Astronomy:4660 Nereus

Short description: Near-Earth asteroid

4660 Nereus

Nereus imaged by NASA's Goldstone Solar System Radar on its close approach in 2021
Discovery
Discovered by	Eleanor F. Helin
Discovery site	1.22-m Samuel Oschin telescope
Discovery date	28 February 1982
Designations
MPC designation	(4660) Nereus
Pronunciation	/ˈnɪəriəs/ NEER-ee-əs
Named after	Νηρεύς Nēreús
Minor planet category	Apollo PHA
Orbital characteristics
Epoch 2021-Jul-01 (JD 2459396.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc	14647 days (40.10 yr)
|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}	2.0250 astronomical unit|AU (303 million km)
|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}	0.95287 AU (143 million km)
Semi-major axis	1.4889 AU (223 million km)
Eccentricity	0.36004
Orbital period	1.82 yr (663.62 d)
Mean anomaly	256.71°
Mean motion	0° 32m 33.371s / day
Inclination	1.4316°
Longitude of ascending node	314.41°
|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}	158.12°
Earth MOID	0.0031 AU (460 thousand km)
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	X = 510±20 m Y = 330±20 m Z = 241+80 −10 m
Mean radius	0.165 km
Surface area	0.33+0.04 −0.01 km2
Volume	0.019±0.003 km3
Rotation period	15.1 h (0.63 d)
Sidereal rotation period	15.16
Pole ecliptic latitude	+80°
Pole ecliptic longitude	+25°
Geometric albedo	0.54+0.03 −0.09
Spectral type	Xe
Apparent magnitude	12.6 (2021 peak) 9.8 (2060 peak)
Absolute magnitude (H)	18.2±0.7

4660 Nereus, provisional designation 1982 DB, is a small (about 0.33 kilometres (0.21 mi)) asteroid. It was discovered by Eleanor F. Helin on 28 February 1982, approximately a month after it passed 4.1 million km (11 LD) from Earth.

Nereus is potentially an important asteroid with a high albedo. It is an Apollo and Mars-crosser, with an orbit that frequently comes close to Earth, and because of this it is exceptionally accessible to spacecraft. Indeed, because of its small size and close orbit, its delta-V for rendezvous of ~5 km/s is smaller than the Moon's, which is about 6.3 km/s.

Nereus makes seven approaches to Earth of less than 5 million km between 1900 and 2100. The closest will be on 14 February 2060, at 1.2 million km. The most recent closest approach was on 11 December 2021, when it was 3.9 million km away. During the 2021 approach, the asteroid peaked around apparent magnitude 12.6, requiring a telescope with around a 100mm objective lens to be visually seen. Its orbital period of 1.82 yr also puts it somewhat near a 2:1 orbital resonance with Earth, which means that an approximately 4-year mission could depart for and return from the asteroid on relatively near passes to the Earth.

Nereus is classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA), due to both its absolute magnitude (H ≤ 22) and its minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID ≤ 0.05 AU).

Close approaches

Date	JPL SBDB nominal geocentric distance	uncertainty region (3-sigma)
2021-12-11	3934242 km	± 3 km
2060-02-14	1198007 km	± 234 km
2166-02-03	2800000 km	± 261 thousand km

The asteroid is classified as E-type, so it could be potentially associated with aubrite meteorites (enstatite achondrites).

Name

Although the discoverer is given the opportunity to name the asteroid, Helin donated naming rights to the Planetary Society which organized a naming contest. The winner, Robert M. Cutler, then an employee of NASA contractor The MITRE Corporation, named the asteroid after the ancient Greek proto-god Nereus who had characteristics later attributed to Apollo (prophecy) and Poseidon (a sea god similar to Nereus but with legs rather than a fish tail).

Physical characteristics

Collage of Nereus radar images from Goldstone in November 2021

Nereus has been imaged by radar, revealing a slightly elongated shape which would allow for stable orbits around it. Earlier optical measurements had given an estimated diameter of about 330±50 meters. More recent work on the analysis of the radar data gives a much more detailed shape for Nereus as well as a fairly detailed terrain map of the surface.

Nereus has a generally ellipsoidal shape with dimensions of 510 m × 330 m × 241 m. On the ends of its longest axis, one end appears narrower and rounder than the other, larger end, making it more of an egg shape. The larger end also appears to have a flatter region on one side of it. Nereus rotates about an axis roughly perpendicular to its longest axis much like a silver spoon spinning on a table.

Exploration

Nereus imaged by the Goldstone radar in 2002

Nereus was proposed for visitation by both the private Near Earth Asteroid Prospector (NEAP) probe, and the Japanese sample return mission Hayabusa. However, the NEAP probe was not realized, and the Hayabusa's launch was delayed by 10 months and the probe had to be redirected to 25143 Itokawa.

4660 Nereus was considered as a flyby target of the NEAR robotic spacecraft mission. NEAR was eventually launched, but visited 253 Mathilde and 433 Eros.

See also

• List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft

External links

• IAUC 3675
• IAUC 3677
• IAUC 3686
• IAUC 5092
• 4660 Nereus at NeoDyS-2, Near Earth Objects—Dynamic Site
  • Ephemeris · Obs prediction · Orbital info · MOID · Proper elements · Obs info · Close · Physical info · NEOCC
• 4660 Nereus at ESA–space situational awareness
  • Ephemerides · Observations · Orbit · Physical Properties · Summary
• 4660 Nereus at the JPL Small-Body Database
  • Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters