Software:Kubuntu

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Short description: Linux distribution based on Ubuntu, utilizing the KDE desktop environment
Kubuntu
Kubuntu logo and wordmark.svg
Kubuntu 23.10 default desktop - English.png
Kubuntu 23.10 "Mantic Minotaur"
DeveloperCommunity-driven, previously Blue Systems[1]/Canonical Ltd.
OS familyLinux (Unix-like)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelOpen-source
Initial releaseApril 8, 2005; 19 years ago (2005-04-08)
|Final release|Latest release}}23.10 (Mantic Minotaur)[2] / October 17, 2023; 12 months ago (2023-10-17)
Marketing targetHome computers, business use
Available inMultilingual (more than 55)
Update methodPackageKit or APT
Package managerdpkg and Snap
PlatformsIA-32, x86-64, ARM
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux kernel)
UserlandGNU
Default user interfaceKDE Plasma Desktop
Plasma Mobile
LicenseFree software licenses
(mainly GPL)
Official website{{{1}}}

Kubuntu (/kʊˈbʊntuː/ kuu-BUUN-too)[3] is an official flavor of the Ubuntu operating system that uses the KDE Plasma Desktop instead of the GNOME desktop environment. As part of the Ubuntu project, Kubuntu uses the same underlying systems. Kubuntu shares the same repositories as Ubuntu[4] and is released regularly on the same schedule as Ubuntu.[5]

Kubuntu was sponsored by Canonical Ltd. until 2012, and then directly by Blue Systems. Now, employees of Blue Systems contribute upstream to KDE and Debian, and Kubuntu development is led by community contributors. During the changeover, Kubuntu retained the use of Ubuntu project servers and existing developers.[6]

Name

"Kubuntu" is a registered trademark held by Canonical.[7] It is derived from the name Ubuntu, prefixing a K to represent the KDE platform that Kubuntu is built upon (following a widespread naming convention of prefixing K to the name of any software released for use on KDE platforms), as well as the KDE community.

Ubuntu is a Bantu term translating roughly to 'humanity'. Since Bantu grammar involves prefixes to form noun classes, and the prefix ku- has the meaning 'toward' in Bemba, kubuntu is therefore also a meaningful Bemba word or phrase translating to 'toward humanity'. Reportedly, the same word, by coincidence, also takes the meaning of 'free' (in the sense of 'without payment') in Kirundi.[8]

Comparison with Ubuntu

Kubuntu typically differs from Ubuntu in graphical applications and tools:

Software Ubuntu Kubuntu
Kernel and core Linux kernel and Ubuntu core
Display server X.Org Server and Wayland
Sound PipeWire
Multimedia Totem and Rhythmbox VLC and Elisa
Window manager Mutter KWin
Desktop GNOME Plasma Desktop
Primary toolkit GTK Qt
Browser Firefox
Office suite LibreOffice
Email and PIM Thunderbird Kontact

History

Development started back in December 2004 at the Ubuntu Mataró Conference in Mataró, Spain [9] when a Canonical employee Andreas Mueller, from Gnoppix, had the idea to make an Ubuntu KDE variant and got the approval from Mark Shuttleworth to start the first Ubuntu variant, called Kubuntu. On the same evening Chris Halls from the OpenOffice.org project and Jonathan Riddell from KDE started volunteering on the newborn project.

Shortly after Ubuntu was started, Mark Shuttleworth stated in an interview that he recognized the need for the KDE-based distribution in order to maintain diversity in Linux distributions, which in his belief aligns with Ubuntu project's overall purpose of increasing the adoption of free software.[10]

K Desktop Environment 3 was used as default interface until Kubuntu 8.04. That version included KDE Plasma Desktop as unsupported option which became default in the subsequent release, 8.10.[11]

On February 6, 2012 (2012-02-06), Canonical employee Jonathan Riddell announced the end of Canonical's Kubuntu sponsorship.[12] On April 10, 2012 (2012-04-10), Blue Systems was announced on the Kubuntu website as the new sponsor.[1] As a result, both developers employed by Canonical to work on Kubuntu–Jonathan Riddell and Aurélien Gâteau–transferred to Blue Systems.[13]

Releases

Kubuntu follows the same naming/versioning system as Ubuntu, with each release having a code name and a version number (based on the year and month of release). Canonical provides support and security updates for Kubuntu components that are shared with Ubuntu for 18 months – five years in case of long-term support (LTS) versions – after release.[14] Both a desktop version and an alternative (installation) version (for the x86 and AMD64 platforms) are available. Kubuntu CDs were also available through the ShipIt service (which was discontinued as of April 2011).[15]

