Physics:Combined gas law
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The combined gas law is a gas law that combines Charles's law, Boyle's law, and Gay-Lussac's law. There is no official founder for this law; it is merely an amalgamation of the three previously discovered laws. These laws each relate one thermodynamic variable to another mathematically while holding everything else constant. Charles's law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional to each other as long as pressure is held constant. Boyle's law asserts that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other at fixed temperature. Finally, Gay-Lussac's law introduces a direct proportionality between temperature and pressure as long as it is at a constant volume. The inter-dependence of these variables is shown in the combined gas law, which clearly states that:
| “ | The ratio between the pressure-volume product and the temperature of a system remains constant. | ” |
This can be stated mathematically as:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \qquad \frac {PV}{T}= k }[/math]
where:
- P is the pressure,
- V is the volume,
- T is the temperature measured in kelvins,
- k is a constant (with units of energy divided by temperature).
For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \qquad \frac {P_1V_1}{T_1}= \frac {P_2V_2}{T_2} }[/math]
The addition of Avogadro's law to the combined gas law yields the ideal gas law.
Derivation from the gas laws
Boyle's Law states that the pressure-volume product is constant:
- [math]\displaystyle{ PV = k_1 \qquad (1) }[/math]
Charles's Law shows that the volume is proportional to the absolute temperature:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{V}{T} = k_2\; \qquad (2) }[/math]
Gay-Lussac's Law says that the pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature:
- [math]\displaystyle{ P = k_3T \qquad (3) }[/math]
The algebraic manipulation cannot be done directly because Boyle did his experiments with constant temperature, Charles did them with constant pressure and Lussac did them with constant volume, therefore a more exact interpretation of the prior equations would be:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} PV &= k_1(T) \qquad (1')\\ \frac{V}{T} &= k_2(P) \qquad (2')\\ P/T &= k_3(V) \qquad (3'),\end{align} }[/math]
with [math]\displaystyle{ k_1,\;k_2,\;k_3 }[/math] not being constants, but appropriate functions, mimicking the respective dependencies.
Keeping this in mind, to carry the derivation on correctly, one must imagine the gas being altered by one process at a time. Say, starting to change only pressure and volume, according to Boyle's law, then:
- [math]\displaystyle{ P_1V_1=P_2V_2 \qquad (4). }[/math] After this process, the gas has parameters: [math]\displaystyle{ T_1 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ P_2 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ V_2. }[/math]
Then changing volume and temperature, according to Charles' law:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{V_2}{T_1}=\frac{V_3}{T_2} \qquad (5). }[/math] After this process, the state of the gas is: [math]\displaystyle{ T_2 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ V_3 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ P_2. }[/math]
Finally, pressure and temperature are changed obeying Gay-Lussac's Law:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{P_2}{T_2}=\frac{P_3}{T_3} \qquad (6). }[/math] After this process, the state is: [math]\displaystyle{ T_3 }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ V_3 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ P_3. }[/math]
Applying algebra yields:
- From equation (4) follows
- [math]\displaystyle{ V_2=\frac{P_1V_1}{P_2} \qquad (7), }[/math]
- substituting [math]\displaystyle{ V_2 }[/math] into equation (5) yields
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{P_1V_1}{T_1P_2}=\frac{V_3}{T_2} \qquad (8), }[/math]
- and finally substituting [math]\displaystyle{ P_2 }[/math] from (6) into (8) results in:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{P_1V_1T_3}{T_1T_2P_3}=\frac{V_3}{T_2} \qquad (9), }[/math]
- which simplifies to:
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{P_1V_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_3V_3}{T_3} \qquad (10), }[/math]
or in other words
- [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{PV}{T}=k \qquad (11), }[/math]
where k is a physical constant, and the dependencies [math]\displaystyle{ k_1(T),\;k_2(P),\;k_3(V) }[/math] have vanished.
Applications
The combined gas law can be used to explain the mechanics where pressure, temperature, and volume are affected. For example: air conditioners, refrigerators and the formation of clouds. Also used in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.
See also
Notes
Sources
- Raff, Lionel. Principles of Physical Chemistry. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001.
External links
- Interactive Java applet on the combined gas law by Wolfgang Bauer
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