Social:Political colour

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Short description: Colours used to represent a political ideology, movement or party
The Polling, by William Hogarth, depicting a 1754 election to the British parliament, includes a blue flag representing the conservative Tories and a buff flag representing the liberal Whigs

Political colours are colours used to represent a political ideology, movement or party, either officially or unofficially.[1] They represent the intersection of colour symbolism and political symbolism. Politicians making public appearances will often identify themselves by wearing rosettes, flowers, ties or ribbons in the colour of their political party. Parties in different countries with similar ideologies sometimes use similar colours. As an example the colour red symbolises left-wing ideologies in many countries (leading to such terms as "Red Army" and "Red Scare"), while the colour blue is often used for conservatism, the colour yellow is most commonly associated with liberalism and right-libertarianism, and Green politics is named after the ideology's political colour.[2][3] The political associations of a given colour vary from country to country, and there are exceptions to the general trends,[2][3] for example red has historically been associated with Christianity, but over time gained association with leftist politics, while the United States differs from other countries in that conservatism is associated with red and liberalism with blue.[2][3] Mass media has driven a standardization of colour by political party, to simplify messaging, while historically the colour a candidate chose to identify with could have been chosen based on other factors such as family or regional variations.[4][5]

Black

Anarchists in Germany in black bloc
The 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) in their black uniforms.

Black is primarily associated with anarchism[6] (see anarchist symbolism); black is a lack of colour, and anarchism is a lack of a state. It is used in contrast of national flags, to instead represent universal anarchism.[6] Black is also used to a lesser extent to represent ideologies on the opposite end of the spectrum: fascism (see blackshirts and Schutzstaffel) and jihadism (see Black Standard).[2]

The colours black and red have been used by anarchists since at least the late 1800s when they were used on cockades by Italian anarchists in the 1874 Bologna insurrection, and in 1877 when anarchists entered the Italian town Letino carrying red and black flags to promote the First International.[7] During the Spanish Civil War the CNT used a diagonally half strip of black and red, with black representing anarchism and red representing the labour movement and the worker movement. The flag was quickly adopted by other anarchists, with the second colour used to distinguish specific anarchist philosophies: anarcho pacifism with white, green anarchism with green, anarcho-syndicalism and anarcho-communism with red, mutualism with orange, and anarcho-capitalism with yellow, while black alone typically represents 'anarchism without adjectives'.

During the golden age of piracy, the black flags of pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack became popular symbols of piracy. The flags represented death and no quarter to those who did not surrender. The black flag of the jolly roger, used by Calico Jack, turned into a popular and recognizable symbol of pirates, particularly of pirates of the Americas.[8][9] The skull and bones also became a hazardous symbol to display poisons such as cyanide, Zyklon B and other toxic substances. The black flag of piracy would later influence the symbols of anarchism, such as the symbols of the Makhnovshchina and the Kronstadt rebellion. The rise of internet piracy led to the symbols of the golden age of piracy becoming widely adopted, becoming the symbols of pirate sites such as the Pirate bay. Black becoming a colour to represent pirate parties.

Black was also used by some anti-racist and Black nationalist parties, such as the Black Panther Party in the United States and the Popular Unity in Brazil.

  • Anti-clerical parties in the late 19th and early 20th centuries sometimes used the colour black in reference to the officials of the Roman Catholic Church because the cassock is usually black.[10]
  • In Germany and Austria, black is the colour historically associated with Christian democratic parties, such as the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP); however, this is only customary, as the official colours of the CDU are usually either one of or a mix of different shades of yellow, orange or blue, depending on the regional branch of the party, with the nationwide party also using the red, black and gold from the German flag as official colours. The CSU uses a medium dark shade of blue as their official colour, as seen in their logo. In 2017, the ÖVP changed their official colour from black to turquoise, with some regional branches switching to turquoise as well, while others continue to use black, often in a mix with another colour, such as red, yellow, green or blue.
  • In Italy, black is the colour of fascism because it was the official colour of the National Fascist Party. As a result, modern Italian parties would not use black as their political colour; however, it has been customary to use black to identify the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement.[11]
  • In the Islamic world, black flags (often with a white shahadah) are sometimes used by jihadist groups. Black was the colour of the Abbasid caliphate. It is also commonly used by Shia Muslims, as it is also associated with mourning the death of Husayn ibn Ali.[12] It is now known as the flag colour of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
  • In Malaysia, the People's Solidarity Secretariat (SSR), an umbrella youth organization launched the Black Flag Movement (#BenderaHitam) in 2021 as a resistance-based protest against the then ruling Perikatan Nasional government.[13] The Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA) also adapted the colour black as their official colour.
  • In Russia, black was used for monarchism and nationalist movements, such as the Black Hundreds before their defeat.[14]
  • In India, black represents protest. In Tamil Nadu, black represents atheistic human rights rebels who follow Periyar E. V. Ramasamy.[15]
  • In Brazil, the far-left, socialist and anti-racist party Popular Unity has black as its official colour.

Blue

Blue is usually associated with centre-right or conservative parties,[2] originating from its use by the Tories (predecessor of the Conservative Party) in the United Kingdom.[16] Blue is used by many international organisations of centre right and conservative parties, such as the International Democrat Union, the Democrat Union of Africa, the Asia Pacific Democrat Union, the Caribbean Democrat Union (together with red), the European Democrat Union, the European People's Party, the European Conservatives and Reformists Party.