Version Release date Code name Supported until[16] Linux kernel KDE Plasma Qt Notes
5.04 2005-04-08[17][18] Hoary Hedgehog 2006-10-31 2.6.10[19] N/A Initial release including KDE 3.4 and a selection of the most useful KDE programs. Some of these are not in the official KDE itself, including Amarok, Kaffeine, Gwenview, and K3b. Inclusion of update-manager/upgrade-notifier; Kickstart compatibility.
5.10 2005-10-13[20][21] Breezy Badger 2007-04-13 2.6.12[22] KDE 3.4.3 and the Guidance configuration tools. It also comes with the Adept Package Manager, the first to make use of debtags for easier searching (replacing the Kynaptic package manager used in the previous release); System Settings, a re-organised kcontrol-like centre and KDE Bluetooth; Graphical boot process with progress bar (Usplash); OEM Installer Support; Launchpad tracking; GCC 4.0.
6.06 LTS
 2006-06-01[23][24][25] Dapper Drake 2009-06 2.6.15[26] Long Term Support (LTS) release; Live CD and Installer on one disc; Ubiquity installer; Adept Notifier and Simplified Installer; X Display Configuration from Guidance; Better Asian language support; Avahi networking software.
6.10 2006-10-26[27][28] Edgy Eft 2008-04 2.6.17[29] KDE 3.5.5. This release adds the photo management application digiKam and accessibility profiles–benefiting people with disabilities. System Settings is also redesigned, and power management, laptop button support & networking are improved. Also features automated problem reports and Upstart.[30]
7.04
 2007-04-19[31] Feisty Fawn 2008-10 2.6.20[32] KDE 3.5.6; Migration assistant; KVM; Easy codec/restricted drivers installation; System Settings restructured into General and Advanced categories; Improved Hewlett-Packard printer management; KNetworkManager included; WPA support; Topic-based help system; OEM installer update; PowerPC support officially dropped.
7.10
 2007-10-18[33][34] Gutsy Gibbon 2009-04-18 2.6.22[35] New background art. Ships with Strigi and Dolphin by default. Qt port of GDebi graphical installer for package files. Includes Restricted Drivers Manager for the first time.[36] New kubuntu-restricted-extras package is available for download from the repositories.
8.04& 2008-04-24[37] Hardy Heron 2009-10 2.6.24[38] It has two versions: KDE 3.5 and KDE 4.0 (With community support only). This version intends to provide feature parity with GNOME-based Ubuntu.[39] This includes a port of system-config-printer to Qt to enable printer auto-detection, easy video codec installation in Kaffeine, a simple Compiz setup tool and inclusion of Bulletproof X in KDM,[40][41] and automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine. Unlike its Ubuntu counterpart, which is a long-term support release, Kubuntu 8.04 is not.[42]
8.10 2008-10-30 Intrepid Ibex[43] 2010-04-30[44] 2.6.27[45] KDE 4.1.2 desktop environment by default, Linux 2.6.27, Xserver 1.5, Adept Manager 3, KNetworkManager 0.7, KWin desktop effects by default, various Kubuntu tool integration.
9.04 2009-04-23 Jaunty Jackalope 2010-10 2.6.28[46] KDE 4.2.2 desktop environment by default, kernel 2.6.28, Xserver 1.6, Adept superseded by KPackageKit,[47] implementation of the ext4 filesystem, faster boot time,[48] addition of community-supported PowerPC images[49]
9.10 2009-10-30[50][51] Karmic Koala 2011-04-28 2.6.31[52] KDE 4.3.2 desktop environment by default, GRUB 2, init system moved to Upstart, kernel 2.6.31
10.04 LTS 2010-04-29 Lucid Lynx 2013-05-09 2.6.32[53] Long Term Support (LTS) release. Security updates will be available for three years for desktops and five years for servers. KDE 4.4.2 desktop environment by default, kernel 2.6.32, KPackageKit 0.5.4, Firefox KDE integration, touchpad configuration module by default.
10.10 2010-10-10[54][55] Maverick Meerkat 2012-04 2.6.35[56] KDE Software Compilation 4.5. Faster login. Default browser changed to rekonq. New Bluetooth stack. PulseAudio inclusion. Updated KPackageKit with categories. Global menu for netbook. Updated Installer. Combining of the Desktop and Netbook Editions (autodetection).
