Generational list of programming languages

This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetic order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.

ALGOL based

ALGOL (also under Fortran)
- Atlas Autocode
- ALGOL 58 (IAL, International Algorithmic Language)
  - MAD and GOM (Michigan Algorithm Decoder and Good Old MAD)
- ALGOL 60
  - MAD/I
  - Simula (see also Simula based)
- ALGOL 68
- ALGOL W
  - Pascal
    - Ada
      - SPARK
      - PL/SQL
    - Turbo Pascal
      - Object Pascal (Delphi)
        Free Pascal (FPC)
        
        Kylix (same as Delphi, but for Linux)
    - Euclid
      - Concurrent Euclid
      - Turing
        Turing Plus
        
        Object Oriented Turing
    - Mesa
      - Modula-2
        Modula-3
        
        Oberon (Oberon-1)
        Go (also under C)
        
        Nim (also under Python)
        
        Oberon-2
        Component Pascal
        
        Active Oberon
        Zonnon
        
        Oberon-07
        
        Lua (also under Scheme and SNOBOL)
        Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#)^[1]
    - SUE
      - Plus
- CPL
  - BCPL
    - B
    - C (see also C based)
- Julia (also under Lisp, Python, Ruby)

APL based

APL
- A+
- J (also under FL)
- K (also under LISP)
- NESL
- PDL (also under Perl)

BASIC based

BASIC (also under Fortran II)
- AmigaBASIC
- AMOS BASIC
- BASIC Stamp
- Basic-256
- BASIC09
- BBC Basic
- Blitz BASIC
  - Blitz3D
  - BlitzMax
  - BlitzPlus
- Business Basic
- Caché Basic
- Chinese BASIC
- COMAL
- Commodore BASIC
- DarkBASIC
  - DarkBASIC Professional
- Euphoria
- GLBasic
- GW-BASIC
  - QuickBASIC
    - QBasic
      - Basic4GL
      - FreeBASIC
      - Liberty BASIC
        Run BASIC
    - Visual Basic
      - VBScript
      - Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
        LotusScript
      - Visual Basic .NET
        Small Basic
      - B4X
      - Basic for Qt
      - OpenOffice Basic
      - HBasic
      - Gambas
      - WinWrap Basic
      - WordBasic
    - QB64
- PureBasic
- REALbasic (Xojo)
- Ring (also under C, Ruby, Python, C#, Lua)^[1]
- thinBasic
- TI-BASIC
- True BASIC
- Turbo Basic
  - PowerBASIC
- wxBasic
  - SdlBasic
- XBasic
- YaBasic

Batch languages

C based

C (also under BCPL)
- Lua
- Alef
- C++
  - Rust (also under Cyclone, Haskell, and OCaml)
  - D
- C#
  - Windows PowerShell (also under DCL, ksh, and Perl)
  - Ring (also under BASIC, Ruby, Python, Lua)^[1]
- Cobra (class/object model and other features)
- Java (see also Java based)
- C--
- Cyclone
  - Rust (also under C++, Haskell, and OCaml)
- ColdFusion
- Go (also under Oberon)
- Harbour
  - Limbo
- LPC
  - Pike
- Objective-C (also under Smalltalk)
  - Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)
- PCASTL (also under Lisp)
- Perl
  - Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and ksh)
  - S2
  - PHP
  - Ruby (also under Smalltalk)
    - Julia (also under Lisp, Python, ALGOL)
    - Ring (also under C, BASIC, Python, C#, Lua)^[1]
    - Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)
    - Crystal
    - Elixir^{[citation needed]} (also under Erlang)
  - PDL (also under APL)
  - Raku
- Python
  - Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL)
  - Nim (also under Oberon)
  - Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, C#, Lua)^[1]
  - Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)
- QuakeC
- Ring (also under BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#, Lua) ^[1]
- tcsh (also under sh)

C# based

C#
- Chapel
- Clojure
- Crystal
- D
- J#
- Dart
- F#
- Hack
- Java
- Kotlin
- Nemerle
- Oxygene
- Ring^[1]
- Rust
- Swift
- Vala
- TypeScript

COBOL based

COBOL
- ABAP
- DIBOL
- WATBOL

COMIT based

COMIT
- SNOBOL
  - Icon
    - Unicon
  - Lua (also under Modula and Scheme)
    - Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#)^[1]

DCL based

DCL
- Windows PowerShell (also under C#, ksh, and Perl)

ed based

ed (programming language)
- sed
- AWK
  - Perl (also under C)

Eiffel based

Eiffel
- Cobra (design by contract)
- Sather
- Ubercode

Forth based

Forth
- InterPress
  - PostScript
- Joy
  - Factor
- Rebol (also under Lisp)
- RPL (also under Lisp)

Fortran based

Fortran
- Fortran II
  - BASIC (see also BASIC based)
  - SAKO
- Fortran IV
  - WATFOR
  - WATFIV
- Fortran 66
  - FORMAC
  - Ratfor
- Fortran 77
  - WATFOR-77
  - Ratfiv
- Fortran 90
- Fortran 95
  - F
- Fortran 2003
- Fortran 2008
- Fortran 2018
- ALGOL (see also ALGOL based)

