Astronomy:Messier 99

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Short description: Spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices
Messier 99
M99s crop.jpg
Galaxy Messier 99, Schulman Telescope[1]
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationComa Berenices[2]
Right ascension 12h 18m 49.625s[3]
Declination+14° 24′ 59.36″[3]
Redshift0.008029[4]
Helio radial velocity2,404 km/s[5]
Distance45.2 Mly (13.87 Mpc)[5]
Group or clusterVirgo Cluster[6]
Apparent magnitude (V)9.9[7]
Characteristics
TypeSA(s)c[8]
Apparent size (V)5.4′ × 4.7′[4]
Other designations
Coma Pinwheel Galaxy, Virgo Cluster Pinwheel, M99, NGC 4254, PGC 39578, UGC 7345[9]

Messier 99 or M99, also known as NGC 4254, is a grand design spiral galaxy in the northern constellation Coma Berenices approximately 15,000,000 parsecs (49,000,000 light-years) from the Milky Way.[5] It was discovered by Pierre Méchain on 17 March 1781. The discovery was then reported to Charles Messier, who included the object in the Messier Catalogue of comet-like objects. It was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. This pattern was first identified by Lord Rosse in the spring of 1846.[10]

This galaxy has a morphological classification of SA(s)c,[8] indicating a pure spiral shape with loosely wound arms. It has a peculiar shape with one normal looking arm and an extended arm that is less tightly wound. The galaxy is inclined by 42° to the line-of-sight with a major axis position angle of 68°.[6]

A bridge of neutral hydrogen gas links NGC 4254 with VIRGOHI21, an HI region and a possible dark galaxy. The gravity from the latter may have distorted M99 and drawn out the gas bridge, as the two galaxy-sized objects may have had a close encounter before parting greatly. However, VIRGOHI21 may instead be tidal debris from an interaction with the lenticular galaxy NGC 4262 some 280 million years ago.[6] It is expected that the drawn out arm will relax to match the normal arm once the encounter is over.

While not classified as a starburst galaxy, M99 has a star formation activity three times larger than other galaxies of similar Hubble type that may have been triggered by the encounter.[11] M99 is likely entering the Virgo Cluster for the first time bound to the periphery of the cluster at a projected separation of 3.7°, or around one megaparsec, from the cluster center at Messier 87. The galaxy is undergoing ram-pressure stripping of much of its interstellar medium as it moves through the intracluster medium.[6]

Four supernovae have been observed in this galaxy: SN 1967H (type II, mag. 14.6),[12] SN 1972Q (type unknown, mag. 15.8), SN 1986I (type II, mag. 14),[13] and SN 2014L (type Ic, mag. 15.4).[14]


See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Schulman Telescope". https://www.as.arizona.edu/schulman-telescope. 
  2. ↑ Dreyer, J. L. E. (1988). Sinnott, R. W.. ed. The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters. Sky Publishing Corporation/Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W. et al. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal 131 (2): 1163–1183. doi:10.1086/498708. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2006AJ....131.1163S. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4254. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nph-objsearch?objname=Messier+99&img_stamp=yes. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Tully, R. Brent et al. (August 2016), "Cosmicflows-3", The Astronomical Journal 152 (2): 21, doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50, 50, Bibcode: 2016AJ....152...50T. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Vollmer, B.; Huchtmeier, W.; van Driel, W. (September 2005). "NGC 4254: a spiral galaxy entering the Virgo cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics 439 (3): 921–933. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041350. Bibcode: 2005A&A...439..921V. 
  7. ↑ "Messier 99". https://messier.seds.org/m/m099.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 de Vaucouleurs, G. et al. (1991), Third reference catalogue of bright galaxies, 9, New York: Springer-Verlag. 
  9. ↑ "M 99". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=M+99. 
  10. ↑ Jones, K. G. (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37079-0. 
  11. ↑ Chyży, K. T.; Ehle, M.; Beck, R. (September 2007). "Magnetic fields and gas in the cluster-influenced spiral galaxy NGC 4254. I. Radio and X-rays observations". Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 (2): 415–429. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077497. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..415C. 
  12. ↑ Fairall, A. P. (August 1975), "The spectrum of the type II supernova 1967h in NGC 4254", Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa 34 (7–8): 94–98 
  13. ↑ Penhallow, W. S. et al. (June 1986), Marsden, B. G., ed., "Supernova 1986I in NGC 4254", IAU Circular 4225 (2): 2, Bibcode: 1986IAUC.4225....2P 
  14. ↑ "List of Supernovae", Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (IAU), http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/Supernovae.html, retrieved 2018-12-19 

External links

Coordinates: Sky map 12h 18m 49.6s, +14° 24′ 59″



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