11.04 2011-04-28[57][58][59] Natty Narwhal 2012-10-28 2.6.38 KDE SC 4.6, GStreamer multimedia backend for Phonon, GTK Oxygen theme, games in the default install, UDisks and UPower replace HAL.
11.10 2011-10-12[60][61] Oneiric Ocelot 2013-05-09 3.0.3 KDE SC 4.7, replacing KPackageKit with Muon Software Centre, Kubuntu low fat setting, OpenGL ES Powered Desktop Effects, KDE-PIM 4.7.2[62][63]
12.04 LTS 2012-04-25[64][65] Precise Pangolin 2017-04-28 3.2.0 The third Kubuntu LTS release. KDE SC 4.8
12.10 2012-10-18[66] Quantal Quetzal 2014-04 3.5.5[67] LibreOffice 3.6.2.2, rekonq 1.1, KDE SC 4.9.2
13.04
 2013-04-25[68] Raring Ringtail 2014-01[69] 3.8.0[70] KDE SC 4.10, Muon Suite 2, LibreOffice 4, Optional Homerun launcher, out-of-the-box MTP support
13.10 2013-10-17[71] Saucy Salamander 2014-07-17 3.11[72] KDE SC 4.11.2, LibreOffice 4.1.2 rc3
14.04 LTS 2014-04-17[73] Trusty Tahr 2019-04-25[74] 3.13[75] KDE SC 4.13.0, LibreOffice 4.2.3.3. Default browser changed back to Firefox.
14.10 2014-10-23[76][77][78] Utopic Unicorn 2015-07-23 3.16[79] KDE SC 4.14, KDE Plasma 5 as technical preview.
15.04 2015-04-23[80][81] Vivid Vervet 2015-12 3.19 5.2.2 N/A KDE Plasma 5.2.2 is now the default desktop environment. Adaptation to systemd and to SDDM. Behind-the-scenes work on the change to Wayland.
15.10 2015-10-22[82] Wily Werewolf 2016-07-22 4.2[83] 5.4[84] Firefox 41.0, LibreOffice 5.0.
16.04 LTS 2016-04-21[85] Xenial Xerus 2019-04-21[74] 4.4[86] 5.5.5[87] Firefox 45, LibreOffice 5.1
16.10 2016-10-13[88] Yakkety Yak 2017-07-20 4.8 5.7.5 KDE Applications 16.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.26.0, LibreOffice 5.2, Firefox 49
17.04 2017-04-13[89] Zesty Zapus 2018-01-11 4.10 5.9 KDE Applications 16.12.3, KDE Frameworks 5.31, LibreOffice 5.3, Firefox 52
17.10 2017-10-19[90] Artful Aardvark 2018-07-19 4.13 5.10 KDE Applications 17.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.38, LibreOffice 5.4.1, Firefox 56, Cantata replaces Amarok as audio player, VLC media player replaces Dragon Player as media player
18.04 LTS 2018-04-26[91][92] Bionic Beaver 2021-05-01[93] 4.15 5.12 LTS LibreOffice 6.0 and Firefox 59; double-click is now default to open files; file indexing default changed to "basic" only (not file content).[94]
18.10 2018-10-18[95] Cosmic Cuttlefish 2019-07-18[96] 4.18 5.13 KDE Applications 18.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.50, LibreOffice 6.1.2, Firefox 63; snap integration by default in software centre, Plasma Wayland session-can be installed for testing (but is not supported), fingerprint scanner support, only available in 64-bit ISO images[97][98][99]
19.04 2019-04-18[100] Disco Dingo[101] 2020-01-23[102] 5.0 5.15.4 5.12.2 KDE Applications 18.12.3, KDE Frameworks 5.56, LibreOffice 6.2.2, Firefox 66, KDE Connect 1.3.4, KDevelop 5.3.2, Krita 4.1.7, Latte Dock 0.8.8[103][104]
19.10 2019-10-17[105] Eoan Ermine 2020-07-17[106] 5.3 5.16.5 5.12.4 KDE Applications 19.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.62, LibreOffice 6.3, Firefox 69
20.04 LTS 2020-04-23[107] Focal Fossa 2023-04-29 5.4 5.18 LTS 5.12.8 KDE Frameworks 5.68.0, LibreOffice 6.4.2.2, Firefox 75
20.10 2020-10-22 Groovy Gorilla 2021-07-22[108] 5.8 5.19.5 5.14.2 KDE Frameworks 5.74.0, LibreOffice 7.0.2, Firefox 82
21.04 2021-04-22[109] Hirsute Hippo 2022-01-20[110] 5.11 5.21 5.15.2 KDE Frameworks 5.80, LibreOffice 7.1, Firefox 87
21.10 2021-10-14[111] Impish Indri 2022-07-14 5.13 5.22.5 5.15.2 KDE Gear 21.08, KDE Frameworks 5.86, LibreOffice 7.2, Firefox 92
22.04 LTS 2022-04-21 Jammy Jellyfish 2025-04-24 5.17 5.24 LTS 5.15.3 KDE Gear 21.12.3, KDE Frameworks 5.92, LibreOffice 7.3.2.2, Firefox 99
22.10 2022-10-21 Kinetic Kudu 2023-07-20[112] 5.18 5.25 5.15.5 KDE Gear 22.04.1, LibreOffice 7.4, Firefox 103, KDE Frameworks 5.95
23.04 2023-04-20 Lunar Lobster 2024-01-20 6.2 5.27 5.15.8. KDE Gear 22.12, LibreOffice 7.5, Firefox 111, KDE Frameworks 5.104
23.10 2023-10-17 Mantic Minotaur 2024-07 6.5 5.27.8 5.15.10 KDE Gear 23.08, LibreOffice 7.6.2.1, Firefox 118
24.04 LTS 2024-04-25 Noble Numbat 2027-04
Legend:   Old version, not maintained   Older version, still maintained   Current stable version   Future version

