Astronomy:Messier 99

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Messier 99
Galaxy Messier 99, Schulman Telescope[1]
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationComa Berenices[2]
Right ascension 12h 18m 49.625s[3]
Declination+14° 24′ 59.36″[3]
Redshift0.008029[4]
Helio radial velocity2,404 km/s[5]
Distance45.2 Mly (13.87 Mpc)[5]
Group or clusterVirgo Cluster[6]
Apparent magnitude (V)9.9[7]
Characteristics
TypeSA(s)c[8]
Size98,130 ly (30.10 kpc) (estimated)[4]
Apparent size (V)5.4′ × 4.7′[4]
Other designations
Coma Pinwheel Galaxy, Virgo Cluster Pinwheel, M99, NGC 4254, PGC 39578, UGC 7345[9]

Messier 99 or M99, also known as NGC 4254 or St. Catherine's Wheel, is a grand design spiral galaxy in the northern constellation Coma Berenices approximately 15,000,000 parsecs (49,000,000 light-years) from the Milky Way.[5] It was discovered by Pierre Méchain on 17 March 1781. The discovery was then reported to Charles Messier, who included the object in the Messier Catalogue of comet-like objects. It was one of the first galaxies in which a spiral pattern was seen. This pattern was first identified by Lord Rosse in the spring of 1846.[10][11]

This galaxy has a morphological classification of SA(s)c,[8] indicating a pure spiral shape with loosely wound arms. It has a peculiar shape with one normal looking arm and an extended arm that is less tightly wound. The galaxy is inclined by 42° to the line-of-sight with a major axis position angle of 68°.[6]

A bridge of neutral hydrogen gas links NGC 4254 with VIRGOHI21, an HI region and a possible dark galaxy. The gravity from the latter may have distorted M99 and drawn out the gas bridge, as the two galaxy-sized objects may have had a close encounter before parting greatly. However, VIRGOHI21 may instead be tidal debris from an interaction with the lenticular galaxy NGC 4262 some 280 million years ago.[6] It is expected that the drawn out arm will relax to match the normal arm once the encounter is over.

While not classified as a starburst galaxy, M99 has a star formation activity three times larger than other galaxies of similar Hubble type that may have been triggered by the encounter.[12] M99 is likely entering the Virgo Cluster for the first time bound to the periphery of the cluster at a projected separation of 3.7°, or around one megaparsec, from the cluster center at Messier 87. The galaxy is undergoing ram-pressure stripping of much of its interstellar medium as it moves through the intracluster medium.[6]

Supernovae

Four supernovae have been observed in M99:

  • SN 1967H (Type II, mag. 14.0) was discovered by Fritz Zwicky on 1 July 1967.[13][14][15][16]
  • SN 1972Q (type unknown, mag. 15.8) was discovered by Leonida Rosino on 14 December 1972.[17]
  • SN 1986I (Type II, mag. 14) was discovered by Carlton Pennypacker et al. on 17 May 1986.[18][19][20]
  • SN 2014L (Type Ic, mag. 17.2) was discovered by the THU-NAOC Transient Survey (TNTS) on 26 January 2014.[21][22][23]


See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Schulman Telescope". https://www.as.arizona.edu/schulman-telescope. 
  2. ↑ Dreyer, J. L. E. (1988). Sinnott, R. W.. ed. The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters. Sky Publishing Corporation/Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Skrutskie, Michael F.; Cutri, Roc M.; Stiening, Rae; Weinberg, Martin D.; Schneider, Stephen E.; Carpenter, John M.; Beichman, Charles A.; Capps, Richard W. et al. (1 February 2006). "The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)". The Astronomical Journal 131 (2): 1163–1183. doi:10.1086/498708. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2006AJ....131.1163S. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4254. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nph-objsearch?objname=Messier+99&img_stamp=yes. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Tully, R. Brent et al. (August 2016), "Cosmicflows-3", The Astronomical Journal 152 (2): 21, doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50, 50, Bibcode: 2016AJ....152...50T. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Vollmer, B.; Huchtmeier, W.; van Driel, W. (September 2005). "NGC 4254: a spiral galaxy entering the Virgo cluster". Astronomy and Astrophysics 439 (3): 921–933. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041350. Bibcode: 2005A&A...439..921V. 
  7. ↑ "Messier 99". https://messier.seds.org/m/m099.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 de Vaucouleurs, G. et al. (1991), Third reference catalogue of bright galaxies, 9, New York: Springer-Verlag. 
  9. ↑ "M 99". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=M+99. 
  10. ↑ Jones, K. G. (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37079-0. 
  11. ↑ ((The Earl of Rosse)) (1850). "Observations on the Nebulae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 140: 499–514. Bibcode: 1850RSPT..140..499R. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1850RSPT..140..499R. 
  12. ↑ Chyży, K. T.; Ehle, M.; Beck, R. (September 2007). "Magnetic fields and gas in the cluster-influenced spiral galaxy NGC 4254. I. Radio and X-rays observations". Astronomy and Astrophysics 474 (2): 415–429. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077497. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..415C. 
  13. ↑ Gingerich, Owen (5 July 1967). "Circular No. 2021". Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC2021.jpg. 
  14. ↑ Zwicky, F. (1968). "The 1967 Palomar Supernova Search". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 80 (475): 462. doi:10.1086/128660. Bibcode: 1968PASP...80..462Z. 
  15. ↑ "SN 1967H". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1967H. 
  16. ↑ Fairall, A. P. (August 1975), "The spectrum of the type II supernova 1967h in NGC 4254", Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa 34 (7): 94–98, https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00248266_2204 
  17. ↑ "SN 1972Q". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1972Q. 
  18. ↑ Pennypacker, C.; Burns, S.; Crawford, F.; Friedman, P.; Muller, J.; Perlmutter, S.; Smith, C.; Treffers, R. et al. (1986). "Supernovae". IAU Circular (4219): 1. Bibcode: 1986IAUC.4219....1P. 
  19. ↑ "SN 1986I". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1986I. 
  20. ↑ Penhallow, W. S. et al. (June 1986), Marsden, B. G., ed., "Supernova 1986I in NGC 4254", IAU Circular (4225): 2, Bibcode: 1986IAUC.4225....2P 
  21. ↑ Zhang, Tianmeng; Wang, Xiaofeng; Mo, Jun; Chen, Juncheng (2014). "Supernova 2014L in M99 = PSN J12184868+1424435". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (3795): 1. Bibcode: 2014CBET.3795....1Z. 
  22. ↑ Bishop, David. "Supernovae 2014L in M99". https://www.rochesterastronomy.org/sn2014/sn2014l.html. 
  23. ↑ "SN 2014L". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2014L. 

Template:NGC objects:4000-4499

Coordinates: Sky map 12h 18m 49.6s, +14° 24′ 59″



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