Social:Volga Türki

Short description: Literary language

Old Tatar / Old Bashkir
Volga Turki
ترکی‎
Region	Volga region, Ural region
Ethnicity	Volga Tatars, Bashkirs
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kipchak–Bulgar Old Tatar / Old Bashkir
Early form	Kipchak language
Writing system	Arabic alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

The Volga Turki, Old Bashkir, or Old Tatar language was a literary language used by some ethnic groups of the Volga-Ural region (Tatars and Bashkirs) from the Middle Ages until the 19th century.

Volga Turki is a member of the Kipchak (or Northwestern) group of Turkic languages, although it is partly derived from the ancient Bulgar language (the first poem, considered to be written by Qul Ghali in Volga Turki dates back to Volga Bulgaria's epoch). It included many Persian and Arabic loans.

In its written form the language was spelled uniformly among different ethnic groups, speaking different Turkic languages of the Kipchak group, but pronunciation differed from one people to another, approximating to the spoken language, making this written form universal for different languages. The main reason for this universal usage was that the principal differences between the languages of the Kipchak group are in the pronunciation of the vowels, which was not adequately represented by the Arabic script.

The language formerly used the Arabic script and later its variant İske imlâ. The Volga Turki language is a language of Idel-Ural poetry and literature. With the Ottoman Turkish, Azeri, Kipchak, Khaqani Turkic and Chagatai, they were the only Turkic literary languages used in the Middle Ages. It was actively used in publishing until 1905, when the first Tatar and Bashkir newspaper started being published in modern Tatar and Bashkir language, which until then had been used only in a spoken form.