System requirements

The desktop version of Kubuntu currently supports the AMD 64 architectures, Intel x86 support was discontinued after the 18.04 release and existing 32-bit users were supported until 2023.[113]

Deployments

Kubuntu rollouts include the world's largest Linux desktop deployment, that includes more than 500,000 desktops in Brazil (in 42,000 schools of 4,000 cities).[114][115][116][117]

The software of the 14,800 Linux workstations of Munich was switched to Kubuntu LTS 12.04 and KDE 4.11.[118][119]

The Taipei City Government decided to replace Windows with a Kubuntu distribution on 10,000 PCs for schools.[120][121]

The French Parliament announced in 2006 that they would switch over 1,000 workstations to Kubuntu by June 2007.[122][123]

A Kubuntu distribution, by La Laguna University, is used in more than 3,000 computers spread in several computer labs, laboratories and libraries, among other internal projects in the Canary Islands.[124] Since October 2007, Kubuntu is now used in all of the 1,100 state schools in the Canary Islands.[125][126]

The second point release update in February 2021 to Kubuntu 20.04.2 LTS (Focal Fossa) contains all the bug-fixes added to 20.04 since its first release. Users can run the normal update procedure to get these bug-fixes.[127]

Gallery

  • Kubuntu 5.04

  • Kubuntu 5.10

  • Kubuntu 6.06 LTS

  • Kubuntu 6.10

  • Kubuntu 7.04

  • Kubuntu 7.10

  • Kubuntu 8.04

  • Kubuntu 8.10

  • Kubuntu 9.04 showing some of its Desktop Effects

  • Kubuntu 9.10

  • Kubuntu 10.04 LTS Netbook Edition

  • Kubuntu 10.04 LTS Desktop Edition

  • Kubuntu 10.10

  • Kubuntu 11.04 Desktop Edition

  • Kubuntu 11.04 Netbook Edition

  • Kubuntu 11.10

  • Kubuntu 12.04 LTS Desktop Edition

  • Kubuntu 12.04 LTS Netbook Edition

  • Kubuntu 12.10 Desktop Edition

  • Kubuntu 12.10 Netbook Edition

  • Kubuntu 13.04

  • Kubuntu 13.10

  • Kubuntu 14.04 LTS

  • Kubuntu 14.10

  • Kubuntu 15.04 with a dark theme

  • Kubuntu 15.10

  • Kubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)

  • Kubuntu 16.10 (Yakkety Yak)

