Astronomy:Enceladus Explorer

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Enceladus Explorer (EnEx) is a planned interplanetary orbiter and lander mission equipped with a subsurface maneuverable ice melting probe suitable to assess the existence of life on Saturn's moon Enceladus.[1]

The astrobiology Enceladus Explorer project is funded by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), and is carried out by a research consortium of seven German universities.[1][2] This collaborative project was started on 22 February 2012.[3]

Concept

Artist's impression of possible hydrothermal activity on Enceladus.

Enceladus is a small icy moon, seemingly similar in chemical makeup to comets,[4] with jets or geysers of water erupting from its surface that might be connected to active hydrothermal vents at its subsurface water ocean floor,[5][6][7][8][9] where the moon's ocean meets the underlying rock, a prime habitat for life.[10][11] The geysers could provide easy access for sampling the moon's subsurface ocean, and if there is microbial life in it, ice particles from the sea could contain the evidence astrobiologists need to identify them.[12] Water from the ocean is assumed to upwell through cracks in the ice and then eject into outer space through the plumes. This water would remain liquid up to shallow depths in the order of even of tens of meters.[13]

Enceladus's south pole - Geysers spray water from many locations along the 'tiger stripes' feature.

The EnEx mission consists of a lander carrying the IceMole, and an orbiter with the main function to act as a communications relay between the lander and Earth. After launch, the lander and orbiter would perform the interplanetary transfer to Saturn together, using the on-board nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) to power electric ion thrusters. The lander would land at a safe distance away from an active vapor plume. The IceMole would then be deployed to melt its way through, while navigating autonomously around hazards, and towards a target subglacial aquiferous fracture at a depth of about 200 m (660 ft) for an in situ examination for the presence of microorganisms before potential biosignatures and biomolecules are degraded by exposure to outer space.[1][2][14] The IceMole has a high energy demand that would be met by a cable run from the lander's small nuclear reactor providing 5 kW of electrical power.[1][3][15]

IceMole

Main page: Engineering:IceMole
Exterior view of the IceMole

The lander would be equipped with the IceMole, an autonomous and maneuverable melting ice probe for clean in situ analysis and sampling of glacial ice and subglacial materials,[13] including a liquid sample from a water reservoir below the icy crust.[16] The design is based on combining melting and mechanical propulsion.[17][18] They demonstrated downward, horizontal and upward melting, as well as curve driving and dirt layer penetration. It offers systems for obstacle avoidance, target detection, and acoustic navigation in ice.[17][19]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Konstantinidis, Konstantinos; Flores Martinez, Claudio L.; Dachwald, Bernd; Ohndorf, Andreas; Dykta, Paul (February 2015). "A lander mission to probe subglacial water on Saturn׳s moon Enceladus for life". Acta Astronautica 106: 63–89. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2014.09.012. Bibcode: 2015AcAau.106...63K. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268748795. Retrieved 11 April 2015. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Konstantinidis, Konstantinos (2013). "Enceladus Explorer (EnEx): A Lander Mission to Probe Subglacial Water Pockets on Saturn's Moon Enceladus For Life". 64th International Astronautical Congress. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289634477. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Staff writers (23 February 2012). "Searching for life in the depths of Enceladus". Saturn Daily. http://www.saturndaily.com/reports/Searching_for_life_in_the_depths_of_Enceladus_999.html. 
  4. ↑ Battersby, Stephen (26 March 2008). "Saturn's moon Enceladus surprisingly comet-like". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13541-saturns-moon-enceladus-surprisingly-cometlike.html. 
  5. ↑ "Ocean Within Enceladus May Harbor Hydrothermal Activity". SpaceRef. 11 March 2015. http://astrobiology.com/2015/03/ocean-within-enceladus-may-harbor-hydrothermal-activity.html. 
  6. ↑ Platt, Jane; Bell, Brian (3 April 2014). "NASA Space Assets Detect Ocean inside Saturn Moon". NASA. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-103. 
  7. ↑ Iess, L.; Stevenson, D.J.; Parisi, M. et al. (4 April 2014). "The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus". Science 344 (6179): 78–80. doi:10.1126/science.1250551. PMID 24700854. Bibcode: 2014Sci...344...78I. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/45462/7/Iess-SM.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (3 April 2014). "Saturn's Enceladus moon hides 'great lake' of water". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26872184. 
  9. ↑ Kane, Van (3 April 2014). "Discovery Missions for an Icy Moon with Active Plumes". The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/van-kane/20140402-discovery-missions-for-an-icy-moon-with-plumes.html. 
  10. ↑ Witze, Alexandra (11 March 2015). "Hints of hot springs found on Saturnian moon". Nature News. http://www.nature.com/news/hints-of-hot-springs-found-on-saturnian-moon-1.17072. 
  11. ↑ Anderson, Paul Scott (13 March 2015). "Cassini Finds Evidence for Hydrothermal Activity on Saturn's Moon Enceladus". AmericaSpace. http://www.americaspace.com/?p=78437. 
  12. ↑ Gronstal, Aaron (30 July 2014). "Enceladus in 101 Geysers". NASA Astrobiology Institute. https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/articles/2014/7/30/enceladus-in-101-geysers/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Konstantinidis, Kostas (30 April 2014). "Enceladus: Enceladus Explorer". http://www.icarusinterstellar.org/enceladus/. 
  14. ↑ "Enceladus Explorer". 11 June 2014. http://www.institut3b.physik.rwth-aachen.de/cms/ParticlePhysics3B/Forschung/~gbvk/Enceladus-Explorer/lidx/1/. 
  15. ↑ "Blood Falls – EnEx probe collects first 'clean' water samples". Association of German Research Centres. 10 Feb 2015. http://www.research-in-germany.de/en/research-landscape/news/2015/02/2015-02-09-blood-falls---enex-probe-collects-first--clean--water-samples.html. 
  16. ↑ Buitink, S.; Heinen, Dirk; Eliseev, Dmitry et al. (2017). "EnEx-RANGE - Robust autonomous Acoustic Navigation in Glacial icE". EPJ Web of Conferences 135: 06007. doi:10.1051/epjconf/201713506007. ISSN 2100-014X. Bibcode: 2017EPJWC.13506007H. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Dachwald, Berndt; Mikucki, Jill; Mikucki, Jill; Tulaczyk, Slawek; Digel, Ilya (September 2014). "IceMole: a maneuverable probe for clean in situ analysis and sampling of subsurface ice and subglacial aquatic ecosystems". Annals of Glaciology 55 (65): 14–22. doi:10.3189/2014AoG65A004. Bibcode: 2014AnGla..55...14D. 
  18. ↑ Choi, Charles Q. (28 February 2012). "New Space Drill Could Seek Alien Life Inside Icy Saturn Moon". Space.com. http://www.space.com/14692-alien-life-saturn-moon-enceladus-ice-drill.html. 
  19. ↑ Brabaw, Kasandra (7 April 2015). "IceMole Drill Built to Explore Saturn's Icy Moon Enceladus Passes Glacier Test". Space.com. http://www.space.com/28930-icemole-drills-glacier-saturn-moon-enceladus.html. 

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