Biography:List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Bernhard Nobel.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[4]

At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry.[5] Two Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is one out of three laureates to be awarded the Nobel Prize twice in the same subject, in 1958 and 1980. John Bardeen, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, and Karl Barry Sharpless, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 and 2022, are the others. Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).[6] As of 2022, the prize has been awarded to 189 individuals, including eight women (Maria Skłodowska-Curie being the first to be awarded in 1911).[7]

There have been eight years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded (1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940–42). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was delayed for one year. The Prize was not awarded in 1914, as the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Theodore William Richards in 1915 and counted as the 1914 prize.[8] This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Fritz Haber in 1919,[9] the 1920 prize awarded to Walther Nernst in 1921,[10] the 1921 prize awarded to Frederick Soddy in 1922,[11] the 1925 prize awarded to Richard Zsigmondy in 1926,[12] the 1927 prize awarded to Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1928,[13] the 1938 prize awarded to Richard Kuhn in 1939,[14] the 1943 prize awarded to George de Hevesy in 1944,[15] and the 1944 prize awarded to Otto Hahn in 1945.[16]

In 2020, Ioannidis et al. reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 were clustered in just a few disciplines within their broader fields. Atomic physics, particle physics, cell biology, and neuroscience dominated the two subjects outside chemistry, while molecular chemistry was the chief prize-winning discipline in its domain. Molecular chemists won 5.3% of all science Nobel Prizes during this period.[17]