  • Kubuntu 17.04

  • Kubuntu 17.10

  • Kubuntu 18.04 LTS

  • Kubuntu 18.10

  • Kubuntu 19.04

  • Kubuntu 19.10

  • Kubuntu 20.04 LTS

  • Kubuntu 20.10

  • Kubuntu 21.04

  • Kubuntu 21.10

  • Kubuntu 22.04

  • Kubuntu 22.10

  • Kubuntu 23.04

  • Kubuntu 23.10

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "to be Sponsored by Blue Systems". Kubuntu. 2012-04-10. http://www.kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-to-be-sponsored-by-blue-systems. 
  2. ↑ "Kubuntu 23.10 Mantic Minotaur Released". Kubuntu. https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-23-10-mantic-minotaur-released/. 
  3. ↑ Canonical. "About the Ubuntu project". https://www.ubuntu.com/about. 
  4. ↑ "Is Kubuntu a fork?". http://www.kubuntu.org/faq.php#fork. 
  5. ↑ "KDE Community Wiki". 22 March 2020. https://community.kde.org/Kubuntu. 
  6. ↑ Garling, Caleb (2012-04-11). "Kubuntu Linux Gets New Sugar Daddy". Wired. https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/04/kubuntu-blue-systems. 
  7. ↑ "Trade Mark Number EU004541661". Intellectual Property Office. 2006-05-18. https://www.ipo.gov.uk/tmcase/Results/4/EU004541661. 
  8. ↑ "Meaning of Kubuntu". http://www.kubuntu.org/faq.php#kubuntumeaning. 
  9. ↑ "Kubuntu Birthdate". Ubuntu. https://wiki.ubuntu.com/MataroConference. 
  10. ↑ "Mark Shuttleworth on the Future of Kubuntu". 2006-04-26. https://lwn.net/Articles/181465. 
  11. ↑ "8.10 Refreshes the Desktop". Kubuntu. 2008-10-30. http://www.kubuntu.org/news/8.10-release. 
  12. ↑ "Kubuntu Status". February 6, 2012. https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/kubuntu-devel/2012-February/005782.html. 
  13. ↑ "Into the blue". 2012-04-11. http://agateau.com/2012/04/11/into-the-blue. 
  14. ↑ "Ubuntu – Desktop for Business". http://www.ubuntu.com/business/desktop. 
  15. ↑ "ShipIt Kubuntu". https://shipit.kubuntu.org. 
  16. ↑ Canonical. "Ubuntu release cycle". https://www.ubuntu.com/about/release-cycle. 
  17. ↑ "5.04 Release Notes". 2005-04-08. http://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu/releasenotes/504. 
  18. ↑ Bodnar, Ladislav (4 May 2005). "Testing Kubuntu 5.04". http://lwn.net/Articles/134641. 
  19. ↑ "Review: Kubuntu 5.04 'Hoary Hedgehog' (NewsForge)". https://lwn.net/Articles/132996. 
  20. ↑ "Ubuntu 5.10 announcement". October 13, 2005. https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2005-October/000038.html. 
  21. ↑ "Ubuntu 5.10 release notes". http://www.ubuntu.com/download/releasenotes/510. 
  22. ↑ "Kubuntu v6.04 (Dapper Drake) Flight 1" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/320. 
  23. ↑ "Ubuntu 6.06 LTS announcement". http://www.ubuntu.com/news/606released. 
  24. ↑ "Ubuntu 6.06 LTS release notes". http://www.ubuntu.com/download/releasenotes/606. 
  25. ↑ "Kubuntu 6.06". http://www.tuxmachines.org/node/7332. 
  26. ↑ "Kubuntu 6.05 Desktop" (in en). https://www.pling.com/p/1122960/. 
  27. ↑ "Ubuntu 6.10 announcement". http://www.ubuntu.com/news/610released. 
  28. ↑ "Ubuntu 6.10 release notes". http://www.ubuntu.com/download/releasenotes/610. 
  29. ↑ https://www.wiwi.uni-due.de/fileadmin/fileupload/I-TDR/ReliableServer/Publications/IJHIT2008.pdf
  30. ↑ "Kubuntu 6.10 release announcement". http://kubuntu.org/announcements/6.10-release.php. 
  31. ↑ "Ubuntu 7.04 announcement". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/FeistyFawn. 
  32. ↑ Esselbach, Philipp (2007-04-19). "Kubuntu 7.04 released" (in en). https://www.linuxcompatible.org/story/kubuntu-704-released/. 
  33. ↑ "GutsyReleaseSchedule–Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/GutsyReleaseSchedule. 
  34. ↑ "Introducing the Gutsy Gibbon". 2007-04-12. https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-announce/2007-April/000276.html. 
  35. ↑ "Ubuntu 7.10 "Gutsy" Tribe 5 : A Review – Ubuntu Tutorials". https://ubuntu-tutorials.com/2007/08/24/ubuntu-710-gutsy-tribe-5-a-review/. 
  36. ↑ "Kubuntu 7.10 Release Notes". http://kubuntu.org/announcements/7.10-release.php. 
  37. ↑ "HardyReleaseSchedule". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardyReleaseSchedule. 
