Astronomy:Messier 61

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Messier 61[1]
File:300px
M61 imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope on April 28, 2014[2]
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationVirgo
Right ascension 12h 21m 54.9205s[3]
Declination+04° 28′ 25.631″[3]
Redshift0.005224±0.000007[3]
Helio radial velocity1566±2 km/s[3]
Galactocentric velocity1483±4 km/s[3]
Distance52.5 ± 2.3 Mly (16.10 ± 0.71 Mpc)
Apparent magnitude (V)9.7[4]
Characteristics
TypeSAB(rs)bc,[3] HIISy2[3]
Size~92,300 ly (28.30 kpc) (estimated)[3]
Apparent size (V)6.5′ × 5.8′[3]
Other designations
HOLM 379A, IRAS 12194+0444, NGC 4303, UGC 7420, MCG+01-32-022, PGC 40001[3]
References: SIMBAD: Search M61

Messier 61 (also known as M61, NGC 4303, or the Swelling Spiral Galaxy) is an intermediate barred spiral galaxy in the Virgo Cluster of galaxies. It was first discovered by Barnaba Oriani on May 5, 1779, six days before Charles Messier discovered the same galaxy. Messier had observed it on the same night as Oriani but had mistaken it for a comet.[5] Its distance has been estimated to be 45.61 million light years from the Milky Way Galaxy. It is a member of the M61 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster.[6]

Properties

M61 is one of the largest members of Virgo Cluster, and belongs to a smaller subgroup known as the S Cloud.[7][8] The morphological classification of SAB(rs)bc[3] indicates a weakly-barred spiral (SAB) with the suggestion of a ring structure (rs) and moderate to loosely wound spiral arms.[9] It has an active galactic nucleus[10] and is classified as a starburst galaxy containing a massive nuclear star cluster with an estimated mass of 1 million solar masses (M☉) and an age of 4 million years,[11] It cohabits with an older massive star cluster as well as a likely older starburst.[11] Evidence of significant star formation and active bright nebulae appears across M61's disk.[12] Unlike most late-type spiral galaxies within the Virgo Cluster, M61 shows an unusual abundance of neutral hydrogen (H I).[13]

Supernovae

Eight supernovae have been observed in M61, making it one of the most prodigious galaxies for such cataclysmic events.[14][15][5] These include:

