Biography:Louis E. Brus
Louis Brus | |
|---|---|
 Brus in 2008 | |
| Born | August 10, 1943 Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Education | Rice University (BS) Columbia University (PhD) |
| Known for | quantum dots Brus equation |
| Awards | Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics (2001) National Academy of Sciences (2004) R. W. Wood Prize (2006) Kavli Prize (2008) Willard Gibbs Award (2009)p NAS Award in Chemical Sciences (2010) Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science (2012) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2023) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Chemistry Chemical physics Nanotechnology |
| Institutions | Columbia University |
| Thesis | Lifetime Shortening of Na(32p) and T(72S) Quenched by Halogens (1969) |
| Doctoral advisor | Richard Bersohn |
Louis Edward Brus[1] (born August 10, 1943)[2] is an American chemist, and currently the Samuel Latham Mitchell Professor of Chemistry at Columbia University. He is the co-discoverer of the colloidal semi-conductor nanocrystals known as quantum dots.[3] In 2023, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Early life and education
Louis Eugene Brus was born in 1943 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. During high school in Roeland Park, Kansas, he developed an interest for chemistry and physics.[4]
He entered Rice University in 1961 with a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) college scholarship, which required him to participate in NROTC activities at sea as a midshipman. In 1965, he graduated at Rice with a B.S. degree in chemistry, physics and mathematics, and then moved to Columbia University for his doctoral research.[4] For his dissertation, he worked on the photodissociation of sodium iodide vapor, under the supervision of Richard Bersohn.[4] After obtaining his Ph.D. degree in chemical physics in 1969, Brus returned to the Navy as a lieutenant and served as a scientific staff officer in collaboration with Lin Ming-chang, at the United States Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.[4]
Under the recommendation of Bersohn, Brus left the Navy permanently and joined AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1973, where he did the work that led to the discovery of quantum dots.[4] In 1996, Brus left Bell Labs and joined the faculty in the Department of Chemistry at Columbia University.[4]
Work on quantum dots
Brus is a foundational figure in the research and development of quantum dots. Quantum dots are tiny semiconducting crystals whose nanoscale size gives them unique optical and electronic properties.[5]
Brus was independently the first to synthesize them in a solution in 1982. At the time, he was studying studying organic photochemistry on cadmium sulfide particle surfaces using pump–probe Raman spectroscopy, looking for possible applications for solar-energy.[6][7] He noticed that the optical properties of the crystals changed after leaving them for 24 hours.[7] He attributed this change in band gap energy to Ostwald ripening when the crystal increased size.[7]
Brus provided the theoretical framework for understanding the behavior of quantum dots in terms of quantum size effects. He identified the connection between the particle size of semiconductors and the wavelength of the light they emit,[8][9][10][11][12] now known as the Brus equation.[6]
Brus tried to contact researchers in the Soviet Union. It was in 1990, that he finally met Alexey Ekimov and Alexander Efros, who had first developed the semiconductor nanocrystals in glass in 1981 under more rudimentary conditions, however their research was not available in the United States.[7]
At Bell Labs, Brus worked with postdoc researchers Paul Alivisatos and Moungi Bawendi in a research project with organometallic synthetic chemist Michael L. Steigerwald on reducing the size of the quantum dots.[4]
Awards and honors
Brus was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1998,[13] a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2004,[14] and is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.[15]
He received the Distinguished Alumni Award from the Association of Rice University Alumni in 2010. He was co-recipient of the 2006 R. W. Wood Prize of the Optical Society of America "for the discovery of nanocrystal quantum dots and pioneering studies of their electronic and optical properties" shared with Alexander Efros and Alexey Ekimov.[16][17] He also received the inaugural Kavli Prize for nanoscience along with Sumio Iijima in 2008 for "for their large impact in the development of the nanoscience field of the zero and one dimensional nanostructures in physics, chemistry and biology".[18] In 2009 he was awarded the Willard Gibbs Award "for his leading role in the creation of chemical quantum dots".[19] Brus was chosen for the 2010 NAS Award in Chemical Sciences. In 2012 he received the Franklin Institute's Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science,[20] and was selected as a Clarivate Citation laureate in Chemistry "for discovery of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots)".[21]
In 2023, Brus was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Ekimov and Moungi Bawendi "for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots".[22] Bawendi had worked as a postdoc with Brus, when they were in Bell Labs.[23]
Selected publications
- Rossetti, R.; Brus, L. (November 1982). "Electron-hole recombination emission as a probe of surface chemistry in aqueous cadmium sulfide colloids" (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry 86 (23): 4470–4472. doi:10.1021/j100220a003. ISSN 0022-3654. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/j100220a003.
