Organization:Institute of Naval Medicine: Difference between revisions

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| website = [https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/locations-and-operations/bases-and-stations/institute-of-naval-medicine Institute of Naval Medicine - Royal Navy ]
| website = [https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/locations-and-operations/bases-and-stations/institute-of-naval-medicine Institute of Naval Medicine - Royal Navy ]
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The '''Institute of Naval Medicine''' is the main research centre and training facility of the Royal Navy Medical Service.
The '''Institute of Naval Medicine''' is the main research centre and training facility of the Royal Navy Medical Service. The Institute was established in Alverstoke, Gosport, in 1969.
 
The Institute today offers 'specialist medical training, guidance and support from service entry to resettlement', and provides 'extensive research, laboratory and clinical facilities' for use across the armed services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Institute of Naval Medicine |url=https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/locations-and-operations/bases-and-stations/institute-of-naval-medicine |website=Royal Navy |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The site was established in 1969 to research environmental health conditions for submariners in the Royal Navy.
===Royal Naval Medical School===
First established at Royal Naval College, Greenwich in 1912, the '''Royal Naval Medical School''' provided induction training for new-entry medical officers, and promotion training for the rank of Fleet Surgeon (later Surgeon Lieutenant Commander).<ref name="Dickinson2016">{{cite book |last1=Dickinson |first1=Harry |title=Wisdom and War: The Royal Naval College Greenwich 1873–1998 |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, Oxon. |pages=151–152}}</ref> The initial course provided prospective [[Engineering:Naval surgeon|naval surgeon]]s with the skills to function as a sole practitioner at sea; subjects taught included naval hygiene, dentistry, radiography, anaesthetics and tropical medicine. It was from the start a research-focused institution, which in its early decades played a key role in the production of vaccines and sera. Clinical training took place initially at the Dreadnought Seamen's Hospital, then (after the First World War) at the London Hospital; courses prior to the Second World War were validated by the University of London.
In the early 1930s induction training moved to Haslar, but other teaching and research work continued to be based at Greenwich; by that time the RMNS was engaged in 'a very large amount of highly technical work of the greatest importance to the health of the Navy', including research, analytics, pathological examinations, tropical disease investigations and vaccine making.<ref>{{cite Hansard |jurisdiction= UK|title= Medical School, Greenwich|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1930-04-15/debates/bfef96bc-a147-47fb-8881-1f89e4ea5f81/MedicalSchoolGreenwich |house=House of Commons |date=15 April 1930 |volume=237 |column=2754 |speaker=Charles Ammon |position=Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty}}</ref>


At a safety conference on Saturday 25 March 1972 at the [[Organization:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]], organised by the National Council of British Mountaineering, with around five hundred climbing experts present, Surgeon Commander Duncan Walters (August 1927 - August 2021) showed a film entitled ''Give Him Air'',<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4110122/ IMDb 1971]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210516195222/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6cd74375 BFI]</ref> about a swimmer in Malta that was accidentally speared in the lung by a [[Engineering:Harpoon cannon|harpoon gun]]. The film showed the gruesome after-effects of the harpoon incident, which caused eight conference attendees to faint, and had to be carried outside.<ref>''Birmingham Daily Post'' Monday 27 March 1972, page 14</ref>
The Royal Naval Medical School was removed from Greenwich to Clevedon at the start of [[Social:World War II|World War II]], where it remained until 1948. During the war its work continued: in the back garden of a house on Elton Road, Clevedon, in 1942 the RNMS constructed the world's first fully functional factory for the mass production of [[Chemistry:Penicillin|penicillin]].<ref name="Campbell2010">{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Rob |title=Clevedon: Places and Faces |date=2010 |publisher=Matador |location=Leicester |pages=63–74}}</ref>
 
In 1948 the Royal Naval Medical School was relocated to Monckton House, Alverstoke.<ref>Burton LA, Peacey BF, McMillan GHG, [https://jrnms.bmj.com/content/84/3/164 "Monckton House at the Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke"], ''Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service'' 1998; 84:3 164-174</ref> The Royal Naval Physiological]Laboratory had been established here in 1942, a joint project of the RN Scientific Service and the RN Medical Service.
 
