Social:Lezgic languages
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Short description: Northeast Caucasian language family
| Lezgic | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Template:DAG Azerbaijan |
| Linguistic classification | Northeast Caucasian
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Lezgic language |
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | lezg1248[1] |
 Lezgic | |
Template:Lezgins sidebar The Lezgic languages are one of seven branches of the Northeast Caucasian language family, spoken primarily by the Lezgin ethnic groups.
Lezgin languages are spoken by some 1 million people.
Classification
Minor Lezgin sub-ethnic entities demonstrate a distinct convergence toward the standardized Lezgin literary language.[2] Lezgin, Aghul, Rutul, Tabasaran, Tsakhur and Udi are literary languages. Khinalug may either be Lezgic or an independent branch of the Northeast Caucasian family.
Lezgin ethnic groups in Dagestan - Samur[4] (Nuclear Lezgic)
- Eastern Samur[3]
- Southern Samur
- Kryts – 5,000 speakers
- Budukh – 200 speakers
- Jek – 1,500 speakers
- Western Samur
The voicing of ejective consonants
The Lezgic languages are relevant to the glottalic theory of Indo-European, because several have undergone the voicing of ejectives that have been postulated but widely derided as improbable in that family. The correspondences have not been well worked out (Rutul is inconsistent in the examples), but a few examples are:
- Non-Lezgic: Avar tstsʼar; Lezgic: Rutul dur, Tsakhur do 'name'
- Non-Lezgic: Archi motʃʼor, Lak tʃʼiri; Lezgic: Rutul mitʃʼri, Tabassaran midʒir, Aɡul mudʒur 'beard'
- Non-Lezgic: Avar motsʼ; Lezgic: Tabassaran vaz 'moon'
A similar change has taken place in non-initial position in the Nakh languages.[7]
Vocabulary comparison
| Eastern Lezgi | Southern Lezgi | Western Lezgi | Peripheral | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. Alban (extinct)[9] | Lezgi | Agul | Tabasaran | Udi | Budukh | Jek | Kryts | Rutul | Tsakhur | Archi | Khinalug | |
| I | zow | zun | zun | uzu | zu | zyn | zyn | zyn | zy | zy | zon | zy |
| you | wun | vun | chun | uvu | hun | vyn | vun | vun | vy | hu | un | vy |
| we | žan | chun | hin | uhu | yan | yin | jin | zin | ji | shi | nenttu | kin |
| all | vari | vari | vari | vari | vari | pitin | vari | vari | vari | gyrgyn | hunniybu | chinel |
| one | sa | sad | sad | sab | sa | sad | sab | sar | sa | sa | os | sa |
| family | xza | xizan | xizan | xizan | kulfet | yeba | haile | kalfat | xizan | xizan | xizan | aile |
| Lezgin | Agul | Tabasaran | Rutul | Tsakhur | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | ḱil (кIил) | ḱil (кIил) | ḱul (кIул) | ḱul (кIул) | kalle (калле) |
| jacket | valçağ (валчагъ) | valçag (валчаг) | valjağ (валжагъ) | valçağ (валчагъ) | valçağ (валчаг) |
| summit | ḱuḱ (кIукI) | ḱuḱ (кIукI) | ḱaḱ (кIакI) | ḱul (кIул) | ḱol (кIол) |
| montain | suv (сув) | suv (сув) | siv (сив) | siv (сив) | suva (сува) |
| girl | ruş (руш) | ruş (руш) | riş (риш) | reş (реш) | nım (ным) |
| bridegroom | ččam (ччам) | čam (чам) | jam (жам) | jam (жам) | čama (чама) |
| dwelling | ḱwal (кIвал) | xal (хал) | xal (хал) | xal (хал) | xav (хав) |
| land | ččil (ччил) | čil (чил) | jil (жил) | naḉ (начь) | jdil (ждил) |
| winter | q́üd (кьуьд) | ğurd (гIурд) | qürd (къюрд) | q́üd (кьуьд) | q́udum (кьудум) |
| goat | c̣eh (цIегь) | c̣eh (цIегь) | c̣ih (цIигь) | c̣i (цIи) | c̣e (цIеь) |
| ice | murk (мурк) | murk (мурк) | mirkḱ (миркк) | meḱ (мекI) | muk (мук) |
| shovel | qusu (къусу) | ḱiṭa (кIитIа) | q́ursi (кьурси) | ber (бер) | bel (бел) |
| mill | reh (регь) | rax̣ (рахъ) | rağmi (рагъIми) | räh (рэх) | yoha (йоха) |
| meat | yak (як) | yaḱ (йакI) | yikk (иикк) | yak (йак) | çuru (чуру) |
| bride | swas (свас) | sus (сус) | şwuşw (швушв) | swas (свас) | istax (истах) |
| horn | karç (карч) | ḱarç (кIарч) | ḱarç (кIарч) | kaç (кач) | ğaç (гъач) |
| fire | c̣ay (цIай) | c̣ay (цIай) | c̣a (цIа) | c̣ay (цIай) | c̣a (цIа) |
| eagle | leḳ (лекь) | luḱ (лукI) | lüḱ (люкь) | leg (лег) | ḱatir (кьатир) |
| language | mez (мез) | mez (мез) | mez (мез) | miz (миз) | miz (миз) |
See also
- Lezgin language
- Lezgin ethnic groups
- Languages of the Caucasus
- Northeast Caucasian languages
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Lezgic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lezg1248.
- ↑ Мещеряков, Н. Л.. "Малая советская энциклопедия". https://viewer.rsl.ru/ru/rsl01005142627?page=73&rotate=0&theme=black.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Languages in the Caucasus, by Wolfgang Schulze (2009)
- ↑ "Enthnologue report for Lezgi". Ethnologue.com. 1999-02-19. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lez.
- ↑ "Владение языками и использование языков населением Российской Федерации согласно переписи населения 2021 года". https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab4_VPN-2020.xlsx.
- ↑ Paul Fallon, 2002. The synchronic and diachronic phonology of ejectives, p 245.
- ↑ "IDS - Entry "I"". https://ids.clld.org/parameters/2-910#2/14.4/153.4.
- ↑ murugvi (2020-08-07). "ИСТОРИЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИИ И ПРЕЕМСТВЕННОСТЬ ЛЕЗГИНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ, ГРУППЫ И ДИАЛЕКТЫ" (in ru-RU). https://www.alamjurnal.com/3095-istoriya-diferenczaczii-i-peremstvennost-lezginskih-yazykov-gruppy-i-dialekty/.
External links
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tr:Lezgice
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