  • M61 (with NGC 4301 in upper left) imaged by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory
    M61 (with NGC 4301 in upper left) imaged by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory
  • Spiral galaxy Messier 61 is aligned face-on towards Earth.[34]
    Spiral galaxy Messier 61 is aligned face-on towards Earth.[34]
  • Messier 61 image using data from Hubble's Wide Field Camera 2
    Messier 61 image using data from Hubble's Wide Field Camera 2
  • Amateur Image of Messier 61 Showing Supernova 2008in on April 16, 2009
    Amateur Image of Messier 61 Showing Supernova 2008in on April 16, 2009
  • Infrared image of M61 taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope
    Infrared image of M61 taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope
  • Messier 61 with SN2020jfo (Supernova) observed on May 15, 2020
    Messier 61 with SN2020jfo (Supernova) observed on May 15, 2020
  • M61 galaxy image that incorporates data from not only Hubble, but also the FORS camera at the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope
    M61 galaxy image that incorporates data from not only Hubble, but also the FORS camera at the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tschöke, D.; Hensler, G.; Junkes, N. (2000). "X-rays from the barred galaxy NGC 4303". Astronomy and Astrophysics 360 (2): 447–456. Bibcode: 2000A&A...360..447T. 
  2. ↑ "A hungry starburst galaxy". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1417a/. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 "Results for object MESSIER 061". NASA and Caltech. https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/byname?objname=MESSIER+061. 
  4. ↑ "Messier 61". https://messier.seds.org/m/m061.html. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Messier 61". http://messier.seds.org/m/m061.html/. 
  6. ↑ "The Virgo III Groups". Atlas of the Universe. http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/viriii.html. 
  7. ↑ "Galaxy On Line Database Milano Network (GOLDMine)". http://goldmine.mib.infn.it/. 
  8. ↑ "The Virgo Cluster". http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/galgrps/vir.html. 
  9. ↑ de Vaucouleurs, Gérard (April 1963). "Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal Supplement 8: 31. doi:10.1086/190084. Bibcode: 1963ApJS....8...31D. 
  10. ↑ Jiménez-Bailón, E.; Santos-Lleó, M.; Mas-Hesse, J. M.; Guainazzi, M.; Colina, L.; Cerviño, M.; González Delgado, Rosa M. (2003). "Nuclear Activity and Massive Star Formation in the Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus NGC 4303: Chandra X-Ray Observations". The Astrophysical Journal 593 (1): 127–141. doi:10.1086/376554. Bibcode: 2003ApJ...593..127J. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Colina, L.; Gonzalez Delgado, R.; Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel; Leitherer, C.; Jimenez Bailon, E. (2007). "Supermassive black holes in the Sbc spiral galaxies NGC 3310, NGC 4303 and NGC 4258". Astronomy and Astrophysics 469 (2): 405–423. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066784. Bibcode: 2007A&A...469..405P. 
  12. ↑ Koopmann, R.; Kenney, J. D. P. (2004). "Hα Morphologies and Environmental Effects in Virgo Cluster Spiral Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal 613 (2): 866–885. doi:10.1086/423191. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...613..866K. 
  13. ↑ Kenney, J. D.; Young, J. S. (1986). "CO in H I-deficient Virgo cluster spiral galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 301: L13–L17. doi:10.1086/184614. Bibcode: 1986ApJ...301L..13K. 
  14. ↑ Supernovae which have been observed in Messier catalog galaxies
  15. ↑ "List of Supernovae". Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/Supernovae.html. 
  16. ↑ Stromgren, Elis (15 May 1926). "Circular No. 111". Observatoire De Copenhague. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC0111.jpg. 
  17. ↑ Boffi, F.R.; Sparks, W.B.; Macchetto, F.D. (1999). "A search for candidate light echoes: Photometry of supernova environments". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 138 (2): 253–266. doi:10.1051/aas:1999274. Bibcode: 1999A&AS..138..253B. 
  18. ↑ "SN 1926A". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1926A. 
  19. ↑ Thernoe, K. A. (8 June 1961). "Circular No. 1761". Observatory Copenhagen. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC1761.jpg. 
  20. ↑ Humason, M. L.; Kearns, C. E.; Gomes, Alercio M. (1962). "The 1961 Palomar Supernova Search". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 74 (438): 215. doi:10.1086/127790. Bibcode: 1962PASP...74..215H. 
  21. ↑ "SN 1961I". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1961I. 
  22. ↑ Petersen, J. Otzen (3 July 1964). "Circular No. 1868". Observatory Copenhagen. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/IAUCs/IAUC1868.jpg. 
  23. ↑ "SN 1964F". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1964F. 
  24. ↑ Dimai, Alessandro; Li, W. (1999). "Supernova 1999gn in M61". International Astronomical Union Circular (7335): 1. Bibcode: 1999IAUC.7335....1D. 
  25. ↑ "SN 1999gn". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1999gn. 
  26. ↑ Nakano, S.; Itagaki, K.; Kadota, K. (2006). "Supernova 2006ov in M61". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (756): 1. Bibcode: 2006CBET..756....1N. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iau/cbet/000700/CBET000756.txt. 
  27. ↑ Puckett, T.; Peoples, M.; Itagaki, K.; Nakano, S.; Boles, T.; Kadota, K. (2006). "Supernovae 2006ou, 2006ov, and 2006ow". International Astronomical Union Circular (8781): 2. Bibcode: 2006IAUC.8781....2P. 
  28. ↑ "SN 2006ov". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2006ov. 
  29. ↑ Nakano, S.; Kadota, K.; Wells, W. (2008). "Supernova 2008in in M61". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (1636): 1. Bibcode: 2008CBET.1636....1N. 
  30. ↑ "SN 2008in". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2008in. 
  31. ↑ Nakano, S.; Itagaki, K.; Guido, E.; Nicolini, M.; Howes, N.; Kiyota, S.; Masi, G.; Catalano, P. et al. (2014). "Supernova 2014dt in M61 = PSN J12215757+0428185". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams (4011): 1. Bibcode: 2014CBET.4011....1N. 
  32. ↑ "SN 2014dt". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2014dt. 
  33. ↑ "SN 2020jfo". Transient Name Server. IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/2020jfo. 
  34. ↑ "A portrait of a beauty" (in en). https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1901a/. 

Coordinates: Sky map 12h 21m 54.9205s, +04° 28′ 25.631″



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