Laureates

Year Image Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C] Ref
1901 Vant Hoff.jpg Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852–1911)  Netherlands "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" [18]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer c1895.jpg Hermann Emil Fischer (1852–1919)  Germany "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses" [19]
1903 Arrhenius2.jpg Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927)  Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation" [20]
1904 William Ramsay.jpg Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916)  United Kingdom "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" [21]
1905 Adolf von Baeyer (1905).jpg Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917)  Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" [22]
1906 Henri Moissan.jpg Henri Moissan (1852–1907)  France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him" [23]
1907 Eduard Buchner (Nobel 1907).jpg Eduard Buchner (1860–1917)  Germany "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" [24]
1908 Ernest Rutherford (Nobel).jpg Ernest Rutherford (1871–1937)  United Kingdom
 New Zealand 		"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" [25]
1909 Ostwald.jpg Wilhelm Ostwald (1853–1932)  Germany "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" [26]
1910 Otto Wallach.jpg Otto Wallach (1847–1931)  Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds" [27]
1911 Marie Curie (Nobel-Chem).jpg Marie Curie, née Skłodowska (1867–1934) Poland
( Russian Empire)
 France 		"[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element" [28]
1912 Victor Grignard.jpg Victor Grignard (1871–1935)  France "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent" [29]
Paul Sabatier.jpg Paul Sabatier (1854–1941)  France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals" [29]
1913 Alfred Werner.jpg Alfred Werner (1866–1919)   Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry" [30]
1914 Theodore william richards.jpg Theodore William Richards (1868–1928)  United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements" [8]
1915 Richard Willstätter ETH-Bib PI 55-BO-0022.jpg Richard Martin Willstätter (1872–1942)  Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll" [31]
1916 Not awarded
1917
1918 Fritz Haber.png Fritz Haber (1868–1934)  Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements" [9]
1919 Not awarded
1920 Walther Nernst.jpg Walther Hermann Nernst (1864–1941)  Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry" [10]
1921 Frederick Soddy.jpg Frederick Soddy (1877–1956)  United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes" [11]
1922 Francis William Aston.jpg Francis William Aston (1877–1945)  United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule" [32]
1923 Fritz Pregl.jpg Fritz Pregl (1869–1930)  Austria
 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 		"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" [33]
1924 Not awarded
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy.jpg Richard Adolf Zsigmondy (1865–1929)  Germany
 Hungary 		"for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used" [12]
1926 The-svedberg-1.jpg The (Theodor) Svedberg (1884–1971)  Sweden "for his work on disperse systems" [34]
1927 Heinrich Wieland.jpg Heinrich Otto Wieland (1877–1957)  Germany "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances" [13]
1928 Windaus.jpg Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus (1876–1959)  Germany "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins" [35]
1929 ArthurHarden.jpg Arthur Harden (1865–1940)  United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" [36]
Euler-chelpin.jpg Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin (1873–1964)  Sweden
 Germany
1930 Hans Fischer (Nobel).jpg Hans Fischer (1881–1945)  Germany "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin" [37]
1931 Carl Bosch.jpg Carl Bosch (1874–1940)  Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods" [38]
Bergius.jpg Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949)  Germany
1932 Langmuir.jpg Irving Langmuir (1881–1957)  United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry" [39]
1933 Not awarded
1934 Urey.jpg Harold Clayton Urey (1893–1981)  United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" [40]
1935 Joliot-fred.jpg Frédéric Joliot (1900–1958)  France "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements" [41]
Joliot-curie.jpg Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956)  France
1936 Debye100.jpg Peter Debye (1884–1966)  Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" [42]
1937 Norman Haworth.jpg Walter Norman Haworth (1883–1950)  United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C" [43]
Paul Karrer.jpg Paul Karrer (1889–1971)   Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn ETH-Bib Dia 248-065.jpg Richard Kuhn (1900–1967)  Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" [14]
1939 A. Butenandt 07-1935.jpg Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt (1903–1995)  Germany "for his work on sex hormones" [44]
Leopold Ruzicka ETH-Bib Portr 00239.jpg Leopold Ružička (1887–1976)  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
  Switzerland 		"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" [44]
1940 Not awarded
1941
1942
1943 George de Hevesy.jpg George de Hevesy (1885–1966)  Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes" [15]
1944 Bundesarchiv Bild 183-46019-0001, Otto Hahn.jpg Otto Hahn (1879–1968)  Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" [16]
1945 Virtanen.jpg Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973)  Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" [45]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner.jpg James Batcheller Sumner (1887–1955)  United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" [46]