  • The field of the flag of the United Nations is light blue, chosen to represent peace and hope. It has given rise to the term "bluewashing".[17]
  • The colour blue, normally of a lighter shade, is of prime significance in Judaism. The flag of Israel features two blue horizontal stripes and a blue Star of David. See also tekhelet and Zionism.
  • In Australia the colour blue has been associated with conservatism and the right since pre-federation, taking influence from the United Kingdom. The major centre-right, conservative political party, called the Liberal Party of Australia, uses blue,[18] as did its predecessor party: United Australia.[19]
  • In Austria, blue is heavily associated with the right-wing populist Freedom Party and with pan-Germanism. It is the Freedom Party's official colour, and its members are generally referred to as "blues" in the media and colloquial speech.[20] The blue cornflower was a national symbol of Germany in the 19th century, often associated with Prussia. It later became a symbol for Pan-German nationalists in Austria, such as Georg Ritter von Schönerer's Alldeutsche Vereinigung. In 1930s Austria the cornflower was also worn by members of the then illegal NSDAP, as a secret symbol and identifier.[21] After 1945, MPs of the Freedom Party wore cornflowers on their lapels at the openings of the Austrian parliament, until they switched to the more "Austrian" Edelweiß in 2017.[22]
  • In Argentina , blue is associated with the syncretic Peronist movement. The left-wing populist Frente de Todos uses sky blue alongside the Justicialist Party, the main party of the front. Federal Peronism, which represents the right-wing of the Peronist movement and the conservative Christian Democratic Party current, uses dark blue.
  • In Belgium, blue is associated with liberalism, used both by the Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats as the Reformist Movement.[23]
  • In Brazil , blue is associated with mainstream centre-right, liberal and conservative parties opposed to populism, often associated with the left but also opposed with the populist reactionary right, like National Democratic Union, National Renewal Alliance, Progressive Party, Brazilian Social Democracy Party, Democratas and Brazil Union. The first major party which used blue was the far-right Brazilian Integralist Action, but their successors use Gold.
  • In Canada , the Conservative Party uses blue. However, in Canada, blue is also often used to represent Quebec, while red represents Canada - with no connection to right/left politics.[24] The Bloc Québécois, a federal party centred around Quebec nationalism, uses blue, as do major provincial parties in Quebec like the Parti Québécois and Coalition Avenir Québec.
  • In Honduras, blue is used by the conservative National party.
  • In Hong Kong, blue is used by pro-Beijing camp, but also used by localists (for symbolizing Hong Kong independence).
  • In India , light blue is the colour associated with the Indian National Congress, a national centre-left party. Meanwhile, dark blue is associated with the Dalit Movement, represented by multiple parties: Republican Party of India (and its Athawale splinter), Bahujan Samaj Party, etc.
  • In the Republic of Ireland, blue is associated with the centre-right Fine Gael party, going back to the Blueshirts, a quasi-fascist uniformed group that merged into the party in 1932. "Blueshirt" is a common derogatory term for Fine Gael, and they often use blue in party materials.[25][26][27]
  • In Japan , blue is associated with liberal, centrist, and centre-left parties. Three centre-left parties in Japan with elected representatives use blue: the Constitutional Democratic Party, Democratic Party for the People, and the Social Democratic Party. Historically, blue was used by Japan Socialist Party.
  • In Malaysia, blue was currently used to represent both Barisan Nasional (royal blue) and Perikatan Nasional (solid blue).
  • In Russia , blue is an official colour of the ruling party, United Russia.
  • In South Africa , blue is usually associated with liberal political parties, the most popular being the Democratic Alliance, the largest opposition party. The colour blue was also used by the United Party, from which the Progressive Party (the most senior ancestor of the Democratic Alliance) split in 1959.[28]
  • In South Korea , traditionally blue was used by conservative parties. Since 2013, blue has adopted by the liberal Democratic Party of Korea (previously used green and yellow), while conservative party change its colour from blue to red.
  • In Spain , blue is the colour of the mainstream conservative People's party, but regionally:
    • Light blue is used by Galician nationalism as it appears in the flag of Galicia.
    • Dark blue is used by non-separatist Catalan nationalism, being the colour of Convergence and Union, which ruled Catalonia from 1980 to 2003 and from 2010 to 2015, and its successor PDeCAT.
  • In Taiwan, it is used by the Kuomintang and the wider Pan-Blue Coalition, a coalition generally associated with Chinese nationalism as well as conservatism.
  • In the United States , the colour blue has been associated with the liberal Democratic Party since around the 2000 presidential election, when most of the major television networks used the same colour scheme for the parties.[29][30] This makes the United States an exception to the general rule that blue represents conservative parties; the major conservative party in the United States, the Republican Party, uses red. In 2010, the Democratic party unveiled a blue official logo[31] (see red states and blue states).
  • In Venezuela, blue represents the Democratic Unity Roundtable, the large multi-ideological coalition of parties in opposition, probably as a counterpart to PSUV's red.
  • In most of Latin America, blue is used as a colour of anti-feminism and, more specifically, anti-abortion. This colour was used as a response to the feminist/pro-abortion green. This originated in Argentina .[32]

Brown

The Sturmabteilung of the Nazi Party, wearing their brown uniforms.

Brown has been associated with Nazism, and in particular the Nazi Party in Germany, because of the Sturmabteilung (SA), whose members were called "brownshirts". They were modeled on Benito Mussolini's blackshirts, and the colour of their shirts was chosen because many brown uniforms intended for the colonial troops in Germany's African colonies were cheaply available after the end of World War I. In Europe and elsewhere, the colour brown is sometimes used to refer to fascists in general.[33]

  • Brown is sometimes used to describe the opposite of green parties, that is to describe parties that care little about pollution.[34]

Buff

  • Buff was the colour of the Whig faction in British politics from the early 18th century until the middle of the 19th century. As such, it is sometimes used to represent the current political left (in opposition to blue, which represented the Tories and then the Conservatives and political right).[35]

Grey

Green

Green banner and signs at an anti-nuclear protest by the Green Party in Germany in 2008

Green is the colour for both environmentalist[39] and Islamist political parties and movements (see green in Islam).[2]

