Social:Proto-Karelian language

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Proto-Karelian language
RegionLake Lodega
Reconstructed
ancestors
Proto-Uralic
Short description: Ancestor of modern Karelian
Lake Ladoga, where Old Karelian was spoken.

Proto-Karelian,[1][2][3] also known as Old Karelian,[4][5] was a language once spoken on the western shore of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, from which the dialects of the Karelian language (White, Southern and Livvi), Ludic, the Ingrian language,[6] as well as the South Karelian and Savonian dialects of the Finnish language have developed.[7] It was spoken around the 12th and 13th centuries.[8] The Eastern Finnish dialects developed from Proto-Karelian when the language of the inhabitants who had moved to the area around present-day Mikkeli mixed with western, likely Tavastian, speakers of Finnish. The Livvi-Karelian dialect and Ludic developed from the mixture of the old Vepsian language spoken by the Vepsians of the Olonets Isthmus and Proto-Karelian.[9][10][11][12]

Innovations in Proto-Karelian include: the disappearance of *d and *g between vowels, the plural stem *-lOi-, the labialization of *e in post-syllables before labial consonants and the use of "männä" (with ä instead of e) for the word "mennä" (to go).[13][14] The Old Karelian language had already been in contact with Old Russian speakers within its early stages.[15]

References

  1. ↑ Stolz, Thomas; Levkovych, Nataliya (2021-08-23) (in en). Areal Linguistics within the Phonological Atlas of Europe: Loan Phonemes and their Distribution. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-067273-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=-Fs8EAAAQBAJ&dq=proto-Karelian&pg=RA1-PA27. "Proto-Karelian had only a single sibilant *s." 
  2. ↑ Land, Isaac (2023-06-16) (in en). Lake Ladoga: The Coastal History of the Greatest Lake in Europe. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN 978-951-858-630-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=fLLFEAAAQBAJ&dq=proto-Karelian&pg=PA74. "Karelian language, the eastern dialects of Finnish, the Ludic language spoken on the western shore of Lake Onega, and the Ingrian language spoken in Ingermanland, presumably all derive from a language called proto-Karelian, which may" 
  3. ↑ Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001-01-01) (in en). The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3057-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=CsesLE3efLwC&dq=proto-Karelian+language&pg=PA204. "Proto-Karelian (the protolanguage of Karelian, Ingrian and Eastern Finnish dialects)" 
  4. ↑ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31) (in en). The Uralic Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-23097-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=0WFqEAAAQBAJ&dq=Old+Karelian&pg=PA92. 
  5. ↑ Kehayov, Petar (2017-07-24) (in en). The Fate of Mood and Modality in Language Death: Evidence from Minor Finnic. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-052199-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=XtoxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Old+Karelian+language&pg=PT77. 
  6. ↑ Strazny, Philipp (2013-02-01) (in en). Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-45523-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=5f13EAAAQBAJ&dq=proto-Karelian&pg=PA343. "Proto-Karelian made up the basis for Ingrian, but Karelian itself has developed in close contact with Veps." 
  7. ↑ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31) (in en). The Uralic Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-23097-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=0WFqEAAAQBAJ&dq=Old+Karelian+language&pg=PA92. 
  8. ↑ Lehti, Noora. "KARJALAN KULTTUURI Matka soivaan, runolliseen ja ajattomaan Karjalaan". https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/354269/Lehti_Noora.pdf?sequence=2. 
  9. ↑ "Selityksiä ja lisätietoja: Muinais-Karjala". http://sokl.uef.fi/aineistot/Aidinkieli/murteet/selityks.html#Muinais-Karjala. 
  10. ↑ "Karjalan kielestä on olemassa tietoa ˗ ei kannata levitellä luulopuheita". https://www.karjal.fi/verkolehti/2015/07/karjalan-kielesta-on-olemassa-tietoa-%CB%97-ei-kannata-levitella-luulopuheita/. 
  11. ↑ Kallio, Petri (2017-10-27). "Äännehistoriaa suomen kielen erilliskehityksen alkutaipaleilta" (in fi). Sananjalka 59 (59): 7–24. doi:10.30673/sja.66609. ISSN 2489-6470. https://journal.fi/sananjalka/article/view/66609. 
  12. ↑ "Karjala – kieli, murre ja paikka" (in fi). 8 October 2002. https://www.kotus.fi/nyt/kolumnit_artikkelit_ja_esitelmat/artikkelit/karjala_kieli_murre_ja_paikka. 
  13. ↑ "Muinaiskarjalaista dialektologiaa". https://blogs.helsinki.fi/personal-name-systems/files/2018/04/Muinaiskarjalaista-dialektologiaa.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Kallio, Petri (January 2018). "Muinaiskarjalan uralilainen tausta". https://www.academia.edu/37709596. 
  15. ↑ Koivisto, Vesa (2022-03-14). "Karjalan jälkiä suomessa: Konsonanttiyhtymä tsk suomen murteissa" (in fi). Virittäjä 126 (1). doi:10.23982/vir.97362. ISSN 2242-8828. https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/97362. 



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