John Howard Northrop.jpg John Howard Northrop (1891–1987)  United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" [46]
Wendell Meredith Stanley.jpg Wendell Meredith Stanley (1904–1971)  United States
1947 Robert Robinson organic chemist.jpg Sir Robert Robinson (1886–1975)  United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids" [47]
1948 Arne Tiselius.jpg Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius (1902–1971)  Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins" [48]
1949 William Giauque Nobel.jpg William Francis Giauque (1895–1982)  United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures" [49]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels.jpg Otto Paul Hermann Diels (1876–1954)  West Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis" [50]
Kurt Alder Nobel.jpg Kurt Alder (1902–1958)  West Germany
1951 Edwin McMillan Nobel.jpg Edwin Mattison McMillan (1907–1991)  United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" [51]
Glenn Seaborg 1964.jpg Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1912–1999)  United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin Nobel.jpg Archer John Porter Martin (1910–2002)  United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography" [52]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge.jpg Richard Laurence Millington Synge (1914–1994)  United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger.jpg Hermann Staudinger (1881–1965)  West Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" [53]
1954 Linus Pauling 1962.jpg Linus Pauling (1901–1994)  United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" [54]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud.jpg Vincent du Vigneaud (1901–1978)  United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" [55]
1956 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nobel.jpg Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1897–1967)  United Kingdom "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions" [56]
Nikolay Semyonov Nobel.jpg Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (1896–1986)  Soviet Union
1957 Alexander Todd Nobel.jpg Lord (Alexander R.) Todd (1907–1997)  United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" [57]
1958 Frederick Sanger2.jpg Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)  United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin" [58]
1959 Heyrovsky Jaroslav crop.jpg Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967)  Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" [59]
1960 Willard Libby in Lab (cropped).jpg Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980)  United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" [60]
1961 Melvin Calvin 1960s.jpg Melvin Calvin (1911–1997)  United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" [61]
1962 Max Perutz.jpg Max Ferdinand Perutz (1914–2002)  United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" [62]
John Kendrew Nobel.jpg John Cowdery Kendrew (1917–1997)  United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler Nobel.jpg Karl Ziegler (1898–1973)  West Germany "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers" [63]
Giulio Natta 1960s.jpg Giulio Natta (1903–1979)  Italy
1964 Dorothy Hodgkin Nobel.jpg Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)  United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" [64]
1965 Robert Woodward Nobel.jpg Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979)  United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis" [65]
1966 Mulliken,Robert 1929 Chicago.jpg Robert S. Mulliken (1896–1986)  United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method" [66]
1967 Eigen,Manfred 1996 Göttingen.jpg Manfred Eigen (1927–2019)  West Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" [67]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish.jpg Ronald George Wreyford Norrish (1897–1978)  United Kingdom
George Porter Nobel.jpg George Porter (1920–2002)  United Kingdom
1968 Onsager 1968.jpg Lars Onsager (1903–1976)  United States
 Norway 		"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes" [68]
1969 Derek-Harold-Richard-Barton.jpg Derek H. R. Barton (1918–1998)  United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry" [69]
Odd Hassel.jpg Odd Hassel (1897–1981)  Norway
1970 Luis Federico Leloir - young.jpg Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987)  Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" [70]
1971 Herzberg,Gerhard 1952 London.jpg Gerhard Herzberg (1904–1999)  Canada
 West Germany 		"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" [71]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen, NIH portrait, 1969.jpg Christian B. Anfinsen (1916–1995)  United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" [72]
No image.svg Stanford Moore (1913–1982)  United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" [72]
No image.svg William H. Stein (1911–1980)  United States
1973 No image.svg Ernst Otto Fischer (1918–2007)  West Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" [73]
Geoffrey Wilkinson (ca. 1976).jpg Geoffrey Wilkinson (1921–1996)  United Kingdom
1974 Paul Flory 1973.jpg Paul J. Flory (1910–1985)  United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" [74]
1975 John Cornforth 1975.jpg John Warcup Cornforth (1917–2013)  Australia
 United Kingdom 		"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" [75]
Vladimir Prelog ETH-Bib Portr 00214.jpg Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998)  Yugoslavia
  Switzerland 		"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" [75]