In the 1960s short courses were offered in atomic, underwater and tropical medicine. At the same time, the RNMS began to undertake increasingly specialised medical research in support of the Polaris submarine-launched nuclear weapons programme.<ref>{{cite web |title=Military Affiliations |url=https://barberscompany.org/affiliations/ |website=The Barbers' Company |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref> Specialised research, training and radiological protection facilities were built in the grounds of Monckton House, and in 1969 the establishment was renamed the Institute of Naval Medicine. 
 
===Institute of Naval Medicine===
[[File:Surgeon Captain Elizabeth Crowson.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Surgeon Captain Beth Crowson, CO of the Institute of Naval Medicine 2019-2022.]]
At a safety conference on Saturday 25 March 1972 at the [[Organization:University of Birmingham|University of Birmingham]], organised by the National Council of British Mountaineering, with around five hundred climbing experts present, Surgeon Commander Duncan Walters (August 1927 - August 2021) showed a film entitled ''Give Him Air'',<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4110122/ IMDb 1971]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210516195222/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6cd74375 BFI]</ref> about a swimmer in Malta that was accidentally speared in the lung by a [[Engineering:Harpoon cannon|harpoon gun]]. The film showed the gruesome after-effects of the harpoon incident, which caused eight conference attendees to faint, and had to be carried outside.<ref>''Birmingham Daily Post'' Monday 27 March 1972, page 14</ref> The film was on the subjects of mountaineering injuries, and [[Medicine:Expedition medicine|expedition medicine]]. The conference chairman was Sir Jack Longland. It was recommended that walkers on mountains in North Wales were guided by someone with the Mountain Leadership Certificate. In 1970, 43% of those injured on mountains in North Wales were aged 15 to 20.<ref>''Times'' Monday March 27 1972, page 4</ref>


In November 1973 a £200,000 environmental medical centre opened, which simulated life inside a [[Engineering:Submarine|submarine]].<ref>''Times'' Tuesday 6 November 1973, page 3</ref> From 12 November 1973, four sailors (medical ratings) were shut inside this for thirty days, to test atmospheric pollution.<ref>''Birmingham Daily Post'' Monday 05 November 1973, page 7</ref>
In November 1973 a £200,000 environmental medical centre opened, which simulated life inside a [[Engineering:Submarine|submarine]].<ref>''Times'' Tuesday 6 November 1973, page 3</ref> From 12 November 1973, four sailors (medical ratings) were shut inside this for thirty days, to test atmospheric pollution.<ref>''Birmingham Daily Post'' Monday 05 November 1973, page 7</ref>
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At a conference in Aberdeen in September 1988, Surgeon Captain Ramsay Pearson, head of undersea medicine, said that recreational diving in the UK had too many accidents, due to decompression computers, which he claimed did not have built-in safety factors. The National Hyperbaric Centre in Aberdeen (built by the government in 1987) agreed with him.<ref>''Aberdeen Evening Express'' Wednesday 7 September 1988, page 9</ref>
At a conference in Aberdeen in September 1988, Surgeon Captain Ramsay Pearson, head of undersea medicine, said that recreational diving in the UK had too many accidents, due to decompression computers, which he claimed did not have built-in safety factors. The National Hyperbaric Centre in Aberdeen (built by the government in 1987) agreed with him.<ref>''Aberdeen Evening Express'' Wednesday 7 September 1988, page 9</ref>


The Channel 5 documentary ''Survivor'' featured the institute, and surviving cold temperatures on the Cascade Range, on Wednesday 28 January 1998.<ref>''Birmingham Daily Post'' Wednesday 28 January 1998, page 2</ref>
In August 2000 the site sent four doctors and two staff to the Kursk submarine disaster in a team of twenty-seven from the UK.<ref>''Times'' Thursday August 17 2000</ref>


In August 2000 the site sent four doctors and two staff to the Kursk submarine disaster in a team of twenty-seven from the UK.<ref>''Times'' Thursday August 17 2000</ref>
As of 2005 the Institute's [[Social:Mission statement|mission statement]] was 'to improve the operational capability of the Royal Navy by promoting good health and safety and maximising the effectiveness of personnel'. Its five 'principal business areas' were:
* Scientific advice on maritime and military health and safety
* Operationally deployable specialist medical and scientific staff (principally focusing on diving, submarine and radiation medicine)
* Specialist training
* Research and equipment testing
* Corporate services (including medico-legal advice, medical resettlement, libraries and biostatistics).
 
===Sports and survival medicine===
The Channel 5 documentary ''Survivor'' featured the institute, and surviving cold temperatures on the Cascade Range, on Wednesday 28 January 1998.<ref>''Birmingham Daily Post'' Wednesday 28 January 1998, page 2</ref> Sir Ranulph Fiennes visited on Monday 11 October 1999, when he was put in an immersion tank.<ref>''Aberdeen Press and Journal'' Tuesday 12 October 1999, page 9</ref>


===Visits===
The British Olympic coxless four men's rowing team had medical tests, with a vitalograph for [[Medicine:Pulmonary function testing|lung function]] in 2008, later winning the gold medal in August 2012.<ref>''Times'' Thursday December 4 2008, page 100</ref>
Sir Ranulph Fiennes visited on Monday 11 October 1999, when he was put in an immersion tank.<ref>''Aberdeen Press and Journal'' Tuesday 12 October 1999, page 9</ref>


==Training==
==Activity==
{{update-section|date=August 2024}}
===Training===
It trained medical staff for the Naval Emergency Monitoring Team at three sites at Gare Loch, Portsmouth and Plymouth, which worked with the Nuclear Accident Response Organisation (NARO) at the Clyde Submarine Base (HMNB Clyde)<ref>''Lennox Herald'' Friday 19 March 1993, page 10</ref>
It trained medical staff for the Naval Emergency Monitoring Team at three sites at Gare Loch, Portsmouth and Plymouth, which worked with the Nuclear Accident Response Organisation (NARO) at the Clyde Submarine Base (HMNB Clyde)<ref>''Lennox Herald'' Friday 19 March 1993, page 10</ref>


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Medical assistants are trained at the Defence Medical Academy in Whittington, Staffordshire, with nuclear training at the Nuclear Department at HMS Sultan in Gosport, which will move to Scotland. The Department of Nuclear Science and Technology moved from London in October 1998.<ref>''Navy News'' June 2016, page 20</ref>
Medical assistants are trained at the Defence Medical Academy in Whittington, Staffordshire, with nuclear training at the Nuclear Department at HMS Sultan in Gosport, which will move to Scotland. The Department of Nuclear Science and Technology moved from London in October 1998.<ref>''Navy News'' June 2016, page 20</ref>


==Research==
===Research===
===Drowning===
====Drowning====
The site has done much research into [[Medicine:Drowning|drowning]], which kills 700–1000 a year in the UK, with a third being males aged 15–35. Surgeon Commander Frank Golden, Director of Research in the 1980s did much important investigations. Many able swimmers died, no more than 10 yards from refuge, from effects of cold water.<ref>'Findings' ''Times'' Thursday June 7, 1984, page 8</ref> Frank Golden later worked with Professor Mike Tipton at the [[Organization:University of Surrey|University of Surrey]] Robens Institute.<ref>''Navy News'' June 1994, page 3</ref>
The site has done much research into [[Medicine:Drowning|drowning]], which kills 700–1000 a year in the UK, with a third being males aged 15–35. Surgeon Commander Frank Golden (5 June 1936 - 5 January 2014), the Director of Research in the 1980s, conducted many important investigations. Many able swimmers died, no more than 10 yards from refuge, from effects of cold water.<ref>'Findings' ''Times'' Thursday June 7, 1984, page 8</ref> Frank Golden later worked with Professor Mike Tipton at the [[Organization:University of Surrey|University of Surrey]] Robens Institute.<ref>''Navy News'' June 1994, page 3</ref> Together they wrote the book ''Essentials of Sea Survival'' in 2002.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5vF6DwAAQBAJ 2002 book]</ref> ({{ISBN|9780736002158}})


So-called 'dry drowning' is caused by the shock of cold water. A possible cause is cold water causing the larynx to spasm. Animals have a 'diving response', but humans hyperventilate, and the heart beats too quickly due to a chemical imbalance.<ref>''Times'' 'Medical Briefing' Thursday 22 June 1989, page 13</ref>
So-called 'dry drowning' is caused by the shock of cold water. A possible cause is cold water causing the larynx to spasm. Animals have a 'diving response', but humans hyperventilate, and the heart beats too quickly due to a chemical imbalance.<ref>''Times'' 'Medical Briefing' Thursday 22 June 1989, page 13</ref>
Line 86: Line 107:
Drowning is the third most common form of accidental death in the UK after road accidents and home injuries. It is often competent swimmers in canals, rivers or flooded quarries in spring or early summer, and there has not been much research on this form of drowning. Most deaths occur in the first three minutes, and those who last 15 minutes mostly last to 30 minutes. Admiral Frank Golden in the 1990s thought that the deaths were linked to the gasp reflex as found in cold showers. There is a big increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Uncontrolled rate breathing makes swimming impossible due to the [[Biology:Cold shock response|cold shock response]]. Work had neen carried out with the [[Organization:University of Leeds|University of Leeds]] on 'immersion hypothermia'.<ref>''Times'' Thursday April 28, 1994, page 17</ref>
Drowning is the third most common form of accidental death in the UK after road accidents and home injuries. It is often competent swimmers in canals, rivers or flooded quarries in spring or early summer, and there has not been much research on this form of drowning. Most deaths occur in the first three minutes, and those who last 15 minutes mostly last to 30 minutes. Admiral Frank Golden in the 1990s thought that the deaths were linked to the gasp reflex as found in cold showers. There is a big increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Uncontrolled rate breathing makes swimming impossible due to the [[Biology:Cold shock response|cold shock response]]. Work had neen carried out with the [[Organization:University of Leeds|University of Leeds]] on 'immersion hypothermia'.<ref>''Times'' Thursday April 28, 1994, page 17</ref>


===Diving===
====Diving====
In the 1990s, Surgeon Commander James Francis found 'nitrogen narcosis' below 30m of water depth.  
In the 1990s, Surgeon Commander James Francis found 'nitrogen narcosis' below 30m of water depth.  
<ref>''Times'' Tuesday 26 July 1994, page 13</ref> James Francis became Head of Undersea Medicine and left the Navy in 1996.
<ref>''Times'' Tuesday 26 July 1994, page 13</ref> James Francis became Head of Undersea Medicine and left the Navy in 1996.
Line 92: Line 113:
The INM works with [[Organization:The Physiological Society|The Physiological Society]], and staff have given lectures at the Society in London.
The INM works with [[Organization:The Physiological Society|The Physiological Society]], and staff have given lectures at the Society in London.


===Seasickness===
===Exposure and cold temperatures===
Surgeon Commander Jim Sykes, the Professor of Naval Occupation Medicine, researched exposure.<ref>''Times'' Friday December 9 1994, page 3</ref><ref>''Times'' Tuesday January 19 1999, page 8</ref>
 
Surgeon Commander Howard Oakley researched exposure in the 1990s, and drowning, and [[Medicine:Premature junctional contraction|premature junctional contraction]].
 
====Seasickness====
In November 1979 the site tested a new [[Medicine:Motion sickness|seasickness]] pill on HMS Broadsword, called [[Chemistry:Cinnarizine|cinnarizine]], with reference to the previous medication hyoscine ([[Biology:Scopolamine|scopolamine]]), and worked with the MRC<ref>''Navy News'' November 1979, page 1</ref>
In November 1979 the site tested a new [[Medicine:Motion sickness|seasickness]] pill on HMS Broadsword, called [[Chemistry:Cinnarizine|cinnarizine]], with reference to the previous medication hyoscine ([[Biology:Scopolamine|scopolamine]]), and worked with the MRC<ref>''Navy News'' November 1979, page 1</ref>


===Women submariners===
====Women submariners====
In 2010 the USA allowed women on its submarines but women submariners were not allowed in the UK as carbon dioxide in a submarine's atmosphere could damage a foetus.
In 2010 the USA allowed women on its submarines but women submariners were not allowed in the UK as carbon dioxide in a submarine's atmosphere could damage a foetus.
<ref>''Times'' Monday April 26, 2010, page 32</ref>
<ref>''Times'' Monday April 26, 2010, page 32</ref><ref>''Times'' Monday January 29 2001, page 7</ref>


In December 2011 women were allowed on submarines, with officers first then all women from 2015. All women would serve on the Astute class submarines from 2016. Women had been on surface ships since 1990. There are around 3420 females in the Royal Navy, about 9%.  
In December 2011 women were allowed on submarines, with officers first then all women from 2015. All women would serve on the Astute class submarines from 2016. Women had been on surface ships since 1990. There are around 3420 females in the Royal Navy, about 9%.  
Line 116: Line 142:


===Medical Officers in Charge===
===Medical Officers in Charge===
* Sir James Watt 1969–72
* Surgeon Rear Admiral Sir James Watt 1969–72
* Sir John Rawlins 1972–77
* Surgeon Rear Admiral A. O'Connor 24 July 1972 - 1975<ref>''Times Friday January 28 1972, page 2</ref>
* Surgeon Rear Admiral Sir John Rawlins 1975–77<ref>''Times'' Friday  February 14 1975, page 18</ref>
* Surgeon Rear Admiral Sir John Harrison 30 March 1977 - 1981<ref>''Times'' Friday February 11 1977, page 16</ref><ref>''Times'' obituary Friday May 7 2010, page 76</ref>
* Surgeon Rear Admiral R. J. A. Lambert 1981-1983
* Surgeon Captain E. P. Beck 1983-1985
* Surgeon Commodore J. W. Richardson 1985-1987
* Surgeon Captain R. W. F. Paul 1987-1989
* Surgeon Captain A. Craig 1989-1990
* Surgeon Captain J. W. Davies 1991-1993
* Surgeon Rear Admiral A. Craig 1993-1994
* Surgeon Commodore F Reed OBE - 2005
* Surgeon Commodore Jim Sykes 2005-2008<ref>''Times'' Monday October 31 2005, page 61</ref>
* Surgeon Captain D.C. Brown 25 September 2008 - 2011<ref>''Times'' Thursday May 1 2008, page 65</ref>
* Surgeon Captain N.P. Butterfield August 2011  - 2012<ref>''Times'' Thursday April 21 2011, page 85</ref>
* Surgeon Captain M.A. Howell September 2012 -<ref>''Times'' Tuesday May 1 2012, page 49</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
* Diving Diseases Research Centre in [[Earth:Devon|Devon]]
* {{annotated link|Biology:Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées}}, military medical research site in France
* Diving disorders
* RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine in Bedfordshire
* [[Biology:Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées|Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées]], military medical research site in France


==References==
==References==
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* [https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/bases-and-stations/training-establishments/institute-of-naval-medicine Institute of Naval Medicine]
* [https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/our-organisation/bases-and-stations/training-establishments/institute-of-naval-medicine Institute of Naval Medicine]


{{Royal Navy shore establishments|state=collapsed}}
{{Underwater diving|divmed}}


[[Category:Toxicology organizations]]
[[Category:Toxicology organizations]]


{{Sourceattribution|Institute of Naval Medicine}}
{{Sourceattribution|Institute of Naval Medicine}}

Latest revision as of 15:29, 31 August 2025

Institute of Naval Medicine
INM
Institute of Naval Medicine is located in Hampshire
Institute of Naval Medicine
Location within Hampshire
General information
TypeMilitary medical training facility
AddressCrescent Road, Gosport, Hampshire, PO12 2DL
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] 50°46′48″N 1°08′31″W / 50.78°N 1.142°W / 50.78; -1.142
Elevation10 m (33 ft)
Current tenantsRoyal Navy Medical Service
Construction started1969
Completed1969
Inaugurated26 September 1969
ClientMinistry of Defence
Owner Royal Navy
Technical details
Floor count2
Website
Institute of Naval Medicine - Royal Navy

The Institute of Naval Medicine is the main research centre and training facility of the Royal Navy Medical Service. The Institute was established in Alverstoke, Gosport, in 1969.

The Institute today offers 'specialist medical training, guidance and support from service entry to resettlement', and provides 'extensive research, laboratory and clinical facilities' for use across the armed services.[1]

History

Royal Naval Medical School

First established at Royal Naval College, Greenwich in 1912, the Royal Naval Medical School provided induction training for new-entry medical officers, and promotion training for the rank of Fleet Surgeon (later Surgeon Lieutenant Commander).[2] The initial course provided prospective naval surgeons with the skills to function as a sole practitioner at sea; subjects taught included naval hygiene, dentistry, radiography, anaesthetics and tropical medicine. It was from the start a research-focused institution, which in its early decades played a key role in the production of vaccines and sera. Clinical training took place initially at the Dreadnought Seamen's Hospital, then (after the First World War) at the London Hospital; courses prior to the Second World War were validated by the University of London. In the early 1930s induction training moved to Haslar, but other teaching and research work continued to be based at Greenwich; by that time the RMNS was engaged in 'a very large amount of highly technical work of the greatest importance to the health of the Navy', including research, analytics, pathological examinations, tropical disease investigations and vaccine making.[3]

The Royal Naval Medical School was removed from Greenwich to Clevedon at the start of World War II, where it remained until 1948. During the war its work continued: in the back garden of a house on Elton Road, Clevedon, in 1942 the RNMS constructed the world's first fully functional factory for the mass production of penicillin.[4]

In 1948 the Royal Naval Medical School was relocated to Monckton House, Alverstoke.[5] The Royal Naval Physiological]Laboratory had been established here in 1942, a joint project of the RN Scientific Service and the RN Medical Service.

In the 1960s short courses were offered in atomic, underwater and tropical medicine. At the same time, the RNMS began to undertake increasingly specialised medical research in support of the Polaris submarine-launched nuclear weapons programme.[6] Specialised research, training and radiological protection facilities were built in the grounds of Monckton House, and in 1969 the establishment was renamed the Institute of Naval Medicine.

Institute of Naval Medicine

Surgeon Captain Beth Crowson, CO of the Institute of Naval Medicine 2019-2022.

At a safety conference on Saturday 25 March 1972 at the University of Birmingham, organised by the National Council of British Mountaineering, with around five hundred climbing experts present, Surgeon Commander Duncan Walters (August 1927 - August 2021) showed a film entitled Give Him Air,[7][8] about a swimmer in Malta that was accidentally speared in the lung by a harpoon gun. The film showed the gruesome after-effects of the harpoon incident, which caused eight conference attendees to faint, and had to be carried outside.[9] The film was on the subjects of mountaineering injuries, and expedition medicine. The conference chairman was Sir Jack Longland. It was recommended that walkers on mountains in North Wales were guided by someone with the Mountain Leadership Certificate. In 1970, 43% of those injured on mountains in North Wales were aged 15 to 20.[10]

In November 1973 a £200,000 environmental medical centre opened, which simulated life inside a submarine.[11] From 12 November 1973, four sailors (medical ratings) were shut inside this for thirty days, to test atmospheric pollution.[12]

J and P Engineering Reading Ltd developed a photo-sensitive radiation detector for the institute, later sold to the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) in Oxfordshire and for CERN.[13]

At a conference in Aberdeen in September 1988, Surgeon Captain Ramsay Pearson, head of undersea medicine, said that recreational diving in the UK had too many accidents, due to decompression computers, which he claimed did not have built-in safety factors. The National Hyperbaric Centre in Aberdeen (built by the government in 1987) agreed with him.[14]

In August 2000 the site sent four doctors and two staff to the Kursk submarine disaster in a team of twenty-seven from the UK.[15]

As of 2005 the Institute's mission statement was 'to improve the operational capability of the Royal Navy by promoting good health and safety and maximising the effectiveness of personnel'. Its five 'principal business areas' were:

  • Scientific advice on maritime and military health and safety
  • Operationally deployable specialist medical and scientific staff (principally focusing on diving, submarine and radiation medicine)
  • Specialist training
  • Research and equipment testing
  • Corporate services (including medico-legal advice, medical resettlement, libraries and biostatistics).

Sports and survival medicine

The Channel 5 documentary Survivor featured the institute, and surviving cold temperatures on the Cascade Range, on Wednesday 28 January 1998.[16] Sir Ranulph Fiennes visited on Monday 11 October 1999, when he was put in an immersion tank.[17]

The British Olympic coxless four men's rowing team had medical tests, with a vitalograph for lung function in 2008, later winning the gold medal in August 2012.[18]

Activity

Training

It trained medical staff for the Naval Emergency Monitoring Team at three sites at Gare Loch, Portsmouth and Plymouth, which worked with the Nuclear Accident Response Organisation (NARO) at the Clyde Submarine Base (HMNB Clyde)[19]

In 1970s, nurses in the navy trained at the navy hospitals in Gosport and Plymouth; the Royal Naval School of Nursing began around 1962, in Gosport.[20] There is longer a navy site at Plymouth, but there is a Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit - MODHU at Plymouth hospital; all medical assistants would complete 22 weeks of training at the RN Hospital in Gosport, followed by another 32 weeks at the RN hospitals at Gosport or Plymouth for naval (ship) medical assistants. Submarine medical assistants (MASM) would be trained at the institute, such as in radiation decontamination.

Medical assistants are trained at the Defence Medical Academy in Whittington, Staffordshire, with nuclear training at the Nuclear Department at HMS Sultan in Gosport, which will move to Scotland. The Department of Nuclear Science and Technology moved from London in October 1998.[21]

Research

Drowning

The site has done much research into drowning, which kills 700–1000 a year in the UK, with a third being males aged 15–35. Surgeon Commander Frank Golden (5 June 1936 - 5 January 2014), the Director of Research in the 1980s, conducted many important investigations. Many able swimmers died, no more than 10 yards from refuge, from effects of cold water.[22] Frank Golden later worked with Professor Mike Tipton at the University of Surrey Robens Institute.[23] Together they wrote the book Essentials of Sea Survival in 2002.[24] (ISBN:9780736002158)

So-called 'dry drowning' is caused by the shock of cold water. A possible cause is cold water causing the larynx to spasm. Animals have a 'diving response', but humans hyperventilate, and the heart beats too quickly due to a chemical imbalance.[25]

Drowning is the third most common form of accidental death in the UK after road accidents and home injuries. It is often competent swimmers in canals, rivers or flooded quarries in spring or early summer, and there has not been much research on this form of drowning. Most deaths occur in the first three minutes, and those who last 15 minutes mostly last to 30 minutes. Admiral Frank Golden in the 1990s thought that the deaths were linked to the gasp reflex as found in cold showers. There is a big increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Uncontrolled rate breathing makes swimming impossible due to the cold shock response. Work had neen carried out with the University of Leeds on 'immersion hypothermia'.[26]

Diving

In the 1990s, Surgeon Commander James Francis found 'nitrogen narcosis' below 30m of water depth. [27] James Francis became Head of Undersea Medicine and left the Navy in 1996.

The INM works with The Physiological Society, and staff have given lectures at the Society in London.

Exposure and cold temperatures

Surgeon Commander Jim Sykes, the Professor of Naval Occupation Medicine, researched exposure.[28][29]

Surgeon Commander Howard Oakley researched exposure in the 1990s, and drowning, and premature junctional contraction.

Seasickness

In November 1979 the site tested a new seasickness pill on HMS Broadsword, called cinnarizine, with reference to the previous medication hyoscine (scopolamine), and worked with the MRC[30]

Women submariners

In 2010 the USA allowed women on its submarines but women submariners were not allowed in the UK as carbon dioxide in a submarine's atmosphere could damage a foetus. [31][32]

In December 2011 women were allowed on submarines, with officers first then all women from 2015. All women would serve on the Astute class submarines from 2016. Women had been on surface ships since 1990. There are around 3420 females in the Royal Navy, about 9%. [33]

Structure

It is situated in the south of Gosport. The Medical Officer-in-Charge is also the Dean of Naval Medicine.

Departments

  • Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, when known as the Undersea Medicine Department, it worked with the Submarine Escape Training Tank and HMS Reclaim
  • Submarine and Radiation Medicine; the Naval Radiological Protection Service became the Defence R P S in 1982[34] which became DERA Radiation Protection Services
  • Environmental and Industrial Hazards Laboratories, investigates drinking water
  • Environmental Medicine and Science; the EMU - Environmental Medicine Unit had a Fitness Anthropometric Clinic[35]
  • Applied Physiology and Human Factors, investigates nutrition and supports the Defence Nutrition Advisory Service
  • Acoustics and Vibration, has worked with the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research at the University of Southampton; the Royal Navy has an exemption from the Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005
  • Cold Injury Clinic
  • RNMS School, works with the Resuscitation Council UK on first aid