  38. ↑ "Kubuntu 8.04 Released | Kubuntu" (in en-US). https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-8-04-released/. 
  39. ↑ "Kubuntu Hardy Catchup–Ubuntu Wiki". 2008-08-06. https://wiki.kubuntu.org/KubuntuHardyCatchup. 
  40. ↑ "Back from Release Event, Printer Magic, Compiz Settings". 2008-01-24. http://www.kdedevelopers.org/node/3224. 
  41. ↑ "UDS". 2007-11-08. http://www.kdedevelopers.org/node/3086. 
  42. ↑ Voicu, Daniel (2007-12-29). "Kubuntu 8.04 Will Not Be LTS" (in english). https://news.softpedia.com/news/Kubuntu-8-04-Will-Not-Be-LTS-74989.shtml. 
  43. ↑ "Next Ubuntu release to be called Intrepid Ibex, due in October". 20 February 2008. https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080220-next-ubuntu-release-to-be-called-intrepid-ibex.html. 
  44. ↑ "Ubuntu 8.10 reaches end-of-life on April 30, 2010". 2010-04-30. https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-security-announce/2010-March/001067.html. 
  45. ↑ "Kubuntu – This Hackers Den – Matze's Hackerstübchen" (in en-US). 2008-11-28. https://hackerstuebchen.de/category/kubuntu. 
  46. ↑ "PC-BSD 7.1 vs. Kubuntu 9.04 Benchmarks" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/pcbsd_vs_kubuntu. 
  47. ↑ "Farewell, Adept (mornfall's web)". http://web.mornfall.net/blog/farewell__44___adept.html. 
  48. ↑ "JauntyJackalope/Alpha5/Kubuntu Introduction". https://wiki.kubuntu.org/JauntyJackalope/Alpha5/Kubuntu. 
  49. ↑ "Kubuntu 9.04 Release Announcement". 2009-04-23. http://www.kubuntu.org/news/9.04-release. 
  50. ↑ "First look at Kubuntu Netbook Edition 9.10 Technology Preview and the KDE Plasma–Netbook 4.4 interface". https://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20091130#feature. 
  51. ↑ "Kubuntu 9.10 Karmic Koala is really nice". http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-9-10.html. 
  52. ↑ "KarmicKoala/TechnicalOverview - Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/KarmicKoala/TechnicalOverview. 
  53. ↑ "Old versions of Linux". https://soft.lafibre.info/. 
  54. ↑ "Kubuntu 10.10 review". 20 October 2010. http://linuxbsdos.com/2010/10/20/kubuntu-10-10-review. 
  55. ↑ DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 376, 18 October 2010
  56. ↑ "Toshiba Portege R700-1DP on Linux Kubuntu 10.10 64 bits -" (in en-US). http://ledruide.com/archives/599. 
  57. ↑ Weekly, Issue 413, 11 July 2011
  58. ↑ "Kubuntu Natty Narwal review – KDElicious!". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-natty.html. 
  59. ↑ "Kubuntu 11.04 review". 6 May 2011. http://linuxbsdos.com/2011/05/06/kubuntu-11-04-review. 
  60. ↑ "Kubuntu 11.10 review". 17 November 2011. http://www.linuxbsdos.com/2011/11/17/kubuntu-11-10-review. 
  61. ↑ DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 428, 24 October 2011
  62. ↑ "Kubuntu 11.10 Sneak Peak". 2011-05-17. http://apachelog.wordpress.com/2011/05/17/kubuntu-11-10-sneak-peak. 
  63. ↑ "OneiricOcelot/ReleaseNotes-Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.kubuntu.org/OneiricOcelot/ReleaseNotes?action=show&redirect=OneiricOcelot%2FTechnicalOverview#Kubuntu. 
  64. ↑ "Kubuntu 12.04 LTS | Kubuntu" (in en-US). https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-12-04-lts. 
  65. ↑ "Kubuntu 12.04 review-Precise what?". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-pangolin.html. 
  66. ↑ "Kubuntu 12.10 review-Improving somewhat". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-quetzal-high-end.html. 
  67. ↑ "QuantalQuetzal/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu - Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/QuantalQuetzal/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu. 
  68. ↑ "Kubuntu 13.04 Raring Ringtail review-Cushty". http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-ringtail.html. 
  69. ↑ Sneddon, Joey-Elijah (2013-03-20). "Ubuntu To Halve Support Window for 'Regular' Releases". OMG!Ubuntu!. http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/03/ubuntu-to-halve-support-window-for-regular-releases. 
  70. ↑ "Kubuntu 13.04 Raring Ringtail review - Cushty". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-ringtail.html. 