  • The Esperanto movement makes wide use of green in its symbolism, including the language's flag which is known as the Verda Flago (literally Green Flag)
  • Fern green is occasionally used by political organizations and groups who advocate the legalization of medicinal use of marijuana.[40]
  • Sea green was used as a symbol by members of the Levellers in 17th-century Britain and for this reason, it is occasionally used to represent radical liberalism.[41]
  • Green has sometimes also been linked to agrarian movements, such as the Populist Party, in the U.S. in the 1890s and the current-day Nordic Agrarian parties, as well as the National Party of Australia, a conservative party traditionally representing regional and agricultural interests.[42] The International Agrarian Bureau, though often known as the "Green International", did not formally endorse the colour, although a successor group, called the International Peasant Union, was represented by a clover.[43]
  • In Australia , a dark shade of green is used to represent right wing National Party of Australia, while a light shade of green is used to represent the Australian Greens.
  • In Brazil , in addition to its use by the Green Party, green, as the main colour of the Brazilian flag, is strongly associated with Brazilian nationalism and Brazilian people. The big tent, pro-democracy Brazilian Democratic Movement, the conservative Social Christian Party, the far-right nationalist Patriota and the populist, anti-corruption and pro-direct democracy Podemos all use different shades of green. In the past, green was also the colour of the Conservative Party of the Empire of Brazil
  • In Canada , in addition to its use by the Green Party of Canada, green has also been frequently used by right-wing and populist parties that are unaffiliated with the Conservative Party.[24] Examples include the Social Credit Party of Canada, Reform Party of Canada, Canadian Alliance, Wildrose Party in Alberta and the Saskatchewan Party. Green was also historically used as a secondary colour by the left-wing New Democratic Party, whose primary colour is orange.
  • In Denmark , a dark shade of green is used by the right-centre Conservative People's Party (Det Konservative Folkeparti).
  • In Iran, green has been used by the Iranian Green Movement, a political movement that arose after the 2009 Iranian presidential election, in which protesters demanded the removal of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad from office.
  • In India , green is used mainly by center-left parties, such as All India Trinamool Congress and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, and by Islamic political parties, such as the Indian Union Muslim League.
  • Irish Nationalist and Irish Republican movements have used the colour green.[44] Sinn Fein, Fianna Fail and Aontú all use green as colour.
  • Green, considered the holy colour of Islam, it is used to represent Islamism such as Hamas, Saudi Arabia and Islamist parties.[45][46][47]
    • In Malaysia, green is used by the Islamists, especially the Malaysian Islamic Party and several Malay nationalists as part of the Malay Tricolour (the other being yellow and red). .
  • In Italy, Northern secessionist movements such as Lega Nord chose green as their political colour, advocating their Celtic origin.
  • In Japan , the dominant Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) uses green as one of its official colours. Although the party has used the colour red more prominently in recent years. Other examples of right wing parties adopting the colour green in its branding include the Japan Innovation Party and the now defunct Party of Hope.
  • In Morocco, it is associated with the Green March of 1975.
  • In Paraguay, two centre-left social democratic parties use green: the Revolutionary Febrerista Party and the Progressive Democratic Party
  • In most of Latin America, green is associated with pro-choice movements, the colour started being used in Argentina as a symbol of third wave feminism and abortion rights, with a green scarf as a symbol.[48] However, green is also the colour of many christian democratic parties in the region which opposes abortion, like in Aruba, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Honduras, El Salvador, Venezuela and Panama.
  • In South Korea , green was used by various liberal parties for much of post-war history. When the Democratic Party of Korea was founded in 2014, it used blue instead.
  • In Spain , green is used by monarchists, as the initials of "Viva el Rey de España" ("Hail the King of Spain") spell out the word verde (Spanish: green).[49] Currently, green is used by monarchist and far-right party Vox. In order to avoid clash of colours, green parties Más Madrid, Más País and Equo use teal. Also, regionwide:
    • Green is the standard colour of Basque nationalism and separatism; with dark green used by center-right Basque Nationalist Party, and light green used by abertzale left EH Bildu.
    • Green is the colour of Andalusian nationalism as it appears in the flag of Andalusia, itself based on the flag of the Medieval Caliphate of Córdoba.
  • In Taiwan, it is used by the Democratic Progressive Party and the wider Pan-Green Coalition, a coalition generally associated with Taiwan independence as well as progressive liberalism.
  • In the United States , it is used by the Green Party, which promotes green politics, specifically things like environmentalism.

Magenta

Magenta is a colour that tends to replace yellow for liberal and centrist parties and organisations in Europe.[50] It is not to be confused with the socialist or social democratic use of the colour pink.

  • In Germany although the official colour of the left-wing party Die Linke is red, mass media uses magenta as the party colour to prevent confusion with the centre-left Social Democratic Party whose party colour is also red.

Orange

Orange is the traditional colour of the Christian democratic political ideology and most Christian democratic political parties, which are based on Catholic social teaching and/or neo-Calvinist theology.[citation needed] Christian democratic political parties came to prominence in Europe and the Americas after World War II.[51][52] Orange less frequently represents various kinds of populist parties. Such is the case in Austria, Germany, France, Portugal, Switzerland, Finland, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Turkey.[53]

  • Since 2004, orange has represented Post-Communist Democratic Revolutions in Eastern Europe such as the "Orange Revolution" in Ukraine .[54] This gave the colour orange a certain association with radical anti-authoritarian politics in some countries and it has been used as such by groups and organizations in the Middle East, for example in Lebanon, the Palestinian Authority, Egypt, Bahrain and Israel.
  • In Israel, the colour orange has become the dominant colour of the right-wing, with an emphasis on the religious-right. This is when, from 2004, the colour became the leader of a protest against the disengagement plan, and became identified with the right-wing camp.
  • Orange is often used to represent the mutualist current in anarchist politics, as a middle ground between pro-market currents such as anarcho-capitalism (associated with the colour yellow of liberalism) and anti-capitalist currents such as anarcho-syndicalism and anarcho-communism (associated with the colour red of communism and socialism).[55]
  • Humanism frequently uses orange for representation. It is the colour of the Humanist International, as well as the humanist parties in Argentina, Costa Rica and Chile, and other humanist organizations.[56]
  • In Australia, orange is used to represent the One Nation party, a right-wing populist and national-conservative led by Pauline Hanson. It is also used to represent other populist parties, such as the Centre Alliance party.
  • In Brazil, orange is the colour of the liberal New Party and also is the colour of three parties associated with a socially conservative social democracy: Forward, Republican Party of the Social Order and Solidarity
  • In Canada, Orange is the official colour of the social-democratic New Democratic Party. During Jack Layton's leadership green was used as their accent colour; The logo was a green maple leaf with orange "NDP" lettering. Currently light blue is used as their accent colour although it seldom appears and is not included in the logo (the current logo is an orange maple leaf with orange "NDP" lettering).[57]
  • In Cyprus, since its adoption by the fans of APOEL FC, orange has been associated with fascist and ultranationalist politics.
  • The Czech Social Democratic Party uses orange alongside the more traditional red.
  • In Greece, orange is associated with liberal and centrist parties, like Center Union, Drassi and Recreate Greece[original research?]
  • During the English Civil War of 1642, orange was associated with parliamentarian Roundheads.
  • In Mexico, orange is not linked to Christian democratic movements (the Christian democratic party Partido Acción Nacional uses blue). Instead, it is linked to the center-left secular party Movimiento Ciudadano.
  • In New Zealand, the Electoral Commission rejected a proposed orange logo[58] for being likely to confuse or mislead voters by being too similar to the colour used by the country's electoral agencies.[59]
  • In the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and Scotland orange is associated with Unionism and the Orange Order.
  • In South Africa , orange is often associated with conservative Afrikaner political movements. Orange was the official colour of the National Party which was the country's governing party from 1948 to 1994. Additionally, its successor, the New National Party, used the colour orange. It is the used by the Christian democratic and Afrikaner nationalist party Freedom Front Plus. Orange red is the official colour of the Independent Democrats, a social democratic political party in the Northern and Western Cape Provinces.
  • In Spain , orange is used by Citizens, a liberal party that opposes Catalan separatism. This is in contrast to the yellow used by Catalan separatism (see below).
  • In Thailand, orange is used by the banned Future Forward Party, and currently used by the Move Forward Party, being associated with social democracy and progressivism.

Pink

Pink is sometimes used by social democratic parties, such as in France and Portugal. The more traditional colour of social democracy is red (because social democracy is descended from the democratic socialist movement), but some countries have large social democratic parties alongside large socialist or communist parties, so that it would be confusing for them all to use red.[60] In such cases, social democrats are usually the ones who give up red in favor of a different colour. Pink is often chosen because it is seen as a softer, less aggressive version of red, in the same way that social democracy is more centrist and capitalistic than socialism.

  • In some European nations and the United States, pink is associated with homosexuality and the pink flag is used as a symbol in support of civil rights for LGBT people;[61] it is commonly used to represent queer anarchism. This use originates in Nazi German policy of appending pink triangles to the clothing of homosexual prisoners.
  • The Austrian liberal party NEOS uses pink as its main colour.

Purple

Purple placards and clothing at an International Women's Day event in Spain

Although purple has some older associations with monarchism, it is the most prominent colour that is not traditionally connected to any major contemporary ideology. As such, it is sometimes used to represent a mix of different ideologies, or new protest movements that are critical of all previously existing large parties and minor parties.

  • Purple has been the colour of the international Pirate Party movement since the founding of the Swedish Pirate Party in 2006.
  • Purple is often associated with feminism and when combined with black, is often used to represent anarcha-feminism.
  • In Albania, purple is the colour of the Socialist Party of Albania.
  • In Brazil, purple is the colour associated with some progressive liberal movements such as Cidadania and Livres. This colour is chosen because those movements consider themselves to be mixing the best ideas of the left (associated with red) and the right (associated with blue)
  • In Canada , the People's Party of Canada is a right-libertarian and right-wing populist party whose colour has been purple since its founding and have changed their logo in 2021 to reflect that. The People's Alliance of New Brunswick are another right-wing party that uses purple in Canada. Previously, purple was used by several municipal politicians, such as Naheed Nenshi and Lisa Helps, as a "nonpartisan" or "postpartisan" colour, due to its lack of association with any major party or ideological viewpoints.[62]
  • In the Dominican Republic, the Dominican Liberation Party logo is a yellow five-pointed star on a purple background. It was originally a leftist party but today the party is seen gravitating towards a more centrist platform.
  • In Europe, purple tends to be used for movements, parties and governments that are neither clearly right nor left.[63] The colour is also used by the European federalist party Volt.
    • It has been used to represent the Purple governments of Belgium and the Netherlands, formed by an alliance of red social-democratic and blue liberal parties.
  • In the Republic of Ireland, purple is the colour of the Social Democrats;[64][65] in most other countries, social democrats use pink or red, but the use of purple has allowed the party to stand out visually from other left-wing parties (such as Labour, Solidarity, People Before Profit and the Workers' Party, who all use shades of red and pink). Co-leader Catherine Murphy used purple as her personal colour when she was an independent politician, prior to the party's foundation in 2015.[66][67][68]
  • In Italy, purple has been adopted by anti-Silvio Berlusconi protesters (see Purple People) as an alternative from other colours and political parties.
  • In Peru, the Purple Party is a liberal party which chose purple as its colour to represent centrism, between the blue of the right and red of the left.
  • In Spain, purple is associated with leftist republicanism and with the Second Spanish Republic. The left-wing to far-left and republican Unidas Podemos coalition uses purple.
  • In the United Kingdom, purple is most commonly associated with UKIP, a formerly prominent eurosceptic party which has since become extremely minor. Purple is also the official colour of two other British Eurosceptic parties, Veritas and the Christian Peoples Alliance. From these associations, among others, the colour purple has been linked with far-right politics in the UK. However, it is also the colour of the centre-left, pro-European Co-operative Party, a little-known party with an electoral pact with the Labour Party.
  • Purple is also unofficially used in the United States to denote a "swing state", swing district, or county. (i.e. one contested frequently between the Republican Party, whose unofficial colour is red; and the Democratic Party, whose unofficial colour is blue). Purple is also used by centrists to represent a combination of beliefs belonging to the Republicans and the Democrats. It has also been used to reference Purple America, noting that electoral differences nationwide are observed more on discrepancies instead of unity (see red states and blue states).
  • In Turkey, the Peoples' Democratic Party is often represented with the colour purple. Considered on the left-wing of the political spectrum and a merger of various socialist and pro-Kurdish movements, the party places a strong emphasis on participatory and radical democracy, feminism, LGBT rights, minority rights, youth rights and egalitarianism.

Red

Red flags and a banner at a socialist rally in Lyon, France, on International Workers' Day in 2009

Red is often associated with the left, especially socialism and communism.[2] The oldest symbol of socialism (and by extension communism) is the red flag, which dates back to the French Revolution in the 18th century and the revolutions of 1848. Before this nascence, the colour red was generally associated with Christianity due to the symbolism and association of Christ's blood. The colour red was chosen to represent the blood of the workers who died in the struggle against capitalism.[69] All major socialist and communist alliances and organisations—including the First, Second, Third and Fourth Internationals—used red as their official colour. The association between the colour red and communism is particularly strong. Communists use red much more often and more extensively than other ideologies use their respective traditional colours.[citation needed]

  • In Europe and Latin America, red is also associated with parties of social democracy and often their allies within the labour movement, a symbol of common solidarity among leftists.
  • Red is also the traditional colour of liberal parties in Latin America and was the colour used, for example, in Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Uruguay for liberal parties.
  • In Brazil, red is used by the Workers' Party, supporters of Lula and communist parties. The association of red with Lulism and communism has become so prevalent in recent years that other parties that had red as a primary or secondary colour switched colours so as not to be associated with or confused with Lula, PT and the communist parties.[citation needed]
  • In Canada, red is the colour of the Liberal Party of Canada.
  • In China , red is the colour used by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
  • In Hong Kong and Macau, red is used by the pro-Beijing camp.
  • In Malaysia, red was currently used to represent Pakatan Harapan and also the Socialist Party of Malaysia. Meanwhile, red is also used United Malays National Organization and Malaysian United Indigenous Party as part of the Malay Tricolour (the other being yellow and green).
  • In Russia , red is used by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. In the Soviet Union, red was the colour used by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
  • In Spain, red is the official colour of both the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the Communist Party of Spain. Because the Socialists are a major party, and in order to avoid a clash of colours, the Communist United Left voluntarily uses dark red as its customary colour.
  • In Taiwan, it is used by the Taiwan People's Communist Party and the wider united front in Taiwan, associated with Chinese communism and allegiance to the CCP.
  • In Thailand, red is used by Pheu Thai Party and supporters of Thaksin Shinawatra, hence the umbrella term "redshirts".
  • In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland, red is also the colour of the labour movement and the Labour (spelled Labor in Australia) parties in those countries. The use of red as a symbol is referenced in the British Labour Party's anthem, The Red Flag.[70]
    • In the heyday of the British Empire before 1960, maps, globes, and atlases typically used red or pink to designate the Empire or its Commonwealth;[71] the practice inspired the All-Red Route and the All Red Line This derived from the Redcoats traditionally worn by the British Army. As soon as a colony became independent, it needed its own distinctive colour and the practice died out.
  • A key exception to the convention of red to mean the left-wing of politics is the United States. Since about the year 2000, the mass media have associated red with the Republican Party, even though the Republican Party is a conservative party (see red states and blue states).[29] This use is possibly entrenched, as many political organisations (for example, the website RedState) now use the term.
  • Since the 2010s, some conservative parties such as the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan and the People Power Party of South Korea have also adopted red as their political colour.

Saffron

Saffron is traditionally associated with Hinduism, Hindutva and the Hindu nationalist movement.[72] Saffron was chosen because in Hinduism, the deep saffron colour is associated with sacrifice, religious abstinence, quest for light and salvation. Saffron or "Bhagwa" is the most sacred colour for the Hindus and is often worn by Sanyasis who have left their home in search of the ultimate truth.

Teal

  • In Australia, the colour teal, and the term "teal independents", have become associated with some of the centrist independent candidates supported by the Voices groups in Australia and campaigning on a platform emphasizing climate change action, tackling corruption in politics, and gender equality.[73][74] Six such candidates won seats at the 2022 Australian federal election, ousting incumbent MPs from the Liberal Party of Australia.[75] One theory about the colour teal in this context is that it symbolises a mixture of blue (the Liberal Party's colour) with green (representing environmental concerns).[76]
  • In Spain, because the colour green is connected to monarchism, environmental parties use teal In order to avoid clash of colours. They include the parties; Más Madrid, Más País and Equo.
  • In the United Kingdom, teal is used by right-wing populist Reform UK, because it is seen as a version of the conservative blue.
  • In Canada, teal is used by the French-Canadian nationalist Bloc Québécois.
  • In Austria, teal is the main colour of the Austrian People's Party. The colour was changed from black to teal as a part of the party's rebranding campaign after the Sebastian Kurz corruption scandal and subsequent drop in the party's popularity.

White

White is today mainly linked to pacifism (as in the surrender flag).[2]

  • Historically, it was associated with support for absolute monarchy, starting with the supporters of the Bourbon dynasty of France because it was the dynasty's colour. Partly due to this association, white also came to be associated with Jacobitism, itself allied with the Bourbons. White cockades, white ladies' gloves, and Rosa pimpinellifolia (the 'burnet' or 'Stuart' rose) symbolised support for the exiled House of Stuart. Later it was used by the Whites who fought against the communist "Reds" in the Russian Civil War, because some of the Russian "Whites" had similar goals to the French "Whites" of a century earlier (although the Whites included many different people with many ideologies, such as monarchists, liberals, anticommunist social democrats and others).
    • Because of its use by anti-communist forces in Russia, the colour white came to be associated in the 20th century with many different anti-communist and counter-revolutionary groups,[77] even those that did not support absolute monarchy (for example, the Finnish "Whites" who fought against the socialist "Reds" in the civil war following the independence of Finland). In some revolutions, red is used to represent the revolutionaries and white is used to represent the supporters of the old order, regardless of the ideologies or goals of the two sides.[citation needed]
  • In Italy, a red cross on a white shield (scudo crociato) is the emblem of Catholic parties from the historical Christian Democracy party.[78]
  • In the politics of the United Kingdom, white represents independent politicians such as Martin Bell.
  • The Yorkshire Party, a Devolutionist Political Party with elected representatives in Yorkshire, uses a stylised White Rose of York as its emblem.

Yellow

Yellow is the colour most strongly associated with liberalism and right-libertarianism.[2][3][79][80]

  • In Latin America, it is not unusual for left-wing social democratic parties to use yellow, as red was the traditional colour of liberals, especially in countries with prominent red-using liberal parties like Uruguay, Honduras, Mexico, Colombia and Costa Rica.
  • Yellow is also associated with Judaism and the Jewish people, although this may be seen negatively (see also Yellow badge) and since 1945 the blue Star of David is preferred.
  • In East and Southeast Asia, yellow is used to represent monarchies.[citation needed] For instance, in Thailand yellow represents King Bhumibol and King Vajiralongkorn, apart from the colour of the royalists, known as the "yellowshirts". It was also the colour of the pro-monarchy Panchayat system in the Kingdom of Nepal.
  • It is also a common colour to represent Buddhism; monks in Myanmar used it in the anti-government protests in 2007–2008.
  • Yellow socialism was a political movement in France from 1902 until World War I, opposed to the "red socialism" of Marxism.
  • In Australia, yellow is used to represent the United Australia Party established in 2013.
  • In Brazil , yellow, combined with green, is associated with right-wing populists and national conservatives movements against corruption, anti-Workers Party, anti-communists, supportive of impeachment of Dilma Rousseff[81] and later, with support of Jair Bolsonaro, like PSL and the Alliance for Brazil.[82] The association came because many of the protesters against Dilma wore the jersey of Brazil national football team, which is yellow with the numbers and some details in green, and because the protesters chanted that the Brazilian flag "will never be red" (in reference to the colours of the communism and Workers' Party) and "will always be green and yellow".
  • In Canada , yellow does not have any dominant political connotation, and so is commonly used by Elections Canada as a politically neutral colour and as a high-visibility colour to mark polling stations.
  • In Hong Kong, yellow represents the pro-democracy supporters.
  • In Macau, yellow represents the pro-democracy supporters.
  • In Malaysia, yellow was formerly used by Bersih (The Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections).
  • In the Philippines , yellow is commonly associated with the center to centre-left Liberal Party although other colours such as red and blue are used.
  • In South Korea , yellow associated with historically Uri Party and former President Roh Moo-hyun supporters. Since 2015, Justice Party adopted the colour.
  • In Spain , regionally:
    • Yellow is the colour used by supporters of the Catalan independence movement. Since 2017, separatists adopted the yellow ribbon as one of their symbols along with the estelada (pro-independence flag).
    • Yellow is the customary colour of Canarian nationalism, with blue and white, the other colours in the flag of the Canary Islands, also being used.
  • In the United States , the colour yellow was the official colour of the suffrage movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[83] In the 21st century, the Libertarian Party's official branding colours are gold-yellow, grey, and black.[84] The gold-yellow colour is prominent because of the historical association with classical liberalism and in reference to a gold-backed currency and free markets.
  • In the United Kingdom , the colour yellow is predominantly used by the Scottish National Party. The use of political yellow dates back to David Lloyd George's publication of "Britain's Industrial Future" in the early to mid-1920s. Yellow denotes freedom, advancement, and novelty, with special importance on the freedom representing the desire of Independence for the SNP.[85]

By country

In this map of the 2012 United States presidential election results, the states are colour-coded by the political colour of the party whose candidate won their electoral college votes, but the political meanings of red and blue in the United States are the opposite of their meanings in the rest of the world.

Notable national political colour schemes include:

  • In Northern Ireland, the Unionist parties in the Northern Ireland Assembly are called the "orange block" and the Nationalist parties are the "green block".[86]
    • Some of the established political parties use or have used different colour variations in certain localities. This was common in British politics up to the 1970s. The traditional colour of the Penrith and the Border Conservatives was yellow, rather than dark blue, even in the 2010 election Conservative candidates in Penrith and the neighbouring constituency of Westmorland and Lonsdale wore blue and yellow rosettes. In North East England, the Conservatives traditionally used red, Labour green and the Liberals blue and orange. In parts of East Anglia, the Conservatives used pink and blue, whilst in Norwich their colours were orange and purple. The Liberals and Conservatives used blue and red respectively in West Wales, while in parts of Cheshire the Liberals were red and Labour yellow. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Tories used orange in Birmingham, pink in Whitby and red in East Worcestershire, whilst the Whigs were blue in Kendal, purple in Marlborough and orange in Wakefield.[87] The traditional colour of the Warwickshire Liberals was green, rather than orange.
  • In the United States the two major political parties use the national colours, i.e. red, white and blue. Historically, the only common situation in which it has been necessary to assign a single colour to a party has been in the production of political maps in graphical displays of election results. In such cases, there had been no consistent association of particular parties with particular colours. Between the early 1970s and 1992, most television networks used blue to denote states carried by the Democratic Party and red to denote states carried by the Republican Party in presidential elections. A unified colour scheme (blue for Democrats, red for Republicans) began to be implemented with the 1996 presidential election; in the weeks following the 2000 election, there arose the terminology of red states and blue states. Political observers latched on to this association, which resulted from the use of red for Republican victories and blue for Democratic victories on the display map of a television network. As of November 2012, maps for presidential elections produced by the U.S. government also use blue for Democrats and red for Republicans.[88] In September 2010, the Democratic Party officially adopted an all-blue logo.[31] Around the same time, the official Republican website began using a red logo.
    • This association has potential to confuse foreign observers in that, as described above, red is traditionally a left-wing colour (as used with the Democratic Socialists of America), while blue is typically associated with right-wing politics.[1] This is further complicated by the diversity of factions in the Democratic Party ranging from conservatives to right-libertarians to democratic socialists alongside the dominant centrist and social liberal elements of the party that outside the United States often each use different political colours.
    • The conservative Blue Dog Coalition within the Democratic Party adopted the colour blue at its founding, before the 2000 election solidified the red-blue convention.
    • There is some historical use of blue for Democrats and red for Republicans: in the late 19th century and early 20th century, Texas county election boards used colour-coding to help Spanish speakers and illiterates identify the parties,[89] but this system was not applied consistently in Texas and was not picked up on a national level. For instance in 1888, Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison used maps that coded blue for the Republicans, the colour Harrison perceived to represent the Union and "Lincoln's Party" and red for the Democrats.[90][better source needed]
    • In Puerto Rico, the main conservative party, the New Progressive Party, uses blue, while the Popular Democratic Party uses red and the Puerto Rican Independence Party uses green.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sawer, Marian (1 May 2007). "Wearing your Politics on your Sleeve: The Role of Political Colours in Social Movements". Social Movement Studies 6 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1080/14742830701251294. ISSN 1474-2837. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design. Gloucester, Mass.: Rockport Publishers. pp. 86. ISBN 159253192X. OCLC 60393965. https://archive.org/details/colordesignworkb0000ston/page/86. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sawer, Marian (1 May 2007). "Wearing your Politics on your Sleeve: The Role of Political Colours in Social Movements". Social Movement Studies 6 (1): 39–56. doi:10.1080/14742830701251294. ISSN 1474-2837. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742830701251294. "[The party colours in the UK] are red for Labour, yellow (gold) for the Liberal Democrats, blue for Conservatives, and green for Greens. This particular alignment of colours with the political spectrum tends to be taken for granted in much of the world [...].". 
  4. ↑ Curtis, Katina (2022-03-26). "Labor is red, Liberals are blue: What's in a colour? It's political hue" (in en). https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/labor-is-red-liberals-are-blue-what-s-in-a-colour-it-s-political-hue-20220324-p5a7nh.html. 
  5. ↑ "The seats where Tories weren't blue and Labour wasn't red" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2015-05-03. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32510493. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Evren, Sureyyya (30 May 2014). "Black Flag White Masks: Anti-Racism and Anarchist Historiography". Affinities: A Journal of Radical Theory, Culture, and Action 8 (1). https://ojs.library.queensu.ca/index.php/affinities/article/view/6107. 
  7. ↑ "Appendix – the Symbols of Anarchy – Anarchist Writers". 18 August 2014. https://anarchism.pageabode.com/afaq/append2.html. 
  8. ↑ Template:Cite SSRN
  9. ↑ "Famous Pirate Flags And Their Meanings". 2 November 2018. https://www.vispronet.com/blog/famous-pirate-flags/. 
  10. ↑ Nash, Gary B. (1965). "The American Clergy and the French Revolution". The William and Mary Quarterly 22 (3): 392–412. doi:10.2307/1920453. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1920453. 
