Social:Chamalal language

Short description: Northeast Caucasian language

Chamalal
чамалалдуб мичӏчӏ çamalaldub miçʿçʿ
Pronunciation	[t͡ʃʼamalaldub mit͡sʼ]
Native to	North Caucasus
Region	Southwestern Dagestan
Ethnicity	Chamalal people
Native speakers	5,171 (2020)
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Avar–Andic Andic Akhvakh–Tindi Karata–Tindi Botlikh–Tindi Chamalal
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cji
Glottolog	cham1309
Chamalal
Chamalal is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)

Chamalal (also called Camalal or Chamalin) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by approximately 5,100 ethnic Chamalals. It has three quite distinct dialects, Gadyri, Gakvari, and Gigatl.

Classification

Chamalal has three distinct dialects: Gadyri (Gachitl-Kvankhi), Gakvari (Agvali-Richaganik-Tsumada-Urukh), and Gigatl (Hihatl). There are also two more dialects: Kwenkhi, Tsumada.

Derived languages

Gigatl (Hihatl) and Chamalal proper (with Gadyri, Gakvari, Tsumada and Kwenkhi dialects) are considered to be sublanguages.

Geographic distribution

The approximately 500 ethnic speakers live in eight villages in the Tsumadinsky District on the left bank of the Andi-Koisu river in the Dagestan Republic and in the Chechnya Republic. The speakers are mostly Muslim, primarily following Sunni Islam since the 8th or 9th century.

Official status

There are no countries with Chamalal as an official language.

History

Chamalal is spoken in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by indigenous Chamalals since the 8th or 9th century. The ethnic population is approximately 5,000, with around 5,100 speakers. The language has a 6b (threatened) status.

Writing system

Chamalal is an unwritten language. Avar and Russian are used in school, and Avar is also used for literary purposes.

Bibliography

• Anderson, Stephen (2005). "Review: The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vols. 1-4". Language 81 (4): 993–996. doi:10.1353/lan.2005.0161. 
• "Back Matter". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics 109 (2). 1996. 
• Blažek, Václav (2002). "The 'beech'-argument — State-of-the-Art". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics 115 (2): 190–217. 
• Friedman, Victor (2005). "Review:The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Volume 3: The North East Caucasian Languages, Part 1". The Slavic and East European Journal 49 (3): 537–539. doi:10.2307/20058337. 
• Greppin, John A. C. (1996). "New Data on the Hurro-Urartian Substratum in Armenian". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics 109 (1): 40–44. 
• Harris, Alice C. (2009). "Exuberant Exponence in Batsbi". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 27 (2): 267–303. doi:10.1007/s11049-009-9070-8. 
• Haspelmath, Martin (1996). "Review:The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 4: North East Caucasian Languages, Part 2". Language 72 (1): 126–129. doi:10.2307/416797. 
• Kolga, M.; Tõnurist, I.; Vaba, L.; Viikberg, J. (1993). The Red book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. 
• Magomedova, P. T. (2004). "Chamalal". The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus. 3: The North East Caucasian Languages, Part 1. pp. 3–65. 
• Schulze, Wolfgang (2005). "Grammars for East Caucasian". Anthropological Linguistics 47 (3): 321–352. 
• Szczśniak, Andrew L. (1963). "A Brief Index of Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Asiatic Russia". Anthropological Linguistics 5 (6): 1–29. 
• Tuite, Kevin; Schulze, Wolfgang (1998). "A Case of Taboo-Motivated Lexical Replacement in the Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus". Anthropological Linguistics 40 (3): 363–383. 
• Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F. M. (1966). "Index of Languages of the World". Anthropological Linguistics 8 (6): i-xiv, 1-222. 

Further reading

• "The Chamalals". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. 1993. https://redbook.verbix.com/chamalals.shtml.