  71. ↑ "Kubuntu 13.10–A great alternative to Ubuntu and Windows.". http://www.everydaylinuxuser.com/2013/12/kubuntu-1310-great-alternative-to.html. 
  72. ↑ "SaucySalamander/ReleaseNotes - Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.kubuntu.org/SaucySalamander/ReleaseNotes. 
  73. ↑ "Kubuntu 14.04 Trusty Tahr review". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-trusty.html. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Trusty 14.04 LTS end of life, and end of Kubuntu support for Xenial 16.04 LTS". https://kubuntu.org/news/trusty-14-04-lts-end-of-life-and-end-of-kubuntu-support-for-xenial-16-04-lts. 
  75. ↑ "TrustyTahr/ReleaseNotes - Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.kubuntu.org/TrustyTahr/ReleaseNotes. 
  76. ↑ DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 587, 1 December 2014
  77. ↑ "Kubuntu 14.10 Utopic Unicorn with Plasma guns!". http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-utopic-plasma5.html. 
  78. ↑ "Kubuntu 14.10 Utopic Unicorn-That's better". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-utopic-kde4.html. 
  79. ↑ "Kubuntu 14.10 – Plasma 4 & 5 / 24 / 2015 / Archive / Magazine / Home - Ubuntu User". https://www.ubuntu-user.com/Magazine/Archive/2015/24/Kubuntu-14.10-Plasma-4-5. 
  80. ↑ DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 611, 25 May 2015
  81. ↑ "Kubuntu 15.04 Vivid Vervet-Loading…99%". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-vivid.html. 
  82. ↑ "Kubuntu 15.10 Wily Werewolf-Pretty useless". http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-werewolf.html. 
  83. ↑ "Kubuntu 15.10 Gaming Impact With KDE Plasma 5 Compositing For R600 Gallium3D" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Kubuntu-15.10-Fullscreen-Test. 
  84. ↑ "Kubuntu 15.10 will use KDE's polished Plasma 5.4 desktop". https://www.pcworld.com/article/423403/kubuntu-1510-will-use-kdes-polished-plasma-54-desktop.html. 
  85. ↑ "Kubuntu 16.04 Xenial Xerus-Not meant to be". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-xerus.html. 
  86. ↑ "Ubuntu 16.04 LTS Will Ship With Linux Kernel 4.4 LTS - Slashdot" (in en). 2015-11-26. https://linux.slashdot.org/story/15/11/26/1920204/ubuntu-1604-lts-will-ship-with-linux-kernel-44-lts. 
  87. ↑ "XenialXerus/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu - Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/XenialXerus/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu. 
  88. ↑ "Kubuntu 16.10 Yakkety Yak-Cautiously good?". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-yakkety-yak.html. 
  89. ↑ "Kubuntu 17.04 Zesty Zaphod-Kawabuntu!". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-zesty.html. 
  90. ↑ "Kubuntu 17.10 review-Hello darkness my old friend". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-aardvark.html. 
  91. ↑ "Kubuntu 18.04 Bionic Beaver-Long-term uncertainty". https://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/kubuntu-beaver.html. 
  92. ↑ Timmis, Rick. "Kubuntu Close-up". http://www.linux-magazine.com/Issues/2018/213/Kubuntu-18.04. 
  93. ↑ "Kubuntu 18.04 LTS Bionic Beaver reaches end of Kubuntu support". https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-18-04-lts-bionic-beaver-reaches-end-of-kubuntu-support. 
  94. ↑ "Kubuntu release notes for Kubuntu 18.04 LTS". 2018-04-02. https://wiki.ubuntu.com/BionicBeaver/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu. 
  95. ↑ "9 New Features in Ubuntu 18.10 Cosmic Cuttlefish". 2018-05-04. https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-18-10-release-features. 
  96. ↑ "Kubuntu 18.10 reaches end of life". https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-18-10-reaches-end-of-life. 
  97. ↑ "CosmicCuttlefish/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CosmicCuttlefish/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu. 
  98. ↑ "9 New Features in Ubuntu 18.10 Cosmic Cuttlefish". 2018-05-04. https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-18-10-release-features. 
  99. ↑ "CosmicCuttlefish/ReleaseNotes-Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/CosmicCuttlefish/ReleaseNotes. 