  11. ↑ Sawer, Marian (2007). "Wearing your Politics on your Sleeve: The Role of Political Colours in Social Movements". Social Movement Studies 6: 39–56. doi:10.1080/14742830701251294. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14742830701251294?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=csms20. 
  12. ↑ McCants, William (22 September 2015). "The Story Behind the Black Flag of ISIS". https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/isis-flag-apocalypse/406498/. 
  13. ↑ "Bendera hitam pula berkibar". 2021-07-02. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/581391. 
  14. ↑ Langer, Jacob. Corruption and the Counterrevolution: The Rise and Fall of the Black Hundred (PDF) (PhD). Duke University.
  15. ↑ Iwanek, Krzysztof. "Paint It Saffron: The Colors of Indian Political Parties". https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/paint-it-saffron-the-colors-of-indian-political-parties/. 
  16. ↑ "Why is the Conservative Party blue?". BBC News. 20 April 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4923050.stm. 
  17. ↑ "UN Logo and Flag". 18 November 2014. https://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/un-logo-and-flag/index.html. 
  18. ↑ "What are the colours of the Australian political parties?". Parliamentary Education Office. https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/your-questions-on-notice/questions/what-are-the-colours-of-the-australian-political-parties/. 
  19. ↑ Curtis, Katina (27 March 2022). "Labor is red, Liberals are blue: What's in a colour? It's political hue". The Sydney Morning Herald (Nine Entertainment). https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/labor-is-red-liberals-are-blue-what-s-in-a-colour-it-s-political-hue-20220324-p5a7nh.html. 
  20. ↑ "Nationalrat: Blaue Aerosoldusche" (in de). https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000120602908/nationalrat-blaue-aerosoldusche. 
  21. ↑ "Symbolik a la Strache" (in de). https://newsv1.orf.at/061030-5431/index.html. 
  22. ↑ "FPÖ-Mandatare tragen heute Edelweiß statt Kornblume" (in de). 9 November 2017. https://kurier.at/politik/inland/fpoe-mandatare-tragen-heute-edelweiss-statt-kornblume/297.137.849. 
  23. ↑ Parliament, Flemish. "Political parties in the Flemish Parliament". https://www.vlaamsparlement.be/about-the-flemish-parliament/political-parties-the-flemish-parliament. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Bernier Arcand, Philippe, « Bleu, histoire d’une couleur politique », Histoire Québec, 2018, Vol. 3, no 4, p. 15-17
  25. ↑ "The Difference Between Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil". 31 January 2020. https://facmagazine.com/articles/opinion-shades-of-green-and-blue. 
  26. ↑ "A new era but an uphill battle?". The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/a-new-era-but-an-uphill-battle-1.1001663. 
  27. ↑ "DaysofBlueLoyalty". https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/people/michael_marsh/dbl.html. 
  28. ↑ "A guide to South African political parties". https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/people-culture/democracy/a-guide-to-south-african-political-parties. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Starkey, David (2007). Living Blue in the Red States. University Press of Nebraska. 
  30. ↑ Farhi, Paul (2 November 2004). "Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A17079-2004Nov1.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Change That Matters". Democrats.org. 14 September 2010. http://www.democrats.org/news/blog/575. 
  32. ↑ "The stunning rise of South America's anti-abortion Blue Wave Movement | The Bridgehead". 11 August 2020. https://thebridgehead.ca/2020/08/11/the-stunning-rise-of-south-americas-anti-abortion-blue-wave-movement/. 
  33. ↑ Lepage, Jean-Denis (2016). Hitler's Stormtroopers: The SA, The Nazis' Brownshirts, 1922–1945. 
  34. ↑ Millner, Antony; Ollivier, Hélène; Simon, Leo (2016). "Policy experimentation, political competition, and heterogeneous beliefs". Journal of Public Economics 120: 84–96. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.08.008. 
  35. ↑ "The Whig Fox". http://whigs.uk/the-whig-fox/. 
  36. ↑ "Gray color in culture". 1 April 2018. https://www.hisour.com/gray-color-in-culture-26762/. 
  37. ↑ ""A Confederate Grey" | AMERICAN HERITAGE". https://www.americanheritage.com/confederate-grey. 
  38. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Robert_Blazlak/publication/334725858_THE_COMPANIES'_INNOVATION_ECOSYSTEM/links/5d3c84cba6fdcc370a660245/THE-COMPANIES-INNOVATION-ECOSYSTEM.pdf#page=506 [bare URL PDF]
  39. ↑ Dalton, Russell J. (1994). The Green Rainbow: Environmental Groups in Western Europe. 
  40. ↑ "Home". https://goinggreen.org/. 
  41. ↑ Carlin, Norah (1987). "The Levellers and the Conquest of Ireland in 1649". The Historical Journal 30 (2): 269–288. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00021440. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639195. 
  42. ↑ Toshkov, Alex Stoyanov (3 November 2014). The Rise and Fall of the Green International: Stamboliiski and his Legacy in East European Agrarianism, 1919-1939 (Thesis). Columbia University. doi:10.7916/d80v8bcr – via academiccommons.columbia.edu.
  43. ↑ http://elikadura21.eus/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/1-Bernstein.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  44. ↑ "Why We Wear Green on St. Patrick's Day". Time (magazine). https://time.com/4699771/green-irish-st-patricks-day-color/. 
  45. ↑ https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1080712.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  46. ↑ "Saudi Arabia". https://www.fotw.info/flags/sa.html. 
  47. ↑ Brown, Nathan J. (3 November 2010). "The Hamas - Fatah Conflict: Shallow but Wide". Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 34: 35. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/forwa34&id=187&div=&collection=. 
  48. ↑ Carpenter, Zoë (31 December 2019). "This Was the Decade of Feminist Uprisings in Latin America". The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ecuador-abortion-green-wave/. 
  49. ↑ Why is green the most monarchist colour? COPE (in Spanish)
  50. ↑ https://liberalhistory.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/84_Lippiatt_Party_colours.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  51. ↑ Witte, John (1993). Christianity and Democracy in Global Context. Westview Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780813318431. 
  52. ↑ Reuchamps, Min (17 December 2014). Minority Nations in Multinational Federations: A Comparative Study of Quebec and Wallonia. Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 9781317634720. 
  53. ↑ https://unherd.com/2019/01/is-blue-collar-populism-here-to-stay/>
