Social:Aghul language
Aghul | |
---|---|
агъул чӀал / ağul ҫ̇al | |
Native to | Russia , also spoken in Azerbaijan |
Region | Southeastern Dagestan |
Ethnicity | Aghuls |
Native speakers | 29,300 (2010 census)[1] |
Cyrillic | |
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]()
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | agx |
Glottolog | aghu1260 Aghulic[2]aghu1253 [3] |
Aghul is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by the Aghuls in southern Dagestan, Russia and in Azerbaijan. It is spoken by about 29,300[4] people (2010 census).
Classification
Aghul belongs to the Eastern Samur group of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family.
Geographic distribution
In 2002, Aghul was spoken by 28,300 people in Russia, mainly in Southern Dagestan, as well as 32 people in Azerbaijan.[5]
Related languages
There are nine languages in the Lezgian language family, namely: Aghul, Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.
Phonology
Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants.[6] Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. Some[which?] Aghul dialects have an especially large number[vague] of permitted initial tense consonants.[6]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɯ | u | |
Mid | e | |||
Open | a |
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn- geal |
Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sib. | plain | lab. | |||||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | d͡ʒʷ | ɡ | ʔ | |||||
voiceless | fortis | pː | tː | t͡sː | t͡ʃː | t͡ʃːʷ | kː | qː | ||||
lenis | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | k | q | |||||
ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | t͡ʃʷʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | fortis | fː | sː | ʃː | ʃːʷ | xː | χː | ||||
lenis | f | s | ʃ | ʃʷ | x | χ | ||||||
voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʒʷ | ʁ | ʢ | ɦ | |||||
Trill | r | ʜ | ||||||||||
Approximant | l | j |
- The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by the source.
Alphabet
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Гӏ гӏ | ||
Д д | Дж дж | Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | |
К к | Кк кк | Къ къ | Кь кь | Кӏ кӏ | Л л | М м | Н н | |
О о | П п | Пп пп | Пӏ пӏ | Р р | С с | Т т | Тт тт | |
Тӏ тӏ | У у | Уь уь | Ф ф | Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ | |
Ц ц | Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Чч чч | Чӏ чӏ | Ш ш | Щ щ | ъ | |
ӏ | ы | ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Grammar
Case
There are four core cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and dative, as well as a large series of location cases. All cases other than the absolutive (which is unmarked) and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix.
Adjectives
Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also case if used as nominal. As attribute they are invariable. Thus idžed "good", ergative, idžedi, etc. -n, -s; pl. idžedar; but Idže insandi hhuč qini "The good man killed the wolf" (subject in ergative case).
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular (Aghul) | Plural (Aghul) | Singular (Tokip) | Plural (Tokip) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | zun | čin (ex), xin (in) | či (ex), xi (in) | či, xi |
2 | wun | čun | čun | ču |
Vocabulary
Writing system
Examples
Script error: No such module "Interlinear".
References
- ↑ Aghul at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Aghulic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aghu1260.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Aghul". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aghu1253.
- ↑ "Aghul". http://www.ethnologue.com/language/agx.
- ↑ "Aghul". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=agx.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ↑ Magometov, Aleksandr Amarovic. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk: (issledovanie i teksty). Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo "Mecniereba".
- ↑ Gippert, Jost. "Titus Didactica: North-East Caucasian Consonant Systems". http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#XFN9.
Bibliography
- Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. A grammar of Lezgian. (Mouton grammar library; 9). Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. – ISBN:3-11-013735-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Talibov, Bukar B. and Magomed M. Gadžiev. 1966. Lezginsko-russkij slovar’. Moskva: Izd. Sovetskaja Ėnciklopedija.
External links
![]() |
Aghul language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
- Languages of the World report
- UCLA phonetics lab data for Aghul
- Aghul word lists from the UCLA phonetics lab archive
- Aghul basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
![]() | Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghul language.
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