- Brus, L. E. (December 1, 1983). "A simple model for the ionization potential, electron affinity, and aqueous redox potentials of small semiconductor crystallites". The Journal of Chemical Physics 79 (11): 5566–5571. doi:10.1063/1.445676. ISSN 0021-9606. Bibcode: 1983JChPh..79.5566B. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.445676.
- Brus, L. E. (May 1, 1984). "Electron–electron and electron-hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: The size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state". The Journal of Chemical Physics 80 (9): 4403–4409. doi:10.1063/1.447218. ISSN 0021-9606. Bibcode: 1984JChPh..80.4403B. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.447218.
- Brus, Louis (June 1986). "Electronic wave functions in semiconductor clusters: experiment and theory" (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry 90 (12): 2555–2560. doi:10.1021/j100403a003. ISSN 0022-3654. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/j100403a003.
- Nirmal, M.; Dabbousi, B. O.; Bawendi, M. G.; Macklin, J. J.; Trautman, J. K.; Harris, T. D.; Brus, L. E. (October 1996). "Fluorescence intermittency in single cadmium selenide nanocrystals" (in en). Nature 383 (6603): 802–804. doi:10.1038/383802a0. ISSN 1476-4687. Bibcode: 1996Natur.383..802N. https://www.nature.com/articles/383802a0.
- Bawendi, M G; Steigerwald, M L; Brus, L E (October 1990). "The Quantum Mechanics of Larger Semiconductor Clusters ("Quantum Dots")" (in en). Annual Review of Physical Chemistry 41 (1): 477–496. doi:10.1146/annurev.pc.41.100190.002401. ISSN 0066-426X. Bibcode: 1990ARPC...41..477B. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pc.41.100190.002401.
- Michaels, Amy M.; Nirmal, M.; Brus, L. E. (November 1, 1999). "Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Individual Rhodamine 6G Molecules on Large Ag Nanocrystals" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 121 (43): 9932–9939. doi:10.1021/ja992128q. ISSN 0002-7863. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja992128q.
- Lee, Changgu; Yan, Hugen; Brus, Louis E.; Heinz, Tony F.; Hone, James; Ryu, Sunmin (May 25, 2010). "Anomalous Lattice Vibrations of Single- and Few-Layer MoS 2" (in en). ACS Nano 4 (5): 2695–2700. doi:10.1021/nn1003937. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 20392077. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn1003937.
References
- ↑ "Louis Eugene Brus" (in en). September 13, 2023. https://www.amacad.org/person/louis-eugene-brus.
- ↑ Profile of Louis Eugene Brus
- ↑ Brus, Louis E. (1984). "Electron–electron and electron-hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: The size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state". The Journal of Chemical Physics 80 (4403): 4403–4409. doi:10.1063/1.447218. Bibcode: 1984JChPh..80.4403B. http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jcp/80/9/10.1063/1.447218. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Davis, Tinsley (February 2005). "Biography of Louis E. Brus" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (5): 1277–1279. doi:10.1073/pnas.0409555102. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 15677326.