FP based

FP (Function Programming)
- FL (Function Level)
  - J (also under APL)
- FPr (also under Lisp and object-oriented programming)

HyperTalk based

HyperTalk
- ActionScript (also under JavaScript)
- AppleScript
- SenseTalk
- SuperTalk
- Transcript

Java based

Java (also under C)
- Ateji PX
- C#
- Ceylon
- Fantom
- Apache Groovy
- OptimJ
- Processing
- Scala
- Join Java
- J#
- Kotlin
- X10

JavaScript based

JavaScript (also under Scheme, Self)
- ActionScript (also under HyperTalk)
  - Haxe
- Asm.js
- CoffeeScript
- ECMAScript
- JavaScript OSA
- JScript
- TypeScript

JOSS based

JOSS
- CAL
- TELCOMP
- FOCAL
- MUMPS
  - Caché ObjectScript

JOSS also inspired features for several versions of BASIC, including Tymshare's SUPER BASIC and DEC's BASIC-PLUS.

Lisp based

Lisp
- Arc
- AutoLISP
- Clojure
- Common Lisp
  - uLisp (A subset of Common Lisp for microcontrollers)
- Emacs Lisp
- ISLISP
- Interlisp
- Julia (has Lisp-like macros, but ALGOL-like syntax) (also under Python, Ruby, ALGOL)
- K (also under APL)
- LFE
- Logo
  - Turtle graphics
- MacLisp
- Nu programming language
- PicoLisp
- REBOL
  - Red (programming language)
- RPL (also under Forth)
- S
  - R
    - PCASTL (also under ALGOL)
- Scheme
  - GNU Guile
  - Racket
  - Hop
  - Pico
  - T
  - Lua (also under Modula and SNOBOL)
    - Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#)^[1]
  - JavaScript (also based on Self)
  - ECMAScript (also based on Self)

ML based

ML
- Standard ML (SML)
- Caml
  - OCaml
    - F#
    - Reason
    - Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and Haskell)

PL/I based

PL/I
- PL/M
- PL/C
- REXX
- SP/k
- XPL

Prolog based

Prolog
- CLP(R), CLP(FD)
- Mercury
- Erlang
  - Cuneiform
  - Elixir^[2] (also under Ruby)
- Logtalk

SASL based

SASL
- Kent Recursive Calculator
- Miranda
  - Haskell
    - Agda
    - Elm
    - Idris
    - Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and OCaml)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Objective-C)
    - PureScript
  - Nix

SETL based

SETL
- ABC
  - Python (also under C)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)
    - Boo
    - Cobra (syntax and features)
    - Nim (also under Oberon)

sh based

Sh
- bash
- csh (also under C)
  - tcsh
  - Hamilton C shell
- fish
- zsh
- ksh
  - Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and Perl)
  - Qshell

Simula based

Simula (also under ALGOL 60)
- C++ (also under C)
- Smalltalk
  - Objective-C (hybrid of C and Smalltalk)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)
    - Cobra (support both dynamic and static types)
  - Ruby (also under Perl)
    - Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)
    - Elixir^{[citation needed]} (also under Erlang)
  - Self
    - JavaScript (also under Scheme) (see also JavaScript based)
    - NewtonScript
      - Io
- BETA

Tcl based

Tcl
- Expect
- Tea

Others

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 Ring Team (23 October 2021). "The Ring programming language and other languages". ring-lang.net. http://ring-lang.github.io/doc1.16/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages.
↑ Valim, José. "Elixir: The Documentary" (in English) (Video). Honeypot. https://cult.honeypot.io/originals/elixir-the-documentary. "Erickson, they created Erlang. This technology that they created, right, in the eighties, to solve all these problems. It's going to be perfect to solve those issues that we're having right now with concurrency, those issues that we're having with the web in general, right? I think that was the moment when I had the idea of creating a programming language. Like, look I have this absolutely beautiful piece of software which is the Erlang virtual machine. I want to use it more but it's missing some stuff and I want to try adding this missing stuff."

External links

Diagram & history of programming languages

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generational list of programming languages. Read more

[RingAndOtherLanguages-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 ^1.8 Ring Team (23 October 2021). "The Ring programming language and other languages". ring-lang.net. http://ring-lang.github.io/doc1.16/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages.

[2] Valim, José. "Elixir: The Documentary" (in English) (Video). Honeypot. https://cult.honeypot.io/originals/elixir-the-documentary. "Erickson, they created Erlang. This technology that they created, right, in the eighties, to solve all these problems. It's going to be perfect to solve those issues that we're having right now with concurrency, those issues that we're having with the web in general, right? I think that was the moment when I had the idea of creating a programming language. Like, look I have this absolutely beautiful piece of software which is the Erlang virtual machine. I want to use it more but it's missing some stuff and I want to try adding this missing stuff."

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v t e Programming languages
Comparison Timeline History
APL Assembly BASIC C C++ C# COBOL Elixir Fortran Go Groovy Haskell Java JavaScript (JS) Julia Kotlin Lisp Lua MATLAB Objective-C OCaml Pascal Perl PHP Python R Ruby Rust Scala Shell Smalltalk Swift TypeScript Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET) more...
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