Social:Urum language
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| Urum | |
|---|---|
| Урум | |
 Urum written in the Cyrillic script, along with the obsolete Latin and Greek scripts | |
| Pronunciation | tt |
| Native to | Ukraine |
| Ethnicity | Urums (Turkic-speaking Greeks) |
Native speakers | (190,000 cited 2000)[1] |
Turkic
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Cyrillic, Greek | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in |  Ukraine[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | uum |
| Glottolog | urum1249[3] |
 Urum is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010) | |
Urum (Урум, Ουρούμ) is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand Urums, an ethnic Greek population who inhabit a few villages in southeastern Ukraine. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the region, leaving a fairly limited number of new speakers.[4] The Urum language is often considered a variant of Crimean Tatar.
Name and etymology
The name Urum is derived from Rûm 'Rome', the term for the Byzantine Empire in the Muslim world. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prothetic. Turkic languages originally did not have /ɾ/ in word-initial position, and so in borrowed words they used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.[5][6]
Classification
Urum is a Turkic language belonging to the West Kipchak branch of the family. Johanson (2021) classifies it as a variety of Crimean Tatar.[7]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i | ü /y/ | ı /ɯ/ | u |
| Close-mid | e | o | ||
| Near-open | ä /æ/ | ö /œ/ | ||
| Open | a | |||
Examples
- šar - city[8]
- äl - hand
- göl - lake
- yel - wind
- yol - road
- it - dog
- üzüg - ring
- ğız - girl
- ğuš - bird
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ ⟨nʼ⟩ | ŋ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c ⟨tʼ⟩ | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɟ ⟨dʼ⟩ | g | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | (ts) | tʃ ⟨č⟩ | |||||
| voiced | dʒ ⟨ǰ⟩ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | (θ) | s | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | h | |
| voiced | v | (ð) | z | ʒ ⟨ž⟩ | ɣ ⟨ğ⟩ | |||
| Approximant | (w) | j | ||||||
| Lateral | plain | l | ||||||
| velarized | ɫ | |||||||
| Flap | ɾ | ɾʲ ⟨rʼ⟩ | ||||||
/θ, ð/ appear solely in loanwords from Greek. /t͡s/ appears in loanwords. [w] can be an allophone of /v/ after vowels.[8][9]
Writing system
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | (Δ δ) | Д′ д′ |
| (Ђ ђ) | Е е | Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и | Й й | К к |
| Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р |
| С с | Т т | Т′ т′ | (Ћ ћ) | У у | Ӱ ӱ | Υ υ | Ф ф |
| Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
| Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Θ θ |
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ґ ґ | Д д | Д' д' | Дж дж |
| Е е | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н |
| О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | Т' т' | У у |
| Ӱ ӱ | Ф ф | Х х | Ч ч | Ш ш | Ы ы | Э э |
Publications
Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon,[10] and a small description of the language.[11] For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,[12] a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,[13] and a text corpus.[14] The website of the project contains issues about language and history.[15]
References
- ↑ Urum at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ "Про затвердження переліку мов національних меншин (спільнот) та корінних народів України, яким загрожує зникнення". 7 June 2024. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/670-2024-п.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Urum". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/urum1249.
- ↑ "Did you know Urum is endangered?" (in en). http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3004.
- ↑ Казаков, Алексей (December 2000). "Error: no
|title=specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). http://www.publish.diaspora.ru/magazin/articles/russia026_1.shtml. - ↑ Gordon, Raymond G., ed (2005). "Ethnologue Report for Urum". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=uum.
- ↑ Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Stavros, Skopeteas (2016). "The Caucasian Urums and the Urum language/Kafkasya Urumları ve Urum Dili". Handbook of Endangered Turkic Languages. https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/publication/2900617.
- ↑ Podolsky, Baruch (1986). Notes on the Urum language. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 99–112.
- ↑ Podolsky, Baruch (1985). A Tatar - English Glossary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-00299-9.
- ↑ Podolsky, Baruch (1986). "Notes on the Urum Language". Mediterranean Language Review 2: 99–112.
- ↑ Skopeteas; Moisidi (2010). "Urum basic lexicon. Ms.". University of Bielefeld. http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-lexicon.pdf.
- ↑ Verhoeven; Moisidi (2010). "Urum basic grammatical structures. Ms.". University of Bremen. http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-sentence.pdf.
- ↑ Skopeteas; Moisidi (2010). "Urum text collection. Ms." (PDF). University of Bielefeld. http://projects.turkmas.uoa.gr/urum/.
- ↑ "Urum documentation project". http://projects.turkmas.uoa.gr/urum/.
External links
- Urum DoReCo corpus compiled by Stavros Skopeteas, Violeta Moisidi, Nutsa Tsetereli, Johanna Lorenz and Stefanie Schröter. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.
Template:Languages of Georgia (country)
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