1976 William n lipscomb jr.jpg William N. Lipscomb (1919–2011)  United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" [76]
1977 Ilya Prigogine 1977c.jpg Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003)  Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" [77]
1978 36. Tagung 1986 Chemiker; Pressekonferenz Peter D. Mitchell - W134Nr.125218c - Willy Pragher (cropped).jpg Peter D. Mitchell (1920–1992)  United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" [78]
1979 Brown, Herbert C. (1912-2004).png Herbert C. Brown (1912–2004)  United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis" [79]
No image.svg Georg Wittig (1897–1987)  West Germany
1980 Paul Berg in 1980.jpg Paul Berg (1926–2023)  United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" [80]
Walter Gilbert Walter Gilbert (b. 1932)  United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" [80]
Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger (1918–2013)  United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui.jpg Kenichi Fukui (1918–1998)  Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions" [81]
Roald Hoffmann.jpg Roald Hoffmann (b. 1937)  United States
 Poland
1982 Aaron Klug 1979.jpg Aaron Klug (1926–2018)  United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" [82]
1983 Henry Taube crop.jpg Henry Taube (1915–2005)  United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes" [83]
1984 R. B. Merrifield.jpg Robert Bruce Merrifield (1921–2006)  United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" [84]
1985 Herbert Hauptman - UB 2009.jpg Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011)  United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" [85]
Jerome Karle, 2009.jpg Jerome Karle (1918–2013)  United States
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley R. Herschbach (b. 1932)  United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" [86]
Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee (b. 1936)  United States
 Republic of China
John Polanyi.jpg John C. Polanyi (b. 1929)  Canada
 Hungary
1987 No image.svg Donald J. Cram (1919–2001)  United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" [87]
Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F088117-0003, Jean-Marie Lehn.jpg Jean-Marie Lehn (b. 1939)  France
Charles J. Penderson.jpg Charles J. Pedersen (1904–1989)  United States
1988 39. Tagung 1989 Chemiker; Pressekonferenz Johann Deisenhofer - W134Nr.126215c - Willy Pragher (cropped).jpg Johann Deisenhofer (b. 1943)  West Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" [88]
Robert Huber Robert Huber (b. 1937)  West Germany
Michel, Hartmut (1948).jpg Hartmut Michel (b. 1948)  West Germany
1989 Sidney Altman crop.jpg Sidney Altman (1939–2022)  Canada
 United States 		"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" [89]
Thomas R. Cech Thomas Cech (b. 1947)  United States
1990 E.J.Coreyx240.jpg Elias James Corey (b. 1928)  United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" [90]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Richard R. Ernst (1933–2021)   Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" [91]
1992 Prof. Dr. Rudolph A. Marcus.jpg Rudolph A. Marcus (b. 1923)  United States
 Canada 		"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" [92]
1993 Kary Mullis.jpg Kary B. Mullis (1944–2019)  United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" [93]
Michael Smith cropped.jpg Michael Smith (1932–2000)  Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" [93]
1994 Oláh György előadása 8299.jpg George A. Olah (1927–2017)  United States
 Hungary 		"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" [94]
1995 Paul Jozef Crutzen 128.jpg Paul J. Crutzen (1933–2021)  Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" [95]
Mario Molina 1c389 8387.jpg Mario J. Molina (1943–2020)  Mexico
F. Sherwood Rowland.jpg Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927–2012)  United States
1996 Robert Curl crop 2009 CHAO.jpg Robert F. Curl Jr. (1933–2022)  United States "for their discovery of fullerenes" [96]
Harold Kroto 1c389 8471.sweden.jpg Sir Harold W. Kroto (1939–2016)  United Kingdom
Richard Smalley cropped.jpg Richard E. Smalley (1943–2005)  United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer.jpg Paul D. Boyer (1918–2018)  United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" [97]
John Ernest Walker (cropped).jpg John E. Walker (b. 1941)  United Kingdom
Skou2008crop.jpg Jens C. Skou (1918–2018)  Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase" [97]
1998 Walter Kohn Walter Kohn (1923–2016)  United States "for his development of the density-functional theory" [98]
John Anthony Pople John A. Pople (1925–2004)  United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" [98]
1999 Ahmed Zewail (2010).jpg Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016)  United States
 Egypt 		"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" [99]
2000 Heeger, Alan J. (1936).jpg Alan J. Heeger (b. 1936)  United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" [100]
File:Alan MacDiarmid 2005.017.004e crop.tif Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927–2007)  United States
 New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa.jpg Hideki Shirakawa (b. 1936)  Japan
2001 No image.svg William S. Knowles (1917–2012)  United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" [101]
Ryōji Noyori Ryōji Noyori (b. 1938)  Japan
Barry Sharpless K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)  United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" [101]
2002 John B. Fenn John B. Fenn (1917–2010)  United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" [102]
Koichi Tanaka 2003.jpg Koichi Tanaka (b. 1959)  Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Kurt Wüthrich (b. 1938)   Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" [102]