  100. ↑ "DiscoDingo/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DiscoDingo/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu. 
  101. ↑ "DevelopmentCodeNames-Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DevelopmentCodeNames#A19.04. 
  102. ↑ "Kubuntu 19.04 reaches end of life". https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-19-04-reaches-end-of-life. 
  103. ↑ "Kubuntu 19.04 is released today". https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-19-04-is-released-today. 
  104. ↑ "DiscoDingo/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/DiscoDingo/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu. 
  105. ↑ "Kubuntu 19.10 is released today". https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-19-10-is-released-today. 
  106. ↑ "Kubuntu 19.10 Eoan Ermine reaches end of life". https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-19-10-eoan-ermine-reaches-end-of-life. 
  107. ↑ "FocalFossa/ReleaseSchedule". https://wiki.kubuntu.org/FocalFossa/ReleaseSchedule. 
  108. ↑ "Kubuntu 20.10 Groovy Gorilla reaches end of life". https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-20-10-groovy-gorilla-reaches-end-of-life. 
  109. ↑ "HirsuteHippo/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HirsuteHippo/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu. 
  110. ↑ "Kubuntu 21.04 (Hirsute Hippo) Reaches End of Life". https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-21-04-hirsute-hippo-reaches-end-of-life. 
  111. ↑ "ImprishIndi/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ImpishIndri/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu. 
  112. ↑ "Ubuntu 22.10 (Kinetic Kudu) End of Life reached on July 20, 2023". https://kubuntu.org/news/ubuntu-22-10-kinetic-kudu-end-of-life-reached-on-july-20-2023. 
  113. ↑ "9 New Features in Ubuntu 18.10 Cosmic Cuttlefish" (in en-US). 2018-05-04. https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-18-10-release-features. 
  114. ↑ "The Worlds Largest Linux Desktop Deployment: 500,000 Seats and Counting". Linux Foundation. 2013-04-02. http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon/griffin. 
  115. ↑ "The world's largest Linux desktop deployment". https://lwn.net/Articles/455972. 
  116. ↑ "Kubuntu to be Sponsored by Blue Systems". 2012-04-10. http://www.kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-to-be-sponsored-by-blue-systems. 
  117. ↑ "42,000 schools running Kubuntu derivative". 2011-09-16. https://blogs.kde.org/2011/09/16/42000-schools-running-kubuntu-derivative. 
  118. ↑ Böge, Kirsten (5 September 2013). "Official Munich IT blog: Debian + Kubuntu Bug Squashing Party 2013". http://www.it-muenchen-blog.de/2013/09/debian-kubuntu-bug-squashing-party-2013. 
  119. ↑ "Jonathan Riddell blog: Debian + Kubuntu Bug Squashing Party 2013". http://blogs.kde.org/2013/09/06/come-kubuntu-bug-squashing-party-munich. 
  120. ↑ "Taipei replaces Windows with Linux on 10,000 school PCs". http://www.fsdaily.com/Government/New_Taipei_replaces_Windows_with_Linux_on_10_000_school_PCs. 
  121. ↑ "ezgo-Free And Open Source Software In Taiwan's Schools". October 2, 2013. http://dot.kde.org/2013/10/02/ezgo-free-and-open-source-software-taiwans-schools. 
  122. ↑ "The French Parliament switches to Kubuntu". http://fridge.ubuntu.com/node/814. 
  123. ↑ "French parliament dumping Windows for Linux". http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513_22-150389.html. 
  124. ↑ "Virtue of Necessity". August 26, 2015. http://blog.toscalix.com/2015/08/virtue-of-necessity-canary-sublime-your.html. 
  125. ↑ Voicu, Daniel. "Kubuntu in the Canary Islands". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Kubuntu-in-the-Canary-Islands-67182.shtml. 
  126. ↑ "Kubuntu Takes Over the Canary Islands". http://fridge.ubuntu.com/2007/09/28/kubuntu-takes-over-the-canary-islands. 
  127. ↑ "Kubuntu 20.04.2 LTS Update Available". https://kubuntu.org/news/kubuntu-20-04-2-lts-update-available. 

External links



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