- ↑ Singh, Suchita; Dhawan, Aksha; Karhana, Sonali; Bhat, Madhusudan; Dinda, Amit Kumar (November 29, 2020). "Quantum Dots: An Emerging Tool for Point-of-Care Testing". Micromachines 11 (12): 1058. doi:10.3390/mi11121058. ISSN 2072-666X. PMID 33260478.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kafel, A.; Al-Rashid, S. N. Turki (January 1, 2023). "Study Using the Brus Equation to Examine How Quantum Confinement Energy Affects the Optical Characteristics of Cadmium Sulfide and Zinc Selenide". International Journal of Nanoscience 22 (4): 2350034–120. doi:10.1142/S0219581X23500345. ISSN 0219-581X. Bibcode: 2023IJN....2250034K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023IJN....2250034K/abstract.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Robinson2023-10-11T17:50:00+01:00, Julia. "The quantum dot story" (in en). https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/the-quantum-dot-story/4018219.article.
- ↑ Sanderson, Katharine; Castelvecchi, Davide (October 4, 2023). "Tiny 'quantum dot' particles win chemistry Nobel" (in en). Nature 622 (7982): 227–228. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-03048-9. PMID 37794149. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-03048-9.
- ↑ Efros, Alexander L.; Brus, Louis E. (April 27, 2021). "Nanocrystal Quantum Dots: From Discovery to Modern Development" (in en). ACS Nano 15 (4): 6192–6210. doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c01399. ISSN 1936-0851. PMID 33830732. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsnano.1c01399.
- ↑ Bubola, Emma; Miller, Katrina (October 4, 2023). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 3 Scientists for Exploring the Nanoworld". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/04/science/nobel-prize-chemistry.html.
- ↑ Gramling, Carolyn (October 4, 2023). "The development of quantum dots wins the 2023 Nobel prize in chemistry". Science News. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/quantum-dots-nanoparticles-bawendi-brus-ekimov.
- ↑ Clery, Daniel; Kean, Sam (October 4, 2023). "Creators of quantum dots, used in TV displays and cell studies, win chemistry Nobel". Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/creators-of-quantum-dots-used-in-tv-displays-and-cell-studies-win-chemistry-nobel.
- ↑ "Curl Elected AAAS Fellow". Rice University. May 28, 1998. https://news2.rice.edu/1998/05/28/curl-elected-aaas-fellow/.
- ↑ "Louis E. Brus". National Academy of Sciences. http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/57289.html.
- ↑ "Gruppe 4: Kjemi" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. http://www.dnva.no/c26849/artikkel/vis.html?tid=40122. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ↑ "R. W. Wood Prize". https://www.optica.org/get_involved/awards_and_honors/awards/award_descriptions/rwwood/.
- ↑ "Twenty attain 2006 top honors from the OSA". August 30, 2006. https://www.laserfocusworld.com/test-measurement/research/article/16567206/twenty-attain-2006-top-honors-from-the-osa.
- ↑ "Columbia Professors to Receive Kavli Prizes in Norway Ceremony". 2008. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/research/kavli.html. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
- ↑ "Gibbs Award Ceremony 2009". Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society. http://archive.chicagoacs.net/meetings/09may.html.
- ↑ "Bower Award and Prize for Achievement in Science". Franklin Institute. 2012. http://www.fi.edu/franklinawards/12/bowersci.html. Retrieved April 7, 2013.
- ↑ "Thomson Reuters Predicts 2012 Nobel Laureates". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Thomson Reuters. Retrieved October 4, 2023.
- ↑ Devlin, Hannah; correspondent, Hannah Devlin Science (October 4, 2023). "Scientists share Nobel prize in chemistry for quantum dots discovery" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/oct/04/nobel-prize-in-chemistry-winners-2023.
- ↑ "Names of purported Nobel chemistry prize winners inadvertently released" (in en). Reuters. October 4, 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/names-purported-nobel-chemistry-prize-winners-inadvertently-released-2023-10-04/.
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