Social:Godoberi language

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Short description: Northeast Caucasian language
Godoberi
ГъибдилIи мицци Ɣibdiƛi micci
Native toNorth Caucasus
RegionSouthwestern Dagestan
Ethnicity3,000 (2014)[1]
Native speakers
130 (2010 census)e25
Northeast Caucasian
  • Avar–Andic
    • Andic
      • Akhvakh–Tindi
        • Karata–Tindi
          • Botlikh–Tindi
            • Godoberi
Language codes
ISO 639-3gdo
Glottologghod1238[2]

Godoberi (also rendered Ghodoberi; self-designation Ghibdilhi mittsi) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken by the Godoberi in southwestern Dagestan, Russia . It is spoken by approximately 130 people out of an ethnic population of 3,000.[1] There are two dialects - Godoberi and Zibirhali, which differ mainly in pronunciation.[3]

History

The history of the Godoberis is unknown. The Godoberi language is the main thing distinguishes the cultural group from other groups in the area. When compared to other Andic languages, Godoberi is most similar to Chamalal and Botlikh. Some words are borrowed from by Avar, Turkish, and Arabic. After being incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century and then ruled by the Soviet Union in the 20th century, there is a strong Russian influence in the Godoberi language.[3]

Geographic Distribution

Native speakers of Godoberi live in two villages: Godoberi (Gjudu in Godoberi) and Zibirhali (Shalu in Godoberi). These villages are located in the mountains on the left bank of the Andi-Koisu River in Southwest Dagestan, a republic of Russia.[3][4]

Status

Godoberi is not a written language, and it is used only in the home. Schools teach Avar and Russian. Native speakers of Godoberi use Avar or Russian as a written language. These two languages are also used when speaking to people from neighboring communities.

Phonology

Diphthongs are found only in Godoberi and in no other Daghestanian languages (example: cʼai 'fire').[5] There are 13 phonemic vowels: /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/, /iː/, /eː/, /aː/, /oː/, /uː/, /ĩ/, /ã/, /ũ/.

The consonant system is as follows:[6]

Consonant phonemes[6]
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
central lateral
lenis fortis lenis fortis lenis fortis lenis fortis lenis fortis lenis fortis
Nasal m ⟨м⟩ n ⟨н⟩
Plosive voiced b ⟨б⟩ d ⟨д⟩ (ɟ ⟨гʹ⟩) ɡ ⟨г⟩
voiceless p ⟨п⟩ t ⟨т⟩ (tː ⟨тт⟩) (c ⟨кʹ⟩) (cː ⟨ккʹ⟩) k ⟨к⟩ (kː ⟨кк⟩) ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
ejective tʼ ⟨тӀ⟩ (cʼ ⟨кӀʹ⟩) kʼ ⟨кӀ⟩ qʼ ⟨къ⟩
Affricate voiceless t͡s ⟨ц⟩ t͡sː ⟨цц⟩ t͡ʃ ⟨ч⟩ t͡ʃː ⟨чч⟩ t͡ɬː ⟨лӀ⟩ q͡χ ⟨хъ⟩
ejective t͡sʼ ⟨цӀ⟩ t͡ʃʼ ⟨чӀ⟩ t͡ɬʼ ⟨кь⟩
voiced d͜ʒ ⟨дж⟩
Fricative voiceless s ⟨с⟩ sː ⟨сс⟩ ʃ ⟨ш⟩ ʃː ⟨щ⟩ ɬ ⟨лъ⟩ ɬː ⟨лълъ⟩ (çː ⟨хьʹ⟩) xː ⟨хь⟩ χ ⟨х⟩ χː ⟨хх⟩ ʜː ⟨хӀ⟩ h ⟨гь⟩
voiced z ⟨з⟩ ʒ ⟨ж⟩ ʁ ⟨гъ⟩ ʕ ⟨ъ⟩
Trill r ⟨р⟩
Approximant w ⟨в⟩ l ⟨л⟩ (lː ⟨лл⟩) j ⟨й⟩

The accent system is extremely complex, especially for nouns.[5]

prosodic patterns in Godoberi[5]
initial stress

(H!H)

initial stress

(HL)

initial/prefinal/final

(HH)

final

(HL-B)

final/prefinal

(HL!)

final/prefinal

(LL)

final/initial

(HH!)

final/initial

(LL-B)

final/prefinal/initial

(HH-B)

Nominative gédu 'cat' íča 'mare' ímu 'father' qučá 'sheepskin' buRá 'bull' haí 'eye' łerú 'feather' set'íl 'finger' ziní 'cow'
Genitive géduLi 'cat' íčLi 'mare' imúLi 'father' qučiLí 'sheepskin' buRáLi 'bull' háiLi 'eye' łéruLi 'feather' sét'ilaLi 'finger' zináLi 'cow
Dative gédułi 'cat' íčałi 'mare' ímułi 'father' qučiłí 'sheepskin' buRałí 'bull' haiłi 'eye' łérułli 'feather' sét'ilałi 'finger' zínałi 'cow'
Ergative gédudi 'cat' íčadi 'mare' imudí 'father qučidí 'sheepskin' buRadí 'bull' haidí 'eye łérudi 'feather' sét'iladi 'finger zinadí 'cow'

Morphology

Singular words have three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Plural words lack those three genders and instead have two noun classes: human or inanimate object. There are two types of adjectives: primary and participles. A majority of the primary adjectives do not have gender. The four types of participles are past, present, future, and non-future negative.[5] The numerical system does not vary greatly from other languages. Verb morphology is also regular compared to other languages in the Andic language family.

Provisional writing systems

The Godoberi language is unwritten. The following transcription is used in a recent dictionary of the language.[7]

Godoberi transcription[7]
А а А̄ а̄ Аᵸ аᵸ Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Гь гь ГI гI Д д Е е Е̄ е̄ Еᵸ еᵸ
Ж ж Дж дж З з И и Ӣ ӣ Иᵸ иᵸ Й й К к Къ къ Кь кь КI кI Л л Лъ лъ
ЛI лI М м Н н О о О̄ о̄ Оᵸ оᵸ П п Р р С с Т т ТI тI У у Ӯ ӯ
Уᵸ уᵸ Х х Хъ хъ Хь хь ХI хI Ц ц ЦI цI Ч ч ЧI чI Ш ш Щ щ Э э Ъ ъ

⟨Э⟩ is used in initial position, ⟨е⟩ elsewhere. Acute accents are used for stress, but not treated as creating distinct letters.

The letters shown in the phonology section above were used in an older grammatical description.[6]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e25
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Godoberi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/ghod1238. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kolga, Margus (2001). The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Tallinn: NGO Red Book. 
  4. ↑ "Ghodoberi". http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2314. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kibrik, Aleksandr (1996). Godoberi. Munchen: Lincom. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Саидова, П. А. (1973). Годоберинский язык (Грамматический очерк, тексты, словарь). Махачкала: Дагестанский филиал АН СССР. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Саидова, П. А. (2006). Годоберинско-русский словарь. Махачкала: Институт языка, литературы и искусства им. Г. Цадасы Дагестанского научного центра РАН. 

Further reading



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