Medical Officers in Charge

  • Surgeon Rear Admiral Sir James Watt 1969–72
  • Surgeon Rear Admiral A. O'Connor 24 July 1972 - 1975[36]
  • Surgeon Rear Admiral Sir John Rawlins 1975–77[37]
  • Surgeon Rear Admiral Sir John Harrison 30 March 1977 - 1981[38][39]
  • Surgeon Rear Admiral R. J. A. Lambert 1981-1983
  • Surgeon Captain E. P. Beck 1983-1985
  • Surgeon Commodore J. W. Richardson 1985-1987
  • Surgeon Captain R. W. F. Paul 1987-1989
  • Surgeon Captain A. Craig 1989-1990
  • Surgeon Captain J. W. Davies 1991-1993
  • Surgeon Rear Admiral A. Craig 1993-1994
  • Surgeon Commodore F Reed OBE - 2005
  • Surgeon Commodore Jim Sykes 2005-2008[40]
  • Surgeon Captain D.C. Brown 25 September 2008 - 2011[41]
  • Surgeon Captain N.P. Butterfield August 2011 - 2012[42]
  • Surgeon Captain M.A. Howell September 2012 -[43]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Institute of Naval Medicine". https://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/locations-and-operations/bases-and-stations/institute-of-naval-medicine. 
  2. ↑ Dickinson, Harry (2016). Wisdom and War: The Royal Naval College Greenwich 1873–1998. Abingdon, Oxon.: Routledge. pp. 151–152. 
  3. ↑ Charles Ammon, Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty (15 April 1930). "Medical School, Greenwich". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 237. UK: House of Commons. col. 2754. https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1930-04-15/debates/bfef96bc-a147-47fb-8881-1f89e4ea5f81/MedicalSchoolGreenwich. 
  4. ↑ Campbell, Rob (2010). Clevedon: Places and Faces. Leicester: Matador. pp. 63–74. 
  5. ↑ Burton LA, Peacey BF, McMillan GHG, "Monckton House at the Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke", Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 1998; 84:3 164-174
  6. ↑ "Military Affiliations". https://barberscompany.org/affiliations/. 
  7. ↑ IMDb 1971
  8. ↑ BFI
  9. ↑ Birmingham Daily Post Monday 27 March 1972, page 14
  10. ↑ Times Monday March 27 1972, page 4
  11. ↑ Times Tuesday 6 November 1973, page 3
  12. ↑ Birmingham Daily Post Monday 05 November 1973, page 7
  13. ↑ Reading Evening Post Tuesday 17 October 1978, page 9
  14. ↑ Aberdeen Evening Express Wednesday 7 September 1988, page 9
  15. ↑ Times Thursday August 17 2000
  16. ↑ Birmingham Daily Post Wednesday 28 January 1998, page 2
  17. ↑ Aberdeen Press and Journal Tuesday 12 October 1999, page 9
  18. ↑ Times Thursday December 4 2008, page 100
  19. ↑ Lennox Herald Friday 19 March 1993, page 10
  20. ↑ Navy News February 2002
  21. ↑ Navy News June 2016, page 20
  22. ↑ 'Findings' Times Thursday June 7, 1984, page 8
  23. ↑ Navy News June 1994, page 3
  24. ↑ 2002 book
  25. ↑ Times 'Medical Briefing' Thursday 22 June 1989, page 13
  26. ↑ Times Thursday April 28, 1994, page 17
  27. ↑ Times Tuesday 26 July 1994, page 13
  28. ↑ Times Friday December 9 1994, page 3
  29. ↑ Times Tuesday January 19 1999, page 8
  30. ↑ Navy News November 1979, page 1
  31. ↑ Times Monday April 26, 2010, page 32
  32. ↑ Times Monday January 29 2001, page 7
  33. ↑ Times Friday 9 December 2011, page 3
  34. ↑ Navy News June 1990, page 11
  35. ↑ Navy News February 2007, page 40
  36. ↑ Times Friday January 28 1972, page 2
  37. ↑ Times Friday February 14 1975, page 18
  38. ↑ Times Friday February 11 1977, page 16
  39. ↑ Times obituary Friday May 7 2010, page 76
  40. ↑ Times Monday October 31 2005, page 61
  41. ↑ Times Thursday May 1 2008, page 65
  42. ↑ Times Thursday April 21 2011, page 85
  43. ↑ Times Tuesday May 1 2012, page 49

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