Social:Kipchak languages
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Short description: Sub-branch of the Turkic language family
| Kipchak | |
|---|---|
| Northwestern Turkic | |
| Ethnicity | Kipchaks |
| Geographic distribution | Central Asia, Russia , Northern Caucasus, Balkans, Anatolia Ukraine , China |
| Linguistic classification | Turkic
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | kipc1239[1] |
The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China . Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar.
Linguistic features
The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.
- Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /d͡ʒ/ (e.g. *hadaq > acaq "foot")
- Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), see above example
Unique features
Family-specific
- Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them") [citation needed]
- Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
- Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")
Language-specific
- In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:
| Old Turkic | Tatar (for example) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mid → high | |||
| *e | /e/ | i | /i/ |
| *o | /o/ | u | /u/ |
| *ö | /ø/ | ü | /y/ |
| High → Mid | |||
| *i | /i/ | e | /e/ |
| *ı | /ɯ/ | î | /ɤ/ |
| *u | /u/ | o | /o/ |
| *ü | /y/ | ö | /ø/ |
Classification
The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):
| Proto-Turkic | Common Turkic | Kipchak | Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian) | ||
| Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian) |
| ||||
| Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian) |
| ||||
| Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz) |
| ||||
See also
- Kipchaks
- Kipchaks in Georgia
- Cuman people
- Cuman language
- Cumania
- Kalpak
Notes
- ↑ Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.[3]
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kipchak". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kipc1239.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan.
- ↑ Yazyki mira. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20.
- ↑ Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)
- ↑ Nevskaya, I.A.. "The Teleut Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/teleut.shtml.
Bibliography
- Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
- Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.
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