Alphabet

	Name	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial	Modern Cyrillic Bashkir alphabet	Modern Latin Bashkir alphabet	IPA	Notes
1	әлифcode: bak promoted to code: ba əlifcode: bak promoted to code: ba	آ‎	ـا‎		آ‎	аcode: bak promoted to code: ba	acode: bak promoted to code: ba	ɑ
2	әлифcode: bak promoted to code: ba əlifcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ا‎	–‎		ا‎	ә, э, ы, иcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ə, i, ı, ecode: bak promoted to code: ba	æ
3	биcode: bak promoted to code: ba becode: bak promoted to code: ba	ب‎	ـب‎	ـبـ‎	بـ‎	бcode: bak promoted to code: ba	bcode: bak promoted to code: ba	b
4	пиcode: bak promoted to code: ba pecode: bak promoted to code: ba	پ‎	ـپ‎	ـپـ‎	پـ‎	пcode: bak promoted to code: ba	pcode: bak promoted to code: ba	p
5	тиcode: bak promoted to code: ba tecode: bak promoted to code: ba	ت‎	ـت‎	ـتـ‎	تـ‎	тcode: bak promoted to code: ba	tcode: bak promoted to code: ba	t
6	сиcode: bak promoted to code: ba secode: bak promoted to code: ba	ث‎	ـث‎	ـثـ‎	ثـ‎	сcode: bak promoted to code: ba	scode: bak promoted to code: ba	s
7	жимcode: bak promoted to code: ba jemcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ج‎	ـج‎	ـجـ‎	جـ‎	жcode: bak promoted to code: ba	jcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ʒ
8	чиcode: bak promoted to code: ba çecode: bak promoted to code: ba	چ‎	ـچ‎	ـچـ‎	چـ‎	ш, сcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ş, scode: bak promoted to code: ba	ʃ, s, ts
9	хиcode: bak promoted to code: ba xecode: bak promoted to code: ba	ح‎	ـح‎	ـحـ‎	حـ‎	хcode: bak promoted to code: ba	xcode: bak promoted to code: ba	χ
10	хиcode: bak promoted to code: ba xecode: bak promoted to code: ba	خ‎	ـخ‎	ـخـ‎	خـ‎	хcode: bak promoted to code: ba	xcode: bak promoted to code: ba	χ
11	дәлcode: bak promoted to code: ba dəlcode: bak promoted to code: ba	د‎	ـد‎		د‎	дcode: bak promoted to code: ba	dcode: bak promoted to code: ba	d
12	зәлcode: bak promoted to code: ba zəlcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ذ‎	ـذ‎		ذ‎	зcode: bak promoted to code: ba	zcode: bak promoted to code: ba	z
13	раcode: bak promoted to code: ba racode: bak promoted to code: ba	ر‎	ـر‎		ر‎	рcode: bak promoted to code: ba	rcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ɾ
14	зиcode: bak promoted to code: ba zecode: bak promoted to code: ba	ز‎	ـز‎		ز‎	з, ҙcode: bak promoted to code: ba	z, ðcode: bak promoted to code: ba	z
15	жиcode: bak promoted to code: ba jecode: bak promoted to code: ba	ژ‎	ـژ‎		ژ‎	жcode: bak promoted to code: ba	jcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ʒ	Only in Persian and Russian borrowings
16	синcode: bak promoted to code: ba sincode: bak promoted to code: ba	س‎	ـس‎	ـسـ‎	سـ‎	с, ҫcode: bak promoted to code: ba	s, ccode: bak promoted to code: ba	s
17	шинcode: bak promoted to code: ba şincode: bak promoted to code: ba	ش‎	ـش‎	ـشـ‎	شـ‎	шcode: bak promoted to code: ba	şcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ʃ
18	садcode: bak promoted to code: ba sadcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ص‎	ـص‎	ـصـ‎	صـ‎	сcode: bak promoted to code: ba	scode: bak promoted to code: ba	s
19	дад, задcode: bak promoted to code: ba dad, zadcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ض‎	ـض‎	ـضـ‎	ضـ‎	д, зcode: bak promoted to code: ba	d, zcode: bak promoted to code: ba	d, z
20	тыcode: bak promoted to code: ba tıcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ط‎	ـط‎	ـطـ‎	طـ‎	тcode: bak promoted to code: ba	tcode: bak promoted to code: ba	t
21	зыcode: bak promoted to code: ba zıcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ظ‎	ـظ‎	ـظـ‎	ظـ‎	зcode: bak promoted to code: ba	zcode: bak promoted to code: ba	z
22	ғәйнcode: bak promoted to code: ba ğəyncode: bak promoted to code: ba	ع‎	ـع‎	ـعـ‎	عـ‎	ғcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ğcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ʁ
23	ғайнcode: bak promoted to code: ba ğəyncode: bak promoted to code: ba	غ‎	ـغ‎	ـغـ‎	غـ‎	ғcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ğcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ʁ
24	фиcode: bak promoted to code: ba fecode: bak promoted to code: ba	ف‎	ـف‎	ـفـ‎	فـ‎	фcode: bak promoted to code: ba	fcode: bak promoted to code: ba	f
25	ҡафcode: bak promoted to code: ba qafcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ق‎	ـق‎	ـقـ‎	قـ‎	ҡcode: bak promoted to code: ba	qcode: bak promoted to code: ba	q
26	кафcode: bak promoted to code: ba kafcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ك‎	ـك‎	ـكـ‎	كـ‎	кcode: bak promoted to code: ba	kcode: bak promoted to code: ba	k
27	гафcode: bak promoted to code: ba gafcode: bak promoted to code: ba	گ‎	ـگ‎	ـگـ‎	گـ‎	гcode: bak promoted to code: ba	gcode: bak promoted to code: ba	g
28	эңcode: bak promoted to code: ba İñcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ڭ‎	ـڭ‎	ـڭـ‎	ڭـ‎	ңcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ñcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ŋ	Initial form was never used due to phonetic reasons
29	ләмcode: bak promoted to code: ba lämcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ل‎	ـل‎	ـلـ‎	لـ‎	лcode: bak promoted to code: ba	lcode: bak promoted to code: ba	l
30	мимcode: bak promoted to code: ba mimcode: bak promoted to code: ba	م‎	ـم‎	ـمـ‎	مـ‎	мcode: bak promoted to code: ba	mcode: bak promoted to code: ba	m
31	нүнcode: bak promoted to code: ba nuncode: bak promoted to code: ba	ن‎	ـن‎	ـنـ‎	نـ‎	нcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ncode: bak promoted to code: ba	n
32	һаcode: bak promoted to code: ba hacode: bak promoted to code: ba	ه‎	ـه‎	ـهـ‎	هـ‎	һ, әcode: bak promoted to code: ba	hcode: bak promoted to code: ba	h
33	уауcode: bak promoted to code: ba wawcode: bak promoted to code: ba	و‎	ـو‎		و‎	в, у, о, ө, үcode: bak promoted to code: ba	w, o, u, ü, öcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ʊ/ʏ, o/ɵ, u	Alternative Cyrillic transcription: ў, у, оcode: bak promoted to code: ba
34	вауcode: bak promoted to code: ba vawcode: bak promoted to code: ba	ۋ‎	ـۋ‎		ۋ‎	вcode: bak promoted to code: ba	vcode: bak promoted to code: ba	v	Only in borrowings from European languages
35	йаcode: bak promoted to code: ba yacode: bak promoted to code: ba	ی‎	ـی‎	ـیـ‎	یـ‎	й, и, э, ыcode: bak promoted to code: ba	y, e, icode: bak promoted to code: ba	e, i, ɪ, ɯ

See also

• Turki
• Bashkir language
• Tatar language