Books. pp. 30–40. ISBN 978-0345404336. 
  83. ↑ Collins, Roger (1990). The Basques. Blackwell. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-0631175650. 
  84. ↑ Ahmad, A. Rahman (2003). History of the Malay Peninsula. Archipelago Press. pp. 50–60. ISBN 978-9813018457. 
  85. ↑ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–140. ISBN 978-0521124331. 
  86. ↑ Hosking, Geoffrey (2001). Russia and the Russians: A History. Harvard University Press. pp. 200–210. ISBN 978-0674004733. 
  87. ↑ Twitchett, Denis (1994). The Cambridge History of China. 6. Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–50. ISBN 978-0521235419. 
  88. ↑ Rowe, William T. (2009). China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Harvard University Press. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0674036123. 
  89. ↑ Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China, 900–1800. Harvard University Press. pp. 600–610. ISBN 978-0674012127. 
  90. ↑ Lechner, Karl (1976). Die Babenberger: Markgrafen und Herzoge von Österreich. Böhlau Verlag. pp. 50–60. ISBN 978-3205085089. 
  91. ↑ Hölbl, Günther (2001). A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. Routledge. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-0415234894. 
  92. ↑ Twitchett, Denis (1979). The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–160. ISBN 978-0521214469. 
  93. ↑ Halm, Heinz (1997). The Fatimids and their Traditions of Learning. I.B. Tauris. pp. 20–30. ISBN 978-1860643132. 
  94. ↑ Harvey, L. P. (1990). Islamic Spain, 1250–1500. University of Chicago Press. pp. 30–40. ISBN 978-0226319629. 
  95. ↑ "Majapahit Story: The History of Rajasa Dinasty". https://www.eastjava.com/books/majapahit/html/dynasty.html. 
  96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 Shaw, Ian (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 485–486. ISBN 978-0192804587. https://archive.org/details/TheOxfordHistoryOfAncient/page/n509/mode/2up. 
  97. ↑ Duncan, A. A. M. (1975). Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom. Oliver & Boyd. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-0050020371. 
  98. ↑ Briant, Pierre (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. pp. 34–40. ISBN 978-1575060316. 
  99. ↑ Kuhrt, Amélie (2007). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources. Routledge. pp. 47–50. ISBN 978-0415436281. 
  100. ↑ "The Bernadotte Dynasty" (in en). https://www.kungahuset.se/english/royal-house/the-bernadotte-dynasty. 
  101. ↑ Brownlee, Jason (2007). "Hereditary Succession in Modern Autocracies". World Politics 59 (4): 595–628. doi:10.1353/wp.2008.0002. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.2008.0002. 
  102. ↑ "Bashar al-Assad | Family, Biography, Religion, Fleeing, & Facts | Britannica". https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bashar-al-Assad. 
  103. ↑ Pope Atkins, G. (January 1998). The Dominican Republic and the United States: From Imperialism to Transnationalism. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1931-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=MkBlfCf8I-YC&q=paris&pg=PA120. Retrieved 7 November 2025. 
  104. ↑ Williamson, Lucy (December 27, 2011). "Delving into North Korea's mystical cult of personality". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16336991. 
  105. ↑ "North Korea - The Kim Dynasty". Deutsche Welle. 3 March 2024. https://www.dw.com/en/north-korea-the-kim-dynasty/a-68384947. 
  106. ↑ "Togo votes as Faure Gnassingbe seeks to extend dynasty's rule". Al Jazeera. 2020-02-22. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/22/togo-votes-as-faure-gnassingbe-seeks-to-extend-dynastys-rule. 
  107. ↑ "'Family affair': Gabon opposition lambasts coup, claims election victory" (in en). Al Jazeera. 1 September 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/1/family-affair-gabon-opposition-lambasts-coup-claims-election-victory. 
  108. ↑ "Gabon's opposition leader claims coup is a 'family affair'" (in en). Africanews. 1 September 2023. https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/01/gabons-opposition-leader-claims-coup-is-a-family-affair/. 
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  110. ↑ Melly, Paul (2021-05-30). "Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712. 
  111. ↑ "What to expect from Cambodia's new 'dynastic' prime minister". Deutsche Welle. 8 August 2022. https://www.dw.com/en/what-to-expect-from-cambodias-new-dynastic-prime-minister/a-66591627. 
  112. ↑ Syed, Armani (26 July 2023). "What to Know About the Army Chief Who Will Be Cambodia's Next Leader". Time. https://time.com/6298046/hun-manet-cambodia-leadership/. Retrieved 25 August 2023. 
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  114. ↑ "Chad: Political Transition Ends with Déby's Election | Human Rights Watch" (in en). 2024-05-13. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/05/13/chad-political-transition-ends-debys-election. 
  115. ↑ Balci, Bayram (14 October 2023). "Presidential Elections in Azerbaijan Fail to End the Aliyev's Dynastic and Autocratic Rule". https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/53292. 
  116. ↑ Clement, Victoria (14 March 2023). "The Aura of Governance in Turkmenistan". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2023/03/the-aura-of-governance-in-turkmenistan/. 
  117. ↑ "Francisco Solano López | Military Leader, War of the Triple Alliance | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francisco-Solano-Lopez. 
  118. ↑ "The Military and the State in Latin America". https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft9b69p386&chunk.id=d0e3262&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e3229&brand=ucpress. 
  119. ↑ "The rise and fall of the Assad Dynasty" (in en). 2024-12-08. https://www.tbsnews.net/worldbiz/middle-east/rise-and-fall-assad-dynasty-1012986. 
  120. ↑ McCarthy, Simone (2024-12-08). "Who is Bashar al-Assad, the Syrian leader whose family ruled with an iron fist for more than 50 years?" (in en). https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/08/middleeast/bashar-al-assad-syria-profile-intl-hnk/index.html. 



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