Biography:Osamu Shimomura

Short description: Japanese organic chemist and marine biologist (1928–2018)

Osamu Shimomura
下村 脩
Shimomura in 2008
Born	Fukuchiyama, Empire of Japan
Died	October 19, 2018(2018-10-19) (aged 90) Nagasaki, Japan
Nationality	Japanese
Alma mater	Nagasaki University Nagoya University
Awards	Asahi Prize (2006) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2008) Golden Goose Award (2012)
Scientific career
Fields	Organic chemistry
Institutions	Princeton University Boston University School of Medicine Marine Biological Laboratory
Thesis	海ホタルルシフェリンの構造 (1960)
Doctoral advisor	Yoshimasa Hirata

Osamu Shimomura (下村 脩, Shimomura Osamu, August 27, 1928 – October 19, 2018) was a Japanese organic chemist and marine biologist, and professor emeritus at Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and Boston University School of Medicine. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008 for the discovery and development of green fluorescent protein (GFP) with two American scientists: Martin Chalfie of Columbia University and Roger Tsien of the University of California-San Diego.

Biography

Paul Krugman, Roger Tsien, Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura, Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Masukawa, Nobel Prize Laureates 2008, at a press conference at the Swedish Academy of Science in Stockholm.

Born in Fukuchiyama, Kyoto in 1928, Shimomura was brought up in Manchukuo (Manchuria, China) and Osaka, Japan while his father served as an officer in the Imperial Japanese Army. Later, his family moved to Isahaya, Nagasaki, 25 km from the epicenter of the August 1945 atomic bombing of the city. He recalled hearing, as a 16-year-old boy, the bomber plane Bockscar before the atom bomb exploded. The explosion flash blinded Shimomura for about thirty seconds, and he was later drenched by the "black rain" bomb fallout. He overcame great odds in the following 11 years to earn an education and achieve academic success.

Shimomura's education opportunities were starkly limited in devastated, post-war Japan. Although he later recalled having no interest in the subject, he enrolled in the College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Nagasaki Medical College (now Nagasaki University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences). The Medical College campus had been entirely destroyed by the atomic bomb blast, forcing the pharmacy school to relocate to a temporary campus near Shimomura's home. This proximity was the fortuitous reason he embarked upon the studies and career which would ultimately lead to unanticipated rewards. Shimomura was awarded a BS degree in pharmacy in 1951, and he stayed on as a lab assistant through 1955.

Shimomura's mentor at Nagasaki helped him find employment as an assistant to Professor Yoshimasa Hirata at Nagoya University in 1956. While working for Professor Hirata, he received a MS degree in organic chemistry in 1958 and, before leaving Japan for an appointment at Princeton University, a Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1960 at Nagoya University. At Nagoya, Hirata assigned Shimomura the challenging task of determining what made the crushed remains of a type of crustacean (Jp. umi-hotaru, lit. "sea-firefly", Vargula hilgendorfii) glow when moistened with water. This assignment led Shimomura to the successful identification of the protein causing the phenomenon, and he published the preliminary findings in the Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan in a paper titled "Crystalline Cypridina luciferin." The article caught the attention of Professor Frank Johnson at Princeton University, and Johnson successfully recruited Shimomura to work with him in 1960.

Study

Shimomura worked in the department of biology at Princeton for Professor Johnson to study the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria, which they collected during many summers at the Friday Harbor Laboratories of the University of Washington. In 1962, their work culminated in the discovery of the proteins aequorin and green fluorescent protein (GFP) in A. victoria; for this work, he was awarded a third of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008.

Family

His wife, Akemi, whom Shimomura met at Nagasaki University, is also an organic chemist and was a partner in his research activities. Their son, Tsutomu Shimomura, is a computer security expert who was involved in the arrest of Kevin Mitnick. Their daughter, Sachi Shimomura, is director of Undergraduate Studies for the English Department at Virginia Commonwealth University and the author of Odd Bodies and Visible Ends in Medieval Literature.

Death

Shimomura died on October 19, 2018, of cancer in Nagasaki.

Recognition

• 2004 – Pearse Prize, Royal Microscopical Society
• 2005 – Emile Chamot Award
• 2006 – Asahi Prize
• 2008 – Nobel Prize in Chemistry
• 2008 – Order of Culture
• 2008 – Person of Cultural Merit
• 2012 – Golden Goose Award
• 2013 – Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences
• 2018 – Junior third rank (posthumous)

Selected publications

Books

• Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles And Methods (Revised ed.). World Scientific Publishing Company. 2012. ISBN 978-981-4366-08-3. 
• (in ja). Nagasaki Literature. 2010. ISBN 978-4-88851-157-5. 

Papers

• Yasanuga, Shungo; Shimomura, Osamu (July 1954). Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 74 (7): 778–780. doi:10.1248/yakushi1947.74.7_778. ISSN 0031-6903. 
• Chemistry Journal of Japan 76 (9): 973–977. 1955. doi:10.1246/nikkashi1948.76.973. ISSN 0369-5387. 
• Chemistry Journal of Japan 76 (3): 277–281. 1955. doi:10.1246/nikkashi1948.76.277. 
• Hirata, Yoshimasa; Eguchi, Shoji; Shimomura, Osamu (October 17, 1959). Proceedings of the Symposium on Natural Organic Compounds 3: 83–93. doi:10.24496/tennenyuki.3.0_83. 
• Chemical Journal of Japan 81 (1): 179–182. 1960. doi:10.1246/nikkashi1948.81.179. 
• Chemistry Journal of Japan 81 (1): 182–185. 1960. doi:10.1246/nikkashi1948.81.182. 
• Acta anatomica Nipponica 85 (3). September 1, 2010. 99-106. 

See also

• List of Japanese Nobel laureates
• Kamo Aquarium

Sources

• Miss nobel-id as parameter including the Nobel lecture Discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein, GFP