2003 Peter Agre.jpg Peter Agre (b. 1949)  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels" [103]
Roderick MacKinnon Roderick MacKinnon (b. 1956)  United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" [103]
2004 Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpg Aaron Ciechanover (b. 1947)  Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" [104]
Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg Avram Hershko (b. 1937)  Israel
Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpg Irwin Rose (1926–2015)  United States
2005 Chauvin, Yves (1930-2015).jpg Yves Chauvin (1930–2015)  France "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" [105]
Robert Grubbs Robert H. Grubbs (1942–2021)  United States
R. Schrock 2012b.jpg Richard R. Schrock (b. 1945)  United States
2006 Roger.Kornberg.JPG Roger D. Kornberg (b. 1947)  United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" [106]
2007 Prof Ertl-Portrait.jpg Gerhard Ertl (b. 1936)  Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" [107]
2008 Osamu Shimomura-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-2.jpg Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018)  Japan[108] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" [109]
Martin Chalfie-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-4.jpg Martin Chalfie (b. 1947)  United States
Roger Tsien-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-2.jpg Roger Y. Tsien (1952–2016)  United States
2009 Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-04.jpg Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (b. 1952)  United States
 India
 United Kingdom 		"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome" [110]
Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-10.jpg Thomas A. Steitz (1940–2018)  United States
AdaYonath (cropped).jpg Ada E. Yonath (b. 1939)  Israel
2010 Richard F. Heck2010.jpg Richard F. Heck (1931–2015)  United States "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis" [111]
Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7398.jpg Ei-ichi Negishi (1935–2021)  Japan
Nobel Prize 2010-Press Conference KVA-DSC 7383.jpg Akira Suzuki (b. 1930)  Japan
2011 Nobel Prize 2011-Nobel interviews KVA-DSC 8039.jpg Dan Shechtman (b. 1941)  Israel
 United States 		"for the discovery of quasicrystals" [112]
2012 Lefkowitz3.jpg Robert Lefkowitz (b. 1943)  United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" [113]
Brian Kobilka (649437151).jpg Brian Kobilka (b. 1955)  United States
2013 Nobel Prize 22 2013.jpg Martin Karplus (b. 1930)  United States
 Austria 		"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems" [114]
Michael Levitt.jpg Michael Levitt (b. 1947)  United States
 United Kingdom
 Israel[115]
AW TW PS.jpg Arieh Warshel (b. 1940)  United States
 Israel
2014 Eric Betzig.jpg Eric Betzig (b. 1960)  United States "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy" [116]
Stefan W Hell.jpg Stefan W. Hell (b. 1962)  Germany
 Romania[117]
WE Moerner.jpg William E. Moerner (b. 1953)  United States
2015 Tomas Lindahl 0209.jpg Tomas Lindahl (b. 1938)  Sweden
 United Kingdom 		"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" [118]
Paul L. Modrich 0151.jpg Paul L. Modrich (b. 1946)  United States
Aziz Sancar 0176.jpg Aziz Sancar (b. 1946)  United States
 Turkey
2016 Nobel Laureates 0828 (30679373053).jpg Jean-Pierre Sauvage (b. 1944)  France "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines" [119]
Nobel Laureates Fraser Stoddart 2016 (31117136180).jpg Fraser Stoddart (b. 1942)  United Kingdom
 United States
FeringaWiki.jpg Ben Feringa (b. 1951)  Netherlands
2017 Jacques Dubochet D81 4506 (38005029785).jpg Jacques Dubochet (b. 1942)   Switzerland "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution" [120]
Joachim Frank EM1B8792 (27115577469).jpg Joachim Frank (b. 1940)  Germany
 United States[121]
Richard Henderson D81 4486 (38005042695).jpg Richard Henderson (b. 1945)  United Kingdom
2018 Frances Arnold 2012.png Frances Arnold (b. 1956)  United States "for the directed evolution of enzymes" [122]
George Smith EM1B5849 (31295409687).jpg George Smith (b. 1941)  United States "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
Gregory Winter in the Master's Garden at Trinity College by Aga Machaj .jpg Sir Gregory Winter (b. 1951)  United Kingdom
2019 John B. Goodenough (cropped).jpg John B. Goodenough (1922–2023)  United States "for the development of lithium ion batteries" [123]
Stanley Whittingham 2019.jpg M. Stanley Whittingham (b. 1941)  United Kingdom
 United States
Akira Yoshino cropped 3 Akira Yoshino 201910.jpg Akira Yoshino (b. 1948)  Japan
2020 Emmanuelle Charpentier.jpg Emmanuelle Charpentier (b. 1968)  France
 "for the development of a method for genome editing" [124]
Professor Jennifer Doudna ForMemRS (cropped).jpg Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964)  United States
2021 Benjamin List (cropped).jpg Benjamin List (b. 1968)  Germany
 "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis" [125]
David MacMillan (cropped).jpg David W.C. MacMillan (b. 1968)  United Kingdom
 United States
2022 Carolyn Bertozzi IMG 9384.jpg Carolyn Bertozzi (b. 1966)  United States
 "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry" [126]
MortenMeldal23 (cropped).jpg Morten Meldal (b. 1954)  Denmark
Barry Sharpless 02.jpg K. Barry Sharpless (b. 1941)  United States
2023 US Embassy Sweden 2023 Nobel Reception (53390424864) (cropped).jpg Moungi G. Bawendi (b. 1961)  United States
 France
 Tunisia 		"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots" [127]
Louis E Brus.jpg Louis E. Brus (b. 1943)  United States
US Embassy Sweden 2023 Nobel Reception (53390424929) (cropped).jpg Alexey Ekimov (b. 1945)  Russia