  54. ↑ Kuzio, Taras (2007). Aspects of the Orange Revolution VI: Post-Communist Democratic Revolutions in Comparative Perspective. 
  55. ↑ https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/26547/GIPE-020771.pdf?sequence=3 [bare URL PDF]
  56. ↑ "Authentic Orange » Humanism". https://blogs.oregonstate.edu/authenticorange/tag/humanism/. 
  57. ↑ "Branding Toolkit". https://www.ndp.ca/branding. 
  58. ↑ Electoral Commission (27 November 2007). "The Family Party – Applications to register party name and logo". http://www.elections.org.nz/news-media/family-party-applications-register-party-name-abbreviation-logo. 
  59. ↑ Electoral Commission (17 December 2007). "The Family Party registered, logo declined". http://www.elections.org.nz/news-media/family-party-registered-logo-declined-act-party-abbreviation-registered. 
  60. ↑ "The people's flag is palest pink". The Economist. 10 May 2007. https://www.economist.com/international/2007/05/10/the-peoples-flag-is-palest-pink. 
  61. ↑ "Queen Of The Underdogs: 5 Reasons Pink Is an Underappreciated Gay Icon". Billboard. 23 October 2017. https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/pride/8007038/pink-gay-icon-5-reasons. 
  62. ↑ Hopper, Tristin (14 November 2014). "'Post-partisan purple': The rise of Canada's newest (and most fabulous) political colour". National Post. https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/post-partisan-purple-the-rise-of-canadas-newest-and-most-fabulous-political-colour. 
  63. ↑ "Forget Red vs. Blue: The Paradigm for the 21st Century is Orange, Purple, and Green". 1 March 2019. https://www.gp.org/forget_red_vs_blue. 
  64. ↑ "► VIDEO: The colour purple: on the hustings with Social Democrat Catherine Murphy". The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/the-colour-purple-on-the-hustings-with-social-democrat-catherine-murphy-1.2538637. 
  65. ↑ Bradley, Dara (5 February 2021). "Where's the non Soc Dem pride in Bród committee?". https://connachttribune.ie/wheres-the-non-soc-dem-pride-in-brod-committee/. 
  66. ↑ "Catherine Murphy, TD". http://79.170.44.204/catherinemurphy.ie/?p=444. 
  67. ↑ Minihan, Mary. "Election 2016: On the canvass with Catherine Murphy". The Irish Times. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/election-2016-on-the-canvass-with-catherine-murphy-1.2538786. 
  68. ↑ "Golly - more TDs set out on an Awfully Big Venture". Irish Independent. https://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/lise-hand/golly-more-tds-set-out-on-an-awfully-big-venture-31380737.html. 
  69. ↑ "Red Flag". https://ageofrevolution.org/200-object/red-flag/. 
  70. ↑ Hitchens, Peter (26 March 2010). The Cameron Delusion. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 978-1-4411-2390-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=8WvOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA181. 
  71. ↑ Klinghoffer, Arthur Jay (2006). The Power of Projections: How Maps Reflect Global Politics and History. Greenwood Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 9780275991357. https://books.google.com/books?id=WhyPBHJV5VYC&pg=PA79. 
  72. ↑ Bénéï, Véronique (2005). Manufacturing Citizenship: education and nationalism in Europe, South Asia and China. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36488-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=XCUNB8koN-8C&q=Saffronization&pg=PA156. 
  73. ↑ Hawley, Sam; Smiley, Stephen (20 April 2022). "Who are the 'teal independents'? Your questions answered about the candidates fighting for some of Australia's wealthiest electorates". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-20/teal-independents-who-are-candidates-what-electorates/101000412. 
  74. ↑ Butler, Josh (27 April 2022). "The rise of the teal independents and the battle for Wentworth". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/audio/2022/apr/27/the-rise-of-the-teal-independents-and-the-battle-for-wentworth. 
  75. ↑ Wahlquist, Calla (23 May 2022). "Teal independents: who are they and how did they upend Australia's election?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/may/23/teal-independents-who-are-they-how-did-they-upend-australia-election. 
  76. ↑ "Australia's election sets a heartening precedent on climate change". The Economist. 25 May 2022. https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/05/25/australias-election-sets-a-heartening-precedent-on-climate-change. 
  77. ↑ "Orange, green or black: The colors of revolutions | DW | 16.08.2019". Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/orange-green-or-black-the-colors-of-revolutions/a-50050659. 
  78. ↑ "Archived copy". https://wou.edu/wp/exhibits/files/2015/07/christianity.pdf. 
  79. ↑ Kumar, Rohit Vishal; Joshi, Radhika (October–December 2006). "Colour, Colour Everywhere: In Marketing Too". SCMS Journal of Indian Management 3 (4): 40–46. ISSN 0973-3167. 
  80. ↑ Cassel-Picot, Muriel (2013). "The Liberal Democrats and the Green Cause: From Yellow to Green". in Leydier, Gilles; Martin, Alexia. Environmental Issues in Political Discourse in Britain and Ireland. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 105. ISBN 9781443852838. 
  81. ↑ "De verde e amarelo, manifestantes anti-Dilma protestam na Avenida Paulista" (in pt). 31 July 2016. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2016-07/de-verde-amarelo-manifestantes-anti-dilma-protestam-na-avenida-paulista. 
  82. ↑ "Veja imagens dos atos pró-governo neste 1º de maio" (in pt). May 2021. https://www.poder360.com.br/brasil/veja-imagens-dos-atos-pro-governo-neste-1o-de-maio/. 
  83. ↑ Kathleen L. Endres and Therese L. Lueck, eds., Women's Periodicals in the United States: Social and Political Issues (Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press, 1996): 458, note 13.
  84. ↑ "Branding". https://lpaction.org/branding/. 
  85. ↑ Hodgson, Stewart. "The history of political party logos". https://fabrikbrands.com/history-of-political-party-logos/. 
  86. ↑ "Who are the Orangemen?". BBC News. 11 July 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-18769781. 
  87. ↑ Kelly, Jon (4 May 2015). "The seats where Tories weren't blue and Labour wasn't red". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32510493. 
  88. ↑ "Historic Election Results". The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/map/historic.html. 
  89. ↑ "Reds and Blues – The Handbook of Texas Online". Tshaonline.org. http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pqrsu. 
  90. ↑ Rowe, Tara A. (13 January 2005). "The Political Game: The Red and Blue State Phenomenon". Politicalgame.blogspot.com. http://politicalgame.blogspot.com/2005/01/red-and-blue-state-phenomenon.html. 



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