See also

References

Notes

^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.

^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.

^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of chemistry for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.

Citations

  1. ↑ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/. 
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/. 
  3. ↑ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/. 
  4. ↑ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/. 
  5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. 3 December 2001. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/articles/malmstrom/index.html. 
  6. ↑ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nobelprize_facts.html. 
  7. ↑ "Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/chemistry/. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1914/index.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/index.html. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1920/index.html. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/index.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1925/index.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1927". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1927/index.html. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1938/index.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1943". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1943/index.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1944/index.html. 
  17. ↑ Ioannidis, John; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin (29 July 2020). "Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields". PLOS ONE 15 (7): e0234612. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234612. PMID 32726312. Bibcode: 2020PLoSO..1534612I. 
  18. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1901/index.html. 
  19. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/index.html. 
  20. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1903/index.html. 
  21. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1904/index.html. 
  22. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1905/index.html. 
  23. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1906/index.html. 
  24. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1907/index.html. 
  25. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1908/index.html. 
  26. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1909/index.html. 
  27. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1910/index.html. 
  28. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/index.html. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1912/index.html. 
  30. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1913/index.html. 
  31. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1915/index.html. 
  32. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1922". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/index.html. 
  33. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1923/index.html. 
  34. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1926". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1926/index.html. 
  35. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1928/index.html. 
  36. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1929". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1929/index.html. 
  37. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1930". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1930/index.html. 
  38. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1931". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1931/index.html. 
  39. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1932/index.html. 
  40. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1934". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/index.html. 
  41. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1935/index.html. 
  42. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1936/index.html. 
  43. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1937/index.html. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1939/index.html. 
  45. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1945". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1945/index.html. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1946". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1946/index.html. 
  47. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1947". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1947/index.html. 
  48. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1948". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1948/index.html. 
  49. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1949". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/index.html. 
  50. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1950/index.html. 
  51. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1951/index.html. 
  52. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1952/index.html. 
  53. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1953". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1953/index.html. 
  54. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1954/index.html. 
  55. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1955". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1955/index.html. 
  56. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1956/index.html. 
  57. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1957". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1957/index.html. 
  58. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1958/index.html. 
  59. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1959". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1959/index.html. 
  60. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1960". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1960/index.html. 
  61. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1961". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1961/index.html. 
  62. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1962/index.html. 
  63. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1963/index.html. 
  64. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1964/index.html. 
  65. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1965/index.html. 
  66. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1966". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1966/index.html. 
  67. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1967/index.html. 
  68. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1968". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1968/index.html. 
  69. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1969". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1969/index.html. 
  70. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1970". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1970/index.html. 
  71. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1971/index.html. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1972/index.html. 
  73. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1973/index.html. 
  74. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1974". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1974/index.html. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1975". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1975/index.html. 
  76. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1976". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1976/index.html. 
  77. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1977". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1977/index.html. 
  78. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1978". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1978/index.html. 
  79. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1979". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1979/index.html. 
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1980/index.html. 
  81. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1981". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1981/index.html. 
  82. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html. 
  83. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1983". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1983/index.html. 
  84. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1984". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1984/index.html. 
  85. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1985/index.html. 
  86. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1986". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1986/index.html. 
  87. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1987". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/index.html. 
  88. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1988". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1988/index.html. 
  89. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1989". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1989/index.html. 
  90. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html. 
  91. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1991". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1991/index.html. 
  92. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1992/index.html. 
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1993/index.html. 
  94. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html. 
  95. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1995". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1995/index.html. 
  96. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/index.html. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1997/index.html. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1998/index.html. 
  99. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1999". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1999/index.html. 
  100. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/index.html. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2001/index.html. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2002/index.html. 
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2003/index.html. 
  104. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2004". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2004/index.html. 
  105. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2005". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2005/index.html. 
  106. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/index.html. 
  107. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html. 
  108. ↑ As of 26 October 2008, the nobelprize.org website page for the 2008 award gives Shimomura's country as "USA". However, the press release from the Nobel Foundation on 8 October 2008, announcing the award, states that Shimomura is a Japanese citizen. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008–Press Release". Nobel Foundation. 8 October 2008. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/press.html. 
  109. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2008/index.html. 
  110. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2009/index.html. 
  111. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2010/index.html. 
  112. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/index.html. 
  113. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2012/index.html. 
  114. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2013/. 
  115. ↑ "3 Jewish professors -- two of them Israeli -- share 2013 Nobel Prize in chemistry | The Times of Israel". http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-prof-arieh-warshel-shares-2013-nobel-prize-in-chemistry/. 
  116. ↑ "Microscope work wins Nobel Prize". BBC. 8 October 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29536525. 
  117. ↑ "Erviu Exclusiv Digi24. Stefan Hell, laureat al premiului Nobel: Educaţia primită în România m-a ajutat mult. Mi-a ușurat viața" (in ro). http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Stiinta+si+Mediu/EXCLUSIV+Stefan+Hell+laureat+al+premiului+Nobel+Educatia+primita. 
  118. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2015/. 
  119. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2016". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2016/press.html. 
  120. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2017/. 
  121. ↑ Frank, Joachim (2017), Curriculum Vitae . Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  122. ↑ Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018
  123. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/press-release/. 
  124. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2020/summary/. 
  125. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2021/summary/. 
  126. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2022/press-release/. 
  127. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2023/summary